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|name = Shaanxi earthquake in 1556
|pre-1900 = yes
|image =
|caption = Map of China showing modern-day Shaanxi province (red) and the other provinces affected by the earthquake (orange)
|map2 = {{Location map | China
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|local-date = {{Start date|df=yes|1556|1|23}} in [[Julian calendar]]<ref name="Int">International Association of Engineering Geology International Congress. Proceedings. [1990] (1990). {{ISBN|90-6191-664-X}}.{{author?|date= September 2018}}{{title?|date= September 2018}}{{page needed|date= September 2018}} {{verify source|date=September 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Start date|df=yes|1556|2|2}} in [[Gregorian calendar]]<br/>The 12th day of the 12th month of the 34th year of the ''Jiajing'' era in [[Chinese calendar]]
|local-time = Early morning
|magnitude =
|depth = Unknown
|location = {{coord|34|30|01|N|109|18|00|E|display=inline,title}}
|affected = [[Ming dynasty]]
|intensity = {{MMI|XI}}
|casualties = *100,000+
}}
[[File:Ordos Block.png|thumb|Map of the Weihe–[[Shanxi Rift System]] along the southern and eastern margin of the [[Ordos Block]]]]
The '''1556 Shaanxi earthquake''' ([[Chinese postal romanization|Postal romanization]]: ''Shensi''), known in Chinese colloquially by its [[Chinese era name|regnal year]] as the '''Jiajing Great Earthquake''' "{{lang|zh|嘉靖大地震}}" (''[[Jiajing Emperor|Jiājìng]] Dàdìzhèn'') or officially by its [[epicenter]] as the '''Hua County Earthquake''' "{{lang|zh|华县地震}}" (''[[Hua County, Shaanxi|Huàxiàn]] Dìzhèn''), occurred in the early morning of 23 January 1556 in [[Huaxian, Shaanxi]] during the [[Ming dynasty]].
Most of the residents there lived in [[yaodong]]s—artificial caves in [[loess plateau|loess]] cliffs—which collapsed and buried alive those sleeping inside. Modern estimates put the direct deaths from the earthquake at over 100,000, while over 700,000 [[Migration in China|migrated]] away or died from [[Famines in China|famine]] and plagues, which summed up to a total loss of 830,000 people in Imperial records.<ref name="1998 law">{{cite book|editor-last=邬福肇|editor-last2=曹康泰|editor-last3=陈章立|title=中华人民共和国防震减灾法释义|publisher=法律出版社|date=1998|quote=１５５６年我国陕西的华县8级大地震，共死亡约83万人，但实际上其中70多万人死于其后的瘟疫和饥荒。|chapter=第三章 地震灾害预防|chapter-url=http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c2170/200011/2be159a6f944411bab7d9d5448d90dc3.shtml|access-date=4 August 2023|archive-date=4 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804065612/http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c2170/200011/2be159a6f944411bab7d9d5448d90dc3.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2008 Gao">{{cite journal|url=https://coaa.istic.ac.cn/openJournal/periodicalArticle/0120100337970296|title=大地震后传染病的防疫要点 ==Tectonic setting==
Huaxian lies within the Weihe Basin, one of the rift basins that form the southern and eastern boundaries of the [[Ordos Block]]. To the east the basin is continuous with the [[Shanxi Rift System]]. The Weihe basin formed during the [[Paleogene]] in response to northwest–southeast directed extension. Following a tectonically quiet period during the late Paleogene the rift basins became active again in the [[Neogene]] in response to NNW–SSE directed extension, activity that continues to the present. The basins in the Weihe-Shanxi Rift System are bounded by large [[normal fault]]s, which have been responsible for large historical earthquakes.<ref name="LI_etal_2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=B. |last2=Sørensen |first2=B. |last3=Atakan |first3=K. |date=2015 |title=Coulomb stress evolution in the Shanxi rift system, North China, since 1303 associated with coseismic, post-seismic and interseismic deformation |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=203 |issue=3 |pages=1642–1664 |doi=10.1093/gji/ggv384|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{citation
|surname1= Du
|surname2= Li
|first2= Dunpeng |surname3= Wang
|first3= Yufang |surname4= Ma
|first4= Yinsheng |date= February 2017
|title= Late Quaternary Activity of the Huashan Piedmont Fault and Associated Hazards in the Southeastern Weihe Graben, Central China
|journal= Acta Geologica Sinica
|volume= 91
|issue= 1 |pages= 76–92 |url= http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxbcn/ch/reader/download_pdf.aspx?file_no=201701008&year_id=2017&quarter_id=1&flag=1
|doi= 10.1111/1755-6724.13064 |bibcode= 2017AcGlS..91...76D
|s2cid= 131962123
|access-date= 9 October 2018
}}</ref> The Weihe Basin has an overall [[half-graben]] geometry, with the main controlling faults, such as the Huashan Fault and North Qinling Fault, forming the southern boundary.<ref name="Shi_etal_2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Shi |first1=W. |last2=Dong |first2=S. |last3=Hu |first3=J. |date=2019 |title=Neotectonics around the Ordos Block, North China: A review and new insights |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=200 |page=102969 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102969|s2cid=210616833 }}</ref><ref name="Feng_etal_2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Feng |first1=X. |last2=Ma |first2=J. |last3=Zhou |first3=Y. |last4=England |first4=P. |last5=Parsons |first5=B. |last6=Rizza |first6=M.A. |last7=Walker |first7=R.T. |date=2020 |title=Geomorphology and Paleoseismology of the Weinan Fault, Shaanxi, Central China, and the Source of the 1556 Huaxian Earthquake |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |volume=125 |issue=12 |doi=10.1029/2019JB017848|bibcode=2020JGRB..12517848F |s2cid=228829854 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03146461/file/2019JB017848.pdf }}</ref>▼
|archive-date= 9 October 2018
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181009053103/http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxbcn/ch/reader/download_pdf.aspx?file_no=201701008&year_id=2017&quarter_id=1&flag=1
|url-status= dead
▲ }}</ref> The Weihe Basin has an overall [[half-graben]] geometry, with the main controlling faults, such as the Huashan Fault and North Qinling Fault, forming the southern boundary.<ref name="Shi_etal_2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Shi |first1=W. |last2=Dong |first2=S. |last3=Hu |first3=J. |date=2019 |title=Neotectonics around the Ordos Block, North China: A review and new insights |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=200 |page=102969 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102969|s2cid=210616833 }}</ref><ref name="
==Earthquake==
The [[epicenter]] was in the [[Wei River]] Valley in Shaanxi Province, near Huaxian (now [[Huazhou District]] of Weinan), [[Weinan]] and [[Huayin]]. Huaxian was completely destroyed, killing more than half the residents of the city, with an estimated death toll in the hundreds of thousands. The situation in Weinan and Huayin was similar. In certain areas, {{convert|20|m|ft|adj=mid|-deep}} crevices opened in the earth. Destruction and death were widespread, affecting places as far as {{convert|500|km}} from the epicenter. The earthquake also triggered landslides, which contributed to the massive death toll.<ref>[http://www.history.com/topics/shaanxi-province-earthquake-of-1556 History.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813124224/http://www.history.com/topics/shaanxi-province-earthquake-of-1556 |date=13 August 2011}}, History Channel's Record of the earthquake.</ref>
The rupture occurred during the reign of the [[Jiajing Emperor]] of the [[Ming dynasty]]. Therefore, in the Chinese historical record, this earthquake is often referred to as the '''Jiajing Great Earthquake'''.<ref name="Bo2010">{{cite book|author=Zhiyue Bo|title=China's Elite Politics: Governance and Democratization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYuUZ5_xd3YC&pg=PA272|year=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-283-673-1|page=272}}</ref>
Modern estimates, based on geological data, give the earthquake a magnitude of approximately 8 M<sub>w</sub> on the [[moment magnitude scale]] and XI (catastrophic damage) on the [[Mercalli scale]], though more recent discoveries have shown that it was more likely 7.9 M<sub>w</sub>.<ref name="Int"/> While it was the deadliest earthquake and the [[List of natural disasters by death toll|third-deadliest natural disaster in history]], there have been earthquakes with considerably higher magnitudes. Following the earthquake, [[aftershock]]s continued several times a month for half a year.<ref>[http://www.kepu.ac.cn/english/quake/ruins/rns03.html Kepu.ac.cn], China virtual museums quake</ref>▼
In the annals of [[China]] it was described in this manner:
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The earthquake damaged many of the [[Stele Forest|Forest of Stone]] [[stele]]s badly. Of the 114 [[Kaicheng Stone Classics]], 40 were broken in the earthquake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.silkroadguide.com/xian/xian7.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040816224854/http://www.silkroadguide.com/xian/xian7.htm |archive-date=16 August 2004 |title=MUSEUM OF FOREST OF STONE TABLETS IN XI' AN}}</ref>
The scholar [[Qin Keda]] lived through the earthquake and recorded details. One conclusion he drew was that "at the very beginning of an earthquake, people indoors should not go out immediately. Just crouch down and wait. Even if the nest has collapsed, some eggs may remain intact."<ref>[http://smc.kisti.re.kr/quake/relic/rlc06.html Kisti.re.kr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614103930/http://smc.kisti.re.kr/quake/relic/rlc06.html |date=14 June 2006 }}, China virtual museums quake</ref> The shaking reduced the height of the [[Small Wild Goose Pagoda]] in [[Xi'an]] by three levels.<ref name="Pearson2017">{{cite book|author=Christopher E.M. Pearson|title=1000 Monuments of Genius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCiYCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|date=5 September 2017|publisher=ЛитРес|isbn=978-5-457-76702-7|page=73}}</ref>
==
▲Modern estimates, based on geological data, give the earthquake a magnitude of approximately 8 M<sub>w</sub> on the [[moment magnitude scale]] and XI (catastrophic damage) on the [[Mercalli scale]], though more recent discoveries have shown that it was more likely 7.9 M<sub>w</sub>.<ref name="Int"/> While it was the deadliest earthquake and the [[List of natural disasters by death toll|third-deadliest natural disaster in history]], there have been earthquakes with considerably higher magnitudes. Following the earthquake, [[aftershock]]s continued several times a month for half a year.<ref>[http://www.kepu.ac.cn/english/quake/ruins/rns03.html Kepu.ac.cn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614054257/http://www.kepu.ac.cn/english/quake/ruins/rns03.html |date=14 June 2006 }}, China virtual museums quake</ref>
Shaking was felt strongly across the Weihe Basin region. The maximum [[China seismic intensity scale|China seismic intensity]] was XI to XII occurring in Huaxian and Weinan. This would support the theory of the earthquake rupturing along the Huashan and Weinan faults. Intensity VIII was observed throughout the basin and the intensity X+ zone was {{cvt|100|km}} long.<ref name="Feng20" />
Studies about the earthquake published between 1998 and 2017 presumed scarps along the Huashan and Weinan faults, some higher than {{cvt|8|m}}, were produced by the 1556 earthquake. The fault zone is located northeast of [[Xi'an]]. This normal fault generally trends east–west and dips to the north. A 1995 study said scarps along the Huashan Fault were {{cvt|3–8|m}} high. Near the town of Huashan, the fault [[terrace (geology)|terrace]] contained [[Yangshao culture]] artefacts which were 4,000 years old. In a separate 1998 study, the fault scarps were about {{cvt|4–7|m}} high. Scarps of the Weinan Fault are less detailed in published works with most focused around the [[Chishui River]] area. Two studies in 1992 and 2010 estimated the fault scarps at {{cvt|2–4|m}} and {{cvt|7–8|m}} respectively. There has not been any research to confirm these scarps were produced by the earthquake or formed by multiple events. Assuming both faults ruptured during the earthquake, which runs for a total {{cvt|90|km}}, the {{M|w}} would be 7.0–7.5, according to empirical scaling relationships between magnitude and fault rupture length. This suggest previous values for the earthquake's magnitude were overestimated.<ref name="Feng20" />
==Affected area==
More than 97 counties in the provinces of Shaanxi, [[Shanxi]], [[Henan]], [[Gansu]], [[Hebei]], [[Shandong]], [[Hubei]], [[Hunan]], [[Jiangsu]] and [[Anhui]] were affected. Buildings were damaged slightly in the cities of [[Beijing]], [[Chengdu]] and [[Shanghai]].<ref>[http://www.kepu.ac.cn/english/quake/ruins/rns03.html Science Museums of China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614054257/http://www.kepu.ac.cn/english/quake/ruins/rns03.html |date=14 June 2006 }} Museum of Earthquakes, Ruins of Hua County Earthquake (1556)</ref> An {{convert|840|km|mi|adj=mid|-wide}} area was destroyed,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://deathby1000papercuts.com/2008/05/china-earthquake-chinas-histor-of-massive-quakes/|title= China's History of Massive Earthquakes|access-date=16 June 2008 |date=12 May 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080514005335/http://deathby1000papercuts.com/2008/05/china-earthquake-chinas-history-of-massive-quakes/| archive-date= 14 May 2008 <!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref> and in some counties as much as 60% of the population was killed.<ref>{{cite web|website=DISASTER PAGES|url=http://www.drgeorgepc.com/EarthquakesChina.html|title=Historical Earthquakes in China|author=George Pararas-Carayannis|language=en|date=23 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507105938/http://www.drgeorgepc.com/EarthquakesChina.html|archive-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> The cost of damage done by the earthquake is almost impossible to measure in modern terms.
==Death toll==
Modern estimates put the direct deaths from the earthquake to be probably a little over 100,000, while 730,000 [[Migration in China|migrated]] away or died from [[Famines in China|famine]] and plagues, which summed up to a total loss of 830,000 people in Imperial records.<ref name="2008 Gao"/><ref name="2008 Q&A"/><ref name="2005 Xie"/> It is one of the deadliest [[List of earthquakes in China|earthquakes in China]], in turn making it one of the top [[List of disasters in China by death toll|disasters in China by death toll]].
Millions of people at the time lived in [[yaodong]]—artificial loess caves—on high cliffs in the [[Loess Plateau]]. Much of the population in some of the affected areas lived in yaodongs. This was a major contributing factor to the very high death toll. The earthquake collapsed many caves and caused [[landslide]]s which destroyed many more.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paul |first=Bimal Kanti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGsPEAAAQBAJ&dq=loess+cave+dwellings+earthquake&pg=PA30 |title=Disaster Deaths: Trends, Causes and Determinants |date=2020-12-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-51197-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bolt |first1=B. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umTmCAAAQBAJ&dq=loess+cave+earthquake+1556+collapse&pg=PA61 |title=Geological Hazards: Earthquakes — Tsunamis — Volcanoes, Avalanches — Landslides — Floods |last2=Horn |first2=W. L. |last3=MacDonald |first3=G. A. |last4=Scott |first4=R. F. |date=2013-12-21 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-86820-7 |language=en}}</ref>
==Foreign reaction==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:1556 Shaanxi Earthquake}}
[[Category:Earthquakes in
[[Category:1556 in China|Shaanxi Earthquake, 1556]]
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[[Category:Disasters in Ming dynasty]]
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