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Menkaure

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Menkaure

Menkaura, Mykerinos, Menkheres

Greywacke statue of Menkaure, Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

PharaohofEgypt

Reign

18 to 22 years,^[1] starting ca. 2530 BC, 4th dynasty

Predecessor

Khafra (most likely) or Bikheris

Successor

Shepseskaf

Royal titulary

Nomen: Menkaura
Mn-k3.w-Rˁ
His Kas will stay like Ra^[1]

Alternative spellings:
Mn-k3(.w)-Rˁ
Horus name: Hor-Kakhet
ῌr-k3-ḫt
Bull of the divine company
Nebty name: Ka-Nebty
Nbt.j-k3
Bull of the two Ladies
Golden Horus: Netjer-bik-nebu
Nṯr-bjk-nb.w
The divine golden falcon

Abydos King List
Menkaure
Mn-k3.w-Rˁ
His Kas will stay like Ra

Saqqara Tablet
...kaure
...k3.w Rˁ

Consort(s)

Khamerernebty II, Rekhetre ?

Children

Khuenre, Shepseskaf, Khentkaus I ?, Sekhemre

Father

Khafra

Mother

Khamerernebty I

Died

ca. 2500 BC

Burial

Pyramid of Menkaure

Menkaure (also read as Menkaura), was an ancient Egyptian king (pharaoh) of the 4th dynasty during the Old Kingdom, who is well known under his Hellenized names Mykerinos (byHerodot) and Menkheres (byManetho). According to Manetho, he was the throne successor of king Bikheris, but according to archaeological evidences he rather was the successor of king Khafre. Menkaure became famous for his pyramid tomb at Giza and his beautiful statue triads, showing the king together with goddesses and his wife Khamerernebty.

Family[edit]

Menkaure was the son of Khafra and the grandson of Khufu. A flint knife found in the mortuary temple of Menkaure mentioned a king's mother Khamerernebty I, suggesting that Khafra and this queen were the parents of Menkaure. Menkaure is thought to have had at least two wives.

Queen Khamerernebty II is the daughter of Khamerernebti I and the mother of a king's son Khuenre. The location of Khuenre's tomb suggests that he was a son of Menkaure, making his mother the wife of this king.^[2]^[3]
Queen Rekhetre is known to have been a daughter of Khafra and as such the most likely identity of her husband is Menkaure.^[2]

Not many children are attested for Menkaure:

Khuenre was the son of queen Khamerernebti II. Menkaure was not succeeded by Prince Khuenre, his eldest son, who predeceased Menkaure, but rather by Shepseskaf, a younger son of this king.^[4]
Shepseskaf was the successor to Menkaure and likely his son.
Sekhemre is known from a statue and possibly a son of Menkaure.
A daughter that died in early adulthood is mentioned by Herodotus. She was placed at a superbly decorated hall of the palatial area at Sais, in a hollow gold layered wooden zoomorphic burial feature in the shape of a kneeling cow covered externally with a layer of red decoration except the neck area and the horns which were covered with adequate layers of gold.^[5]
Khentkaus I - possible Menkaure's daughter^[6]

The royal court included several of Menkaure's half brothers. His brothers Nebemakhet, Duaenre, Nikaure and Iunmin served as vizier during the reign of their brother. His brother Sekhemkare may have been younger and became vizier after the death of Menkaure.^[7]

Reign[edit]

It´s still unsure how long Menkaure had really reigned. The ancient historian Manetho credits him with a rulership of 63 years, but this is surely an exaggeration. The Turin Canon is damaged at the spot where it should present the full sum of years, but the remains allow a reconstruction of “..?.. + 8 years of rulership”. Egyptologists think that a 18 year rulership was meant to be written, which is generally accepted. A contemporary workmen´s graffito reports about the “year after the 11th cattle count”. If the cattle count was held every second year (as it was a tradition at least up to king Sneferu), Menkaure might have ruled for 22 years.^[8]

Pyramid complex[edit]

Main article: Pyramid of Menkaure

Menkaure's pyramid at Giza was called Netjer-er-Menkaure which means "Menkaure is Divine". This pyramid is the smallest of the three pyramids at Giza. There are three subsidiary pyramids associated with Menkaure's pyramid. These pyramids are sometimes labeled G-IIIa (East subsidiary pyramid), G-IIIb (Middle subsidiary pyramid) and G-IIIc (West subsidiary pyramid). In the chapel associated with G-IIIa a statue of a Queen was found. It is possible that these pyramids were meant for the Queens of Khafra. It may be that Khamerernebti II was buried in one of the pyramids.^[3]^[7]

Valley Temple[edit]

The Valley temple was a mainly brick built structure which was enlarged in the 5th or 6th dynasty. From this temple come the famous statues of Menkaure with his Queen and Menkaure with several deities. A partial list includes:^[7]

Nome triad, Hathor-Mistress-of-the-Sycomore seated, and King and Hare-nome goddess standing, greywacke, in Boston Mus. 09.200.
Nome triad, King, Hathor-Mistress-of-the-Sycomore and Theban nome-god standing, greywacke. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 40678.)
Nome triad, King, Hathor-Mistress-of-the-Sycomore and Jackal-nome goddess standing, greywacke. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 40679.)
Nome triad, King, Hathor-Mistress-of-the-Sycomore and Bat-fetish nome -goddess standing, greywacke. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 46499.)
Nome triad, King, Hathor, and nome-god standing, greywacke. (Middle part in Boston Mus. 11.3147, head of King in Brussels, Mus. Roy. E. 3074.)
Double-statue,’ King and wife (Khamerernebti II) standing, uninscribed, greywacke. (Now in Boston Mus. 11.1738.)
King seated, life-size, fragmentary, alabaster. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 40703.)
King seated, lower part, inscribed seat, alabaster. (Now in Boston Mus. 09.202)

Mortuary Temple[edit]

At this temple more statues and statue fragments were found. An interesting find is a fragment of a wand from Queen Khamerernebty I. The piece is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Khamerernebti is given the title King's Mother on the fragment.^[7]

Sarcophagus[edit]

In 1837, English army officer Richard William Howard Vyse, and engineer John Shae Perring began excavations within the pyramid of Menkaure. In the main burial chamber of the pyramid they found a large stone sarcophagus 8 feet 0 inches (244 cm) long, 3 feet 0 inches (91 cm) in width, and 2 feet 11 inches (89 cm) in height, made of basalt. The sarcophagus was uninscribed with hieroglyphs although it was decorated in the style of palace facade. Adjacent to the burial chamber were found wooden fragments of a coffin bearing the name of Menkaure and a partial skeleton wrapped in a coarse cloth. The sarcophagus was removed from the pyramid and was sent by ship to the British Museum in London, but the merchant ship Beatrice carrying it was lost after leaving port at Malta on October 13, 1838. The other materials were sent by a separate ship, and the materials now reside at the museum, with the remains of the wooden coffin case on display.

It is now thought that the coffin was a replacement made during the much later Saite period, nearly two millennia after the pharaoh's original interment. Radio carbon dating of the bone fragments that were found place them at an even later date, from the Coptic period in the first centuries AD.^[9]

Records from later periods[edit]

According to Herodotus, Menkaure was the son of Khufu (Greek Cheops), and alleviated the suffering his father's reign had caused the inhabitants of ancient Egypt. Herodotus adds that he suffered much misfortune: his only daughter, whose corpse was interred in a wooden bull (which Herodotus claims survived to his lifetime), died before him; additionally, the oracleatButo predicted he would only rule six years, but through his shrewdness, Menkaure was able to rule a total of 12 years and foil the prophecy (Herodotus, Histories, 2.129-133).

Trivia[edit]

Menkaure was the subject of a poem by the nineteenth century English poet Matthew Arnold, entitled "Mycerinus".

Gallery of images[edit]

Colossal alabaster statue of Menkaura at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts
Greywacke statue of Menkaura and Queen Khamerernebty II at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
Menkaure's Pyramid in Giza.
Menkaura flanked by the goddess Hathor (left) and a nome goddess Bat (right). Basalt statue in Cairo Museum.
Fragmentary statue triad of Menkaura flanked by the goddess Hathor (left) and a male nome god (right), Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
Fragmentary alabaster statue head of Menkaura at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
Drawing of the anthropoid coffin fragment inscribed with the name of the pharaoh Menkaura made by excavator Richard Vyse and published in 1840.
Menkaura alongside Hathor and Bat

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Menkaura

^ ^a ^b Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, page 163–164.

^ ^a ^b Grajetzki, Ancient Egyptian Queens: A Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Golden House Publications, London, 2005, p13-14 ISBN 978-0-9547218-9-3

^ ^a ^b Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. ISBN 0-500-05145-3

^ Clayton, pp.57-58

^ Herodotus, Historia, B:129-132

^ Hassan, Selim: Excavations at Gîza IV. 1932–1933. Cairo: Government Press, Bulâq, 1930. pp 18-62

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Porter, Bertha and Moss, Rosalind, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Statues, Reliefs and Paintings Volume III: Memphis, Part I Abu Rawash to Abusir. 2nd edition (revised and augmented by Dr Jaromir Malek, 1974). Retrieved from gizapyramids.org

^ Miroslav Verner: Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology. In: Archiv Orientální, Vol. 69. Prague 2001, page 363–418.

^ Boughton, Paul "Menkaura's Anthropoid Coffin: A Case of Mistaken Identity?" Ancient Egypt. August/September 2006. p.30-32.

External links[edit]

Menkaure and His Queen by Dr. Christopher L.C.E. Witcombe.
View photos, videos, current status and other information on the pyramid of MenkaureatTalking Pyramids

Pharaohs (list)

Dynastic Genealogies: 4^th
12^th
18^th
19^th
20^th
21^st
25^th
26^th
27^th
31^st
Ptolemaic

Protodynastic Period
(prior to 3150 BC)

Lower Egypt

Upper Egypt

Early Dynastic Period
(3150–2686 BC)

Dynasty I

Dynasty II

Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)

Dynasty III	Nebka Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Khaba Qahedjet Huni

Dynasty IV	Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis

Dynasty V	Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Shepseskare Neferefre Niuserre Menkauhor Djedkare Unas

Dynasty VI	Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Pepi II

1^st Intermediate Period
(2181–2040 BC)

Dynasties VII & VIII

Dynasties IX & X

Middle Kingdom
(2040–1782 BC)

Dynasty XI

Dynasty XII

2^nd Intermediate Period
(1782–1550 BC)

Dynasty XIII	Wegaf Ameny Intef IV Hor Sobekhotep II Khendjer Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sobekhotep IV Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini

Dynasty XIV	Nehesy Yaqub-Har

Dynasty XV	Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi I Khamudi

Dynasty XVI	Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiriau I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Mentuhotep VI Senusret IV

Dynasty XVII	Rahotep Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Intef V Intef VII Senakhtenre Tao Kamose

New Kingdom
(1550–1070 BC)

Dynasty XVIII	Ahmose I Amenhotep I Tuthmosis I Tuthmosis II Tuthmosis III Hatshepsut♀ Amenhotep II Tuthmosis IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb

Dynasty XIX	Ramesses I Seti I Ramses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret♀

Dynasty XX	Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI

3^rd Intermediate Period
(1069–525 BC)

Dynasty XXI	Smendes I Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II

Dynasty XXII	Sheshonq I Osorkon I Sheshonq II Takelot I Osorkon II Sheshonq III Pami Sheshonq V Osorkon IV

Dynasty XXIII	Harsiese A Takelot II Pedibastet Sheshonq IV Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamon

Dynasty XXIV	Tefnakht Bakenrenef

Dynasty XXV	Piankhi Shabaka Shebitku Taharqa Tanutamun

Dynasty XXVI	Psamtik I Nekau Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III

Late Period
(525–332 BC)

Dynasty XXVII	Cambyses II Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II

Dynasty XXVIII	Amyrtaeus

Dynasty XXIX	Nefaarud I Hakor

Dynasty XXX	Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II

Dynasty XXXI	Artaxerxes III Arses Darius III