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{{Short description|Crossbreeds in the bovid family}}
{{multiple issues|{{refimprove|date=December 2013}}
{{lead too short|date=August 2022}}}}
[[File:Żubroń.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|{{lang|pl|[[Żubroń]]}} are hybrids of domestic [[cattle]] and [[wisent]]s.]]
A '''bovid hybrid''' is the [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] offspring of members of two different species of the [[bovid]] family. There are 143 extant species of bovid, and the widespread domestication of several species has led to an interest in hybridisation for the purpose of encouraging traits useful to humans, and to preserve declining populations. Bovid hybrids may occur naturally through undirected interbreeding, traditional pastoral practices, or may be the result of modern interventions, sometimes bringing together species from different parts of the world.
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== ''Bos'' hybrids ==
The following are examples of hybrids including species or sub-species in the ''[[Bos]]'' genus.
=== Hybrids between bison and domestic cattle ===
The [[American bison]] (''Bison bison'') and [[European bison]] (''Bison bonasus'') have been hybridized with [[domestic cattle]] (''Bos taurus'').<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Krasińska |first=Małgorzata |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/851371622 |title=European Bison: The Nature Monograph |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |others=Zbigniew A. Krasiński |isbn=978-3-642-36555-3 |edition=2nd |location=Berlin |language=English |chapter=24 – Hybrids Between the European Bison and Domestic Cattle |oclc=851371622}}</ref>
==== European bison ====
The [[wisent]], or European bison, was originally crossed with cattle in an attempt to reinvigorate the declining wisent population. First generation hybrid males are sterile, but females may be crossed back to either a wisent or domestic bull to produce fertile males.<ref name=":0" /> Modern [[wisent]] herds keep hybrids well isolated from pure wisent. However, since the modern purebred wisent descend from fewer than two dozen individuals, a significant [[genetic bottleneck]] has resulted for the purebred [[wisent]].{{cn|date=August 2022}}
Wisent have also been crossed with domestic cattle to produce the {{lang|pl|[[żubroń]]}}.<ref name=":0" /> These were first bred in [[Poland]] in 1847 as hardy, disease resistant alternatives to domestic cattle.<ref name=":0" /> Breeding was discontinued in the 1980s.<ref name=":0" /> The few remaining {{lang|pl|żubroń}} can be found at [[Bialowieski National Park]].{{cn|date=August 2022}} Male żubroń are infertile, but the females are fertile.
==== American bison ====
[[File:Beefalo (21884654683).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|American "beefalo" mother and her 6 month old 1/4 cow, 3/4 American bison calf]]
[[American bison]] bulls (American "buffalo") have been crossed with domestic cattle to produce [[beefalo]] or [[beefalo|cattalo]].<ref name=":0" /> These are variable in type and colour, depending on the breed of cattle used e.g. [[Hereford cattle|Hereford]]s and [[Charolais cattle|Charolais]] (beef cattle), [[Holstein cattle|Holstein]]s (dairy) or [[Brahman cattle|Brahman]]s (humped cattle).{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} Generally, they are horned with heavy set forequarters, sloping backs, and lighter hindquarters.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} Beefalo have been back-crossed to bison and to domestic cattle; some of these resemble [[pied bison]] with smooth coats and a maned hump.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
The aim of hybridisation is to produce high protein, low fat and low cholesterol beef on animals which have "less hump and more rump".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahl |first=Jonathan |date=8 June 2022 |title=Beefalo, a bison-cattle hybrid, is being touted as the healthy meat of the future |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/06/08/1103539452/beefalo-a-bison-cattle-hybrid-is-being-touted-as-the-healthy-meat-of-the-future |access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref> Although bison bull-domestic cow crossings are more usual, domestic bull-bison cow crossings have a lower infant mortality rate (cow immune systems can reject hybrid calves). Modern beefalo include fertile bulls, making the beefalo a variety of "improved cattle". Bull and cow cattalos are reported in ''Wonders of Animal Life'', edited by J. A. Hammerton (1930).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Wonders of Animal Life |publisher=Waverley Book Co |year=1930 |editor-last=Hammerton |editor-first=J.A. |oclc=303265}}</ref>
===
The [[zebu]] (''Bos taurus indicus)'', is the common domestic cow in much of Asia. They have been interbred with other domestic cattle over thousands of years. Some zebu breeds are derived from hybrids between zebu and [[yak]] (''Bos grunniens''), [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), and [[banteng]] (''Bos javanicus''). Zebu breeds have been widely crossed with European cattle. In Brazil, the [[Chanchim]] breed is 5/8 Charolais and 3/8 Zebu and combines the Charolais' meat quality and yield with the zebu's heat-resistance.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
In ''[[The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication]]'', [[Charles Darwin]] wrote:
{{blockquote|''Bos primigenius'' and ''longifrons'' have been ranked by nearly all palaeontologists as distinct species; and it would not be reasonable to take a different view simply because their domesticated descendants now intercross with the utmost freedom. All the European breeds have so often been crossed both intentionally and unintentionally, that, if any sterility had ensued from such unions, it would certainly have been detected. {{omission}} The late Lord Powis imported some [[zebu]]s and crossed them with common cattle in Shropshire; and I was assured by his steward that the cross-bred animals were perfectly fertile with both parent-stocks. Mr. Blyth informs me that in India hybrids, with various proportions of either blood, are quite fertile; and {{omission}} are allowed to breed freely together.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Darwin |first=Charles |title=The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication|author-link=Charles Darwin|volume=1|date=1920|edition=Second|publisher=D. Appleton and Company|page=84|url=https://archive.org/details/variationofani01darw/page/84/mode/2up?q=bos}}</ref>|author=Charles Darwin|title=The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication|source=p. 84}}
=== Hybrids between domestic cattle and yaks ===
[[File:Riding a dzo. Tingri, Tibet Autonomous Region. 1993.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A {{transl|bo|dzo}} being ridden in Tibet]]
{{Main|Dzo}}
In [[India]], [[Nepal]], Tibet, and Mongolia, cattle are crossbred with [[yak]]s. This gives rise to the infertile male {{transl|bo|dzo}}, often used as oxen, as well as fertile females which are bred into cattle breeds and can serve as milk cows. The "[[Dwarf Lulu]]" breed of cattle was tested for DNA markers and found to be a mixture of both types of cattle with yak genetics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Takeda |first1=Kumiko |last2=Satoh |first2=Masahiro |last3=Neopane |first3=Shreeram P. |last4=Kuwar |first4=Bahadur S. |last5=Joshi |first5=Hari D. |last6=Shrestha |first6=Nanda P. |last7=Fujise |first7=Hiroshi |last8=Tasai |first8=Mariko |last9=Tagami |first9=Takahiro |last10=Hanada |first10=Hirofumi |date=2004 |title=Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Nepalese domestic dwarf cattle Lulu* |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2004.00163.x |journal=Animal Science Journal |language=en |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=103–110 |doi=10.1111/j.1740-0929.2004.00163.x |issn=1344-3941}}</ref>
===
[[Yak]]s can also cross with bison. The hybrid offspring are occasionally kept by farmers in northern Alberta where the snowy, cold winters necessitate a cold-hardy animal. American bison has been bred with the domestic [[Tibet]]an yak to create the [[yakalo]]. Domestic yak bulls mated with bison cows produced fully fertile offspring. Male yak bred with beefalo produced fertile females and sterile males. The appearance of the yak × bison hybrid is strongly reminiscent morphologically to ''[[Bison latifrons]]''.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
== Hybrids between bison ==
=== Hybrids between species of bison ===
[[File:Зубробизон в Токсово 140107 (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Hybrid between American bison and European wisent at {{ill|Novo-Kavgolovsky Forest Park|ru|Ново-Кавголовский лесопарк}} near [[Toksovo]], Russia]]
In an attempt to revive the [[Caucasian wisent]] (''Bison bonasus caucasicus''''')''', the American bisons and the European bisons were crossbred. Some have argued that these hybrids should be classified as a new subspecies ''[[European bison#Conservation|Bison bonasus montanus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rautian |first1=G. S. |last2=Kalabushkin |first2=B. A. |last3=Nemtsev |first3=A. S. |date=2000-11-01 |title=A New Subspecies of the European Bison, Bison bonasus montanus ssp. nov. (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) |url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026658309135 |journal=Doklady Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=375 |issue=1 |pages=636–640 |doi=10.1023/A:1026658309135 |pmid=11211514 |s2cid=1144374 |issn=1608-3105}}</ref>
=== Hybrids between subspecies of American bison ===
A herd of hybrid [[plains bison]] (''Bison bison bison'') × [[wood bison]] (''Bison bison athabascae'') lived wild in the Yukon, Canada. The wood bison is a distinct subspecies that almost became extinct in the 20th century. In an attempt to save the plains bison subspecies, between 1925 and 1928, thousands of plains bison were released into Wood Buffalo Park, a preserve for the wood bison subspecies. They readily interbred and produced a 12,000 strong herd by 1934. Consequently, the wood bison was nearly hybridized into extinction.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
A small genetically pure herd was recovered from an isolated area in 1959 and is now being kept isolated from introduced plains bison. Recent{{when|date=August 2022}} [[genetic testing]] seems to indicate that these wood bison are themselves hybridized with the plains subspecies, though their genetic makeup remains predominantly that of the wood buffalo.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
== Water buffalo-domestic cattle hybrids ==
[[Water buffalo]] and domestic cattle are not known to be able to hybridize. In laboratory experiments, the embryos fail around the 8-cell stage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Patil |first1=Shekhar |last2=Totey |first2=Satish |date=2003 |title=Developmental failure of hybrid embryos generated by in vitro fertilization of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) oocyte with bovine spermatozoa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrd.10269 |journal=Molecular Reproduction and Development |language=en |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=360–368 |doi=10.1002/mrd.10269 |pmid=12548668 |s2cid=34587206 |issn=1040-452X}}</ref>
There were suggestions of crossing the beefalo (an American bison-domestic cattle hybrid) to [[African buffalo|Cape buffalo]], although this idea essentially ended when the Cape buffalo was found to have 52 chromosomes (instead of 60 as in cattle and bison), meaning that the hybrid's success would be unlikely.
== Hybrids between buffalo ==
[[Wild water buffalo]] (''Bubalus arnee'') and Domestic water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis'') can interbreed freely and these may be a single species differentiated only by domestication.
The [[African buffalo]] (''Syncerus caffer'') subspecies, the Lake Chad buffalo (''Syncerus caffer brachyceros'') x [[African forest buffalo]] (''Syncerus caffer nanus'') can interbreed. The main difference between these buffalo is preferred habitat. Hybrid zones occur on forest/savannah margins.
==Genetic testing for hybrids==
=== Genetic testing of public herds ===
[[Mitochondrial DNA]] testing of the [[Custer State Park]] herd have shown that 6% of the animals have bovine DNA traits and Dr. Derr from Texas A&M University, who led a study into bison genetics, conceded that the ‘hybrid’ animals tested were at least 15-20 generations from the original base stock and those animals contained only 0.003% bovine DNA. This herd was started in 1901 with a relatively small number of animals ({{lessthan}}30). At the time, all these animals were believed to be pure through analysis of the physical phenotype but at least one animal with some bovine DNA must have been included in the original herd. Since the herd was formed, no new animals have been introduced and in this closed genetic pool, bovine DNA influences have not exceeded 6%, despite numerous generations of animals having passed. It is not yet known why this bovine DNA has not influenced a greater proportion of the herd nor a higher percentage of bovine DNA having survived, but one theory is that pure-bred animals with bovine influence do not grow to be as competitive as full-blood animals and are less likely to become dominant herd bulls. Therefore, the hybrid animals bulls are less likely to reproduce in the wild than pure animals, limiting the spread of bovine DNA within the herd.{{cn|date=March 2023}}
Not all public herds in the US and Canada have been tested for bovine DNA, but the [[Elk Island National Park|Elk Island Plains Bison Herd]] in Canada has been tested as pure. Other public herds that are believed to be pure include the [[Yellowstone Park Bison Herd]], the [[Henry Mountains Bison Herd]] and the [[Wind Cave Bison Herd]].{{cn|date=August 2022}}
=== Genetic testing of private herds ===
Since DNA testing for purity has become available, there is a growing movement among bison ranchers to test their herds and cull animals that test positive for bovine DNA. The largest private herd in the world, with over 50,000 animals, is currently undergoing such a program. As similar programs gather momentum among smaller private herds, the level of hybridization among private herds will likely reduce to a very small level as there is no commercial gain to be had by hybridization and both the Canadian and American Bison Associations share the goal of preserving pure bison herds.{{cn|date=August 2022}} Obtaining bison with minimal cattle [[introgression]] is desirable for the [[Conservation of American bison|conservation of bison]].
However, at present, most private herds have yet to be tested for bovine DNA and the majority of plains bison in North America can be found in these private herds. As these herds have been built from the same original base stock as the public herds, is possible that up to 6% of some herds may contain bovine DNA. Consequently, out of approximately 500,000 bison in North America, it is possible that up to 30,000 may have some bovine DNA. Due to many base herds having started pure with feed stock from pure public herds such as Elk Island Park, this may be a high estimate and the true number of bison containing bovine DNA is likely to be significantly lower.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mammal hybrids}}
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[[Category:Bovid hybrids]]
[[Category:Bovidae]]
[[Category:Mammal conservation]]
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