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Safavideriget havde sin oprindelse i Safaviyyasufiorden, som blev etableret i byen ArdabiliIran. Det var af blandet herkomst (kurdisk,[16]persisk,[17][18] aserbajdsjansk,[19] og turkmenere,[20] som omfattede giftermål med georgiske[21] og græske[22] folk). Fra deres base i Ardabil etablerede Safaviderne kontrol over hele Stor-Iran og på ny bekræftede iransk identitet i regionen,[23] og dermed bliver det første indfødte dynasti siden Sassanideriget til at etablere en forenet iranske stat.[24]
Safaviderne har været den direkte årsag til, at shia-islam i så høj grad er blevet udbredt i store dele af Vestasien og Kaukasus. Dette var én af grundene til at Safavideriget blev anset som trussel af det sunnitiskeOsmannerrige, hvilket flere gange har resulteret i krig mellem dem.
Safaviderigets grundlæggelse var et resultat af safaviyya-ordenens militarisering siden 1400-tallet. Safaviderne har sit navn fra grundlæggeren af safaviyya-ordenen, Sheik Safī al-Dīn (1252 – 1334). Slægten stammer fra Fīrūz Shāh Zarrīn Kulāh, som var en seyyid, der flygtede fra Yemen og bosatte sig i Rangin, Iran i 1174.[25]
Med støtte fra sine trofaste tilhængere, qizilbāsh'erne, grundlagde Shāh Ismā'īl som 14-årig Safavideriget i 1501 . I løbet af de næste ti år udvidede han sit riges grænser fra Østanatolien i vest til Khurāsān i øst. Shāh Ismā'īl tabte ikke nogen krige med undtagelse af nederlaget til Osmannerriget i 1514, hvilket resulterede i at safaviderne måtte afstå Østanatolien til osmannerne. Det lykkedes Shāh Ismā'īl at fastholde resten af rigets grænser til sin død i 1524.
Shāh Tahmāsp, som hidtil havde været guvernør af Herat, arvede tronen efter sin far Ismā'īls død i 1524. Han regerede til 1576 og blev den længst herskende safavidisk shāh. Tiden under Shāh Tahmāsp var præget af angreb fra både vest og øst. Osmannerne angreb Safavideriget fire gange under Suleimān Iogusbekerne angreb de østlige provinser fem gange. Det betød at Safavideriget mistede territorium i Irak og at Tahmāsp blev nødt til at flytte hovedstaden fra Tabriz til Qazvin. I 1555 indgik Tahmāsp Amasya-traktaten med Osmannerriget; det satte en stopper for krig i hans levetid. Efter Tahmāsps død var der strid mellem qizilbāsh-soldaterne om, hvem der skulle lede riget. Det førte til at Ismā'īl II kom på tronen (1576-1577) og efter ham Muhammad Khudābanda (1578-87).
Safavideriget fandt igen styrke under Shah ‘Abbās I. Han erkendte, at den safavidiske hær, som havde lidt nederlag de seneste år, var blevet ineffektiv. Derfor reorganiserede han den, så den levede op til tidens standard. Det betød, at han måtte distancere sig fra qizilbāsh-soldaterne, som efterhånden havde tilegnet sig magt. Qizilbāsh'erne i administrationen og militæret blev gradvist skiftet ud med de nye og mere loyale ghulām'er (slaver), som var tjerkessiske, georgiskeogarmenske soldater, som var konverteret til islam. Fra 1598 til 1623 lykkedes der Shāh 'Abbās at generobre områder, som riget havde tabt og fordrive portugiserne fra Den Persiske Golf.
Herskerne efter 'Abbās I var bortset fra 'Abbās II unyttige ledere, hvoraf nogle ikke viste særlig interesse for at styre landet. Det betød at Safavideriget efter 'Abbās II's død i 1666 blev præget af stigende svaghed. Det kulminerede i 1722, hvor afghaneren Mir Māhmud Hotaki (1697-1725) væltede shahen, Sultān Husayn (1668-1726). Fra 1722 til 1729 blev Safavideriget de facto ledet af afghanske hotakier. I 1729 lykkedes det den safavidiske Tahmāsp II at få magt over det meste af landet, men han blev i 1732 afsat af kommandør Nāder Khān, som gjorde Tahmāsp II's søn 'Abbās II til konge. Selv om 'Abbās II officielt var konge, var det egentlig Nāder Khān som regerede landet indtil 1736, hvor han kronede sig selv som konge og gjorde en ende på det safavidiske dynasti.
↑Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–350. ISBN 0-521-20094-6, p. 331: "Depressing though the condition in the country may have been at the time of the fall of Safavids, they cannot be allowed to overshadow the achievements of the dynasty, which was in many respects to prove essential factors in the development of Persia in modern times. These include the maintenance of Persian as the official language and of the present-day boundaries of the country, adherence to the Twelever Shi'i, the monarchical system, the planning and architectural features of the urban centers, the centralised administration of the state, the alliance of the Shi'i Ulama with the merchant bazaars, and the symbiosis of the Persian-speaking population with important non-Persian, especially Turkish speaking minorities".
↑ 2,02,12,2Rudi Matthee, "Safavids" in Encyclopædia Iranica, accessed on April 4, 2010. "The Persian focus is also reflected in the fact that theological works also began to be composed in the Persian language and in that Persian verses replaced Arabic on the coins." "The political system that emerged under them had overlapping political and religious boundaries and a core language, Persian, which served as the literary tongue, and even began to replace Arabic as the vehicle for theological discourse".
↑Ronald W Ferrier, The Arts of Persia. Yale University Press. 1989, p. 9.
↑ 4,04,1John R Perry, "Turkic-Iranian contacts", Encyclopædia Iranica, January 24, 2006: "...written Persian, the language of high literature and civil administration, remained virtually unaffected in status and content"
↑Fodnotefejl: Ugyldigt <ref>-tag: Der er ikke specificeret nogen fodnotetekst til navnet Cyril_Glass.C3.A9_2003.2C_pg_392
↑Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, V, pp. 514-15. excerpt: "in the heyday of the Mughal, Safawi, and Ottoman regimes New Persian was being patronized as the language of literae humaniores by the ruling element over the whole of this huge realm, while it was also being employed as the official language of administration in those two-thirds of its realm that lay within the Safawi and the Mughal frontiers"
↑Fodnotefejl: Ugyldigt <ref>-tag: Der er ikke specificeret nogen fodnotetekst til navnet mazzaoui
↑Ruda Jurdi Abisaab. "Iran and Pre-Independence Lebanon" in Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi, Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years, IB Tauris 2006, p. 76: "Although the Arabic language was still the medium for religious scholastic expression, it was precisely under the Safavids that hadith complications and doctrinal works of all sorts were being translated to Persian. The 'Amili (Lebanese scholars of Shi'i faith) operating through the Court-based religious posts, were forced to master the Persian language; their students translated their instructions into Persian. Persianization went hand in hand with the popularization of 'mainstream' Shi'i belief."
↑Fodnotefejl: Ugyldigt <ref>-tag: Der er ikke specificeret nogen fodnotetekst til navnet savory07
↑Fodnotefejl: Ugyldigt <ref>-tag: Der er ikke specificeret nogen fodnotetekst til navnet cambridgesafa
↑Minorsky, V (2009). "Adgharbaydjan (Azarbaydjan)". in Berman, P; Bianquis, Th; Bosworth, CE et al.. Encyclopedia of Islam (2nd udg.). NL: Brill. http://www.encislam.brill.nl/. "After 907/1502, Adharbayjan became the chielf bulwark and rallying ground of the Safawids, themselves natives of Ardabil and originally speaking the local Iranian dialect"
↑Roger M. Savory. "Safavids" in Peter Burke, Irfan Habib, Halil İnalcık: History of Humanity-Scientific and Cultural Development: From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century, Taylor & Francis. 1999, p. 259: "From the evidence available at the present time, it is certain that the Safavid family was of indigenous Iranian stock, and not of Turkish ancestry as it is sometimes claimed. It is probable that the family originated in Persian Kurdistan, and later moved to Azerbaijan, where they adopted the Azari form of Turkish spoken there, and eventually settled in the small town of Ardabil sometimes during the eleventh century."
↑Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p.321
↑Aptin Khanbaghi (2006) The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early. London & New York. IB Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-056-0, pp. 130-1
↑Anthony Bryer. "Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 29 (1975), Appendix II - Genealogy of the Muslim Marriages of the Princesses of Trebizond
↑Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted Iranian identity and established an independent Iranian state after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign dynasties? RM Savory, Iran under the Safavids (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980), p. 3.
↑Alireza Shapur Shahbazi (2005), "The History of the Idea of Iran", in Vesta Curtis ed., Birth of the Persian Empire, IB Tauris, London, p. 108: "Similarly the collapse of Sassanian Eranshahr in AD 650 did not end Iranians' national idea. The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor. But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or "Iranian lands", which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. On the other hand, when the Safavids (not Reza Shah, as is popularly assumed) revived a national state officially known as Iran, bureaucratic usage in the Ottoman empire and even Iran itself could still refer to it by other descriptive and traditional appellations".
↑Walter Hinz: Uzun Hasan ve Şeyh Cüneyd – XV. Yüzyılda İran'ın Millî bir Devlet Haline Yükselişi, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1992, s. 109
Uddybende artikel: Ismail I.
