解脱への道
初期仏教
[編集]初期仏典には解脱への道についてのさまざまな記載があり、以下はパーリ仏典からの引用である。
八正道
[編集]パーリ仏典での他の記載
[編集]パーリ仏典には、解脱への道を示す別の、そしておそらくはより古いリストが存在する。これらは三学(戒・定・慧)に沿ったものとされる[3]。
三明経
[編集]象跡喩小経
[編集]馬邑大経
[編集]有学経
[編集]中阿含経
[編集]Bhikkhu Sujatoによると、説一切有部学派である中国の中阿含経においては、上座部パーリ仏典にはない道の説明が含まれているという。[8]。彼によれば MA 44, MA 54, MA 55の三つの経典には、以下の道が説かれているという。
MA 44
[編集]Mindfulness & clear comprehension → protection of sense faculties → protection of precepts → non-remorse → gladness → rapture → bliss → samādhi → knowledge & vision of things as they have become → repulsion → fading of lust → liberation → Nibbana.[8]
MA 54
[編集]Honouring and attending upon → approaching → listening to the good Dhamma → giving ear → consideration of the meaning of the Dhamma → learning the Dhamma by heart → recital → reflective acceptance → faith → right consideration → mindfulness&clear comprehension → protection of the sense faculties → protection of precepts → nonremorse → gladness → rapture → bliss → samādhi → knowledge & vision of things as they have become → repulsion → fading of lust → liberation → Nibbana.[8]
MA 55
[編集]Ignorance → conceptual activities → cognition → name & form → six senses → contact → feeling → craving → grasping → existence → birth → aging & death → suffering → faith → right consideration → mindfulness & clear comprehension → protection of sense faculties → protection of precepts → non-remorse → gladness → rapture → bliss → samādhi → knowledge& vision of things as they have become → repulsion → fading of lust → liberation → Nibbana.[9]
菩提分法
[編集]菩提分法(bodhipakkhiyā dhammā)とは、パーリ仏典アッタカターで用いられる語であり、このリストの一部には八正道が含まれている。これはパーリ仏典を通して釈迦から繰返し説かれた、7セットの資質または菩提への助けを指し、それぞれが仏道を要約している[10]。
- 四念処 - 身念処, 受念処, 心念処, 法念処
- 四正勤 - 断断, 律儀断, 随護断, 修断
- 四神足 - 欲神足, 精進神足, 心神足, 観神足
- 五根 - 信根, 精進根, 念根, 定根, 慧根
- 五力 - 信力, 精進力, 念力, 定力, 慧力
- 七覚支 - 念覚支, 択法覚支, 精進覚支, 喜覚支, 軽安覚支, 定覚支, 捨覚支
- 八正道 - 正見, 正思惟, 正語, 正業, 正命, 正精進, 正念, 正定
七覚支
[編集]上座部仏教
[編集]説一切有部毘婆沙師
[編集]菩薩への道
[編集]大乗仏教では、主に菩薩への道に基づいている。
十地
[編集]- 歓喜地 (Pramuditā-bhūmi)
- 離垢地 (Vimalā-bhūmi)
- 発光地 (Prabhākarī-bhūmi)
- 焔光地 (Arciṣmatī-bhūmi)
- 難勝地 (Sudurjayā-bhūmi)
- 現前地 (Abhimukhī-bhūmi)
- 遠行地 (Dūraṃgamā-bhūmi)
- 不動地 (Acalā-bhūmi)
- 善想地 (Sādhumatī-bhūmi)
- 法雲地 (Dharmameghā-bhūmi)
チベット仏教
[編集]道次第
[編集]![]() | この節の加筆が望まれています。 |
禅宗
[編集]二入四行論
[編集]達磨に帰せられる書物、二入四行論においては、理入と行入に大別される[23]
曹洞宗
[編集]曹洞宗では黙照禅(只管打坐)を強調し、ただ座禅を行うことを重視しているが、この伝統にも修行の中での発展が描かれている。
出典
[編集]関連項目
[編集]参考文献
[編集]出版物
- Arbel, Keren (2017), Early Buddhist Meditation: The Four Jhanas as the Actualization of Insight, Taylor & Francis, doi:10.4324/9781315676043, ISBN 9781317383994
- Bucknell, Rod (1984), “The Buddhist Path to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages”, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 7 (2)
- Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2011), The Noble Eightfold Path: Way to the End of Suffering, Independent Publishers Group, Kindle Edition
- Burford, Grace G. (1994), “Theravada Buddhist Soteriology and the Paradox of Desire”, in Buswell, Robert E., Paths to Liberation. The Marga and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
- Buswell, Robert E. (1991), “The "Short-cut" Approach of K'an-hua Meditation: The Evolution of a Practical Subitism in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism.”, in Gregory, Peter N., Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
- Buswell, Robert E (1993), Ch'an Hermeneutics: A Korean View. In: Donald S. Lopez, Jr. (ed.)(1993), Buddhist Hermeneutics, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
- Paths to Liberation. The Marga and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, (1994)
- Geshe Tashi Tsering (2005), The Four Noble Truths: The Foundation of Buddhist Thought, Volume I, Wisdom, Kindle Edition
- Gethin, Rupert (1998), Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press
- Gethin, R.M.L. (2001), The Buddhist Path to Awakening, Oneworld Publications, ISBN 978-1851682850
- Gethin, Rupert (2004), On the practice of Buddhist meditation according to the Pali Nikāyas and exegetical sources, University of Hamburg
- Goldstein, Joseph (2011), One Dharma: The Emerging Western Buddhism, Harper Collins, Kindle Edition
- Gregory, Peter N. (1991), Sudden Enlightenment Followed by Gradual Cultivation: Tsung-mi's Analysis of mind. In: Peter N. Gregory (editor)(1991), Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
- Gunaratana, Henepola (1994), The Path of Serenity and Insight, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
- Harding, Sarah (1996), Creation and Completion - Essential Points of Tantric Meditation, Boston: Wisdom Publications
- Kapleau, Philip (1989), The three pillars of Zen
- Kasulis, Thomas P. (2003), Ch'an Spirituality. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
- Low, Albert (2006), Hakuin on Kensho. The Four Ways of Knowing, Boston & London: Shambhala
- McRae, John (2003), Seeing Through Zen, The University Press Group Ltd
- Namgyal, Dakpo Tashi (2006), Mahamudra: The Moonlight: Quintessence of Mind and Meditation, Wisdom Publications
- The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma, (2009)
- Polak, Grzegorz (2011), Reexamining Jhana: Towards a Critical Reconstruction of Early Buddhist Soteriology, UMCS
- Ray, Reginald (2001), Secret of the Vajra World, Shambhala
- Ringu Tulku (2005), Daring Steps Toward Fearlessness: The Three Vehicles of Tibetan Buddhism, Snow Lion
- Smith, Huston; Novak, Philip (2009), Buddhism: A Concise Introduction, HarperOne, Kindle Edition
- Snelling, John (1987), The Buddhist handbook. A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice, London: Century Paperbacks
- Sucitto, Ajahn (2010), Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching, Shambhala
- Sujato, Bhante (2012), A History of Mindfulness, Santipada, ISBN 9781921842108
- Sutra Translation Committee of the United States and Canada (1998), The Seeker's Glossary of Buddhism, オリジナルの2013-04-30時点におけるアーカイブ。
- Traleg Kyabgon (2001), The Essence of Buddhism, Shambhala
- Tsong Khapa (2003), Drie hoofdzaken van het pad, Maitreya Uitgeverij
- Vetter, Tilmann (1988), The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, BRILL
- Williams, Paul (2002), Buddhist Thought, Taylor & Francis, Kindle Edition
- Yen, Chan Master Sheng (1996), Dharma Drum: The Life and Heart of Ch'an Practice, Boston & London: Shambhala
- Yuthok, Choedak (1997), Lamdre: Dawn of Enlightenment., Canberra, Australia: Gorum Publications, ISBN 0-9587085-0-9, オリジナルの2013-02-01時点におけるアーカイブ。
オンライン
- ^ metta.lk, Tevijja Sutra Archived June 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
外部リンク
[編集]Seven Stages of Purification
- Mahasi Sayadaw, The Progress of Insight (Visuddhiñana-katha)
- Ve. Matara Sri Nanarama, The Seven Stages of Purification & The Insight Knowledges
Lam Rim
Creation and Completion
- Jamgon Kongtrul Lodrö Thaye, The Essential Points of Creation & Completion, Part 1
- Jamgon Kongtrul Lodrö Thaye, The Essential Points of Creation & Completion, Part 2
Mahamudra