Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act: Difference between revisions

The '''Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act''' ('''CAATSA)''') is a [[Law of the United States#Federal law|United States federal law]] that imposed [[International sanctions|sanctions]] on [[Iran]], [[North Korea]], and [[Russia]]. The bill was passed by the Senate on July 27, 2017, 98–2,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=115&session=1&vote=00175 |title=Roll Call Vote 115th Congress - 1st Session |website=U.S. Senate |access-date=October 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113175200/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=115&session=1&vote=00175 |archive-date=January 13, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> after it passed the House 419–3. The billIt was signed into law on August 2, 2017 by President [[Donald Trump]], who nevertheless believed that the legislation was "seriously flawed".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamkin |first=Emily |date=2017 |title=Trump Finally Signs Sanctions Bill, Then Adds Bizarre Statements |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/08/02/trump-finally-signs-sanctions-bill-then-adds-bizarre-statements/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 15 June 2017, the [[United States Senate]] voted 98 to 2 for the bill (an amendment to the underlying Iran sanctions bill), which was rooted in a bill introduced in January that year by a bipartisan group of senators over Russia's continued involvement in the wars in Ukraine and Syria and its [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election]]; with regard to Russia, the bill was designed to expand the punitive measures previously imposed by executive orders and convert them into law.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/senate-overwhelmingly-passes-new-russia-and-iran-sanctions/2017/06/15/df9afc2a-51d8-11e7-91eb-9611861a988f_story.html |title=Senate overwhelmingly passes new Russia and Iran sanctions |first=Karoun |last=Demirjian |date=15 June 2017 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121090530/https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/senate-overwhelmingly-passes-new-russia-and-iran-sanctions/2017/06/15/df9afc2a-51d8-11e7-91eb-9611861a988f_story.html |archive-date=January 21, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/06/13/senate-gop-dems-agree-on-new-sanctions-on-russia.html |title=Senate GOP, Dems agree on new sanctions on Russia |date=13 June 2017 |website=[[Fox News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=August 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718000443/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/06/13/senate-gop-dems-agree-on-new-sanctions-on-russia.html |archive-date=July 18, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bill in the Senate incorporated the provisions of the ''Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act'' that was introduced in May 2017 by Senator [[Benjamin Cardin|Ben Cardin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/s1221 |title=S. 1221 (115th): Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 |website=GovTrack.us |access-date=October 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921153417/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/s1221 |archive-date=September 21, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/1221 |title=S.1221 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 |first=Cardin |last=Benjamin |date=June 6, 2017 |website=U.S. Congress |access-date=October 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926010154/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/1221 |archive-date=September 26, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

An identical bill was introduced by Democrats in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] on 12 July 2017. While the bill's text was unchanged from what had passed the Senate on 15 June, it was titled as House legislation to avoid procedural hurdles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-sanctions-idUSKBN19X1ZV |title=Democrats introduce new bill on Russia and Iran sanctions |first=Patricia |last=Zengerle |date=12 July 2017 |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=August 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716132945/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-sanctions-idUSKBN19X1ZV |archive-date=July 16, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bill, after being revised to address some of the Trump administration's concerns, passed in the House 419 to 3 on 25 July.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marcos |first1=Cristina |title=House passes Russia sanctions deal |url=httphttps://thehill.com/homenews/house/343700-house-passes-russia-sanctions-deal/ |access-date=July 25, 2017 |work=The Hill |date=July 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102053451/http://thehill.com/homenews/house/343700-house-passes-russia-sanctions-deal |archive-date=January 2, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 27 July, the bill was passed overwhelmingly by the Senate, 98 to 2.<ref name="guardretal">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/27/putin-russia-us-sanctions-bill |title=Putin: Russia promises retaliation as Senate passes sanctions bill |first=Shaun |last=Walker |date=28 July 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=August 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120155445/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/27/putin-russia-us-sanctions-bill |archive-date=January 20, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CAATSA-Senate">{{Cite web | title = Roll Call Vote 115th Congress - 1st Session - On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 3364 ) | publisher = Senate.gov | url = https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1151/vote_115_1_00175.htm | accessdate = 2022-02-28}}</ref> Support in both chambers was high enough to override a potential [[Veto power in the United States|presidential veto]]. On August 2, 2017, President [[Donald Trump]] signed the bill into law.<ref name="NYTstatem" />

The Act imposed new sanctions on Russia for interference in the 2016 USU.S. elections and its involvement in Ukraine and Syria. The Act converted the punitive measures previously imposed by Executive Orders into law to prevent the President from easing, suspending or ending the sanctions without the approval of Congress.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lardner|first1=Richard|title=Senate GOP, Dems agree on new sanctions on Russia|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/senate-gop-dems-agree-sanctions-russia-47997685|access-date=14 June 2017|work=ABC News|date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613053011/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/senate-gop-dems-agree-sanctions-russia-47997685|archive-date=13 June 2017|url-status=dead}}

U.S. State Department spokeswoman [[Heather Nauert]] stated: "Since the enactment of the CAATSA legislation, we estimate that foreign governments have abandoned planned or announced purchases of several billion dollars in Russian defense acquisitions. Given the long timeframes generally associated with major defense deals, the results of this effort are only beginning to become apparent."<ref>{{cite web |title=US says no need for new Russia sanctions |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20180130-us-says-no-need-new-russia-sanctions |work=[[France 24]] |date=January 30, 2018 |access-date=June 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519173805/https://www.france24.com/en/20180130-us-says-no-need-new-russia-sanctions |archive-date=May 19, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the end of July 2017, the proposed law's Russia sanctions caused harsh criticism and threats of retaliatory measures on the part of the [[European Commission]] President [[Jean-Claude Juncker]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Mindock|first=Clark|date=26 July 2017|title=Europe 'stands ready to act' if US sanctions on Russia affect its oil and gas supplies|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/us-russia-sanctions-latest-europe-ready-to-act-jean-claude-juncker-energy-security-america-first-a7861851.html|url-status=live|access-date=September 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911135647/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/us-russia-sanctions-latest-europe-ready-to-act-jean-claude-juncker-energy-security-america-first-a7861851.html|archive-date=September 11, 2019}}</ref> Germany's Minister for Economics and Energy [[Brigitte Zypries]] described the sanctions as illegal under international law and urged the European UnionEU to take appropriate counter-measures.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lowe|first=Josh|date=31 July 2017|title=New Russia Sanctions 'Illegal' Says Germany, Urging Europe To Retaliate Against U.S.|newspaper=[[Newsweek]]|url=http://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-russia-sanctions-vladimir-putin-644160|url-status=live|access-date=27 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131104116/http://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-russia-sanctions-vladimir-putin-644160|archive-date=January 31, 2018}}</ref>

In October 2018, [[India]] inkedsigned a US$5.43 billion deal with [[Russia]] to procure four [[S-400 Triumf]] surface-to-air [[Missile defense|missile defense systems]], while ignoring the CAATSA. The U.S. threatened India with sanctions over India's decision to buy the S-400 missile defense systems from Russia.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 May 2019|title=India, facing sanctions for Russian arms deals, says it wants to pivot spending to the US|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/23/india-to-pivot-spending-to-the-us-amid-russia-arms-deals-sanctions.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628222425/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/23/india-to-pivot-spending-to-the-us-amid-russia-arms-deals-sanctions.html|archive-date=June 28, 2019|access-date=June 25, 2019|work=CNBC}}</ref>

On 15 July 2022, the United States House of Representatives passed a legislative amendment that granted India a waiver from CAATSA-related sanctions connected to the purchase of the S-400; however the amendment is yet tobe passed by the United States Senate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/us-house-votes-for-india-specific-caatsa-waiver/article65642700.ece|title=US House votes for India-specific CAATSA waiver|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|date=15 June 2022}}</ref>

According to the [[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]], CAATSA has resulted in delays to the Indonesian purchase of Russian Sukhoi Su-35 [[fighter aircraft]] and "[the] willingness of the USU.S. to impose [CAATSA] sanctions, or whether any waiver might be obtained, has been at the forefront of security diplomacy between Washington and Jakarta in recent months."<ref>{{cite news|last=Greenlees|first=Donald|date=June 17, 2019|title=Russia sanctions putting strain on US relationship with Indonesia|work=Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI)|url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/russia-sanctions-putting-strain-on-us-relationship-with-indonesia/|url-status=live|access-date=June 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618131625/https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/russia-sanctions-putting-strain-on-us-relationship-with-indonesia/|archive-date=June 18, 2019}}</ref>

In March 2020, the Trump administration pressured Indonesia into dropping deals to buy Russian made [[Sukhoi Su-35]] fighter jets and Chinese naval vessels.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/03/13/trump-threat-spurred-indonesia-to-drop-russia-china-arms-deals.html | title=Trump threat spurred Indonesia to drop Russia, China arms deals }}</ref> According to an official familiar with the matter, president [[Joko Widodo]]'s administration was concerned that the USU.S. would take punitive actions on trade and implement economic sanctions against Indonesia if the deals were completed.

North Korean foreign ministry officials said that "USU.S. bid for imposing sanctions on different countries around the world is entirely outrageous leverage to meet its own interests"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/order/pytimes/?page=World&no=24727 |title=US sanctions bid triggers a barrage of angry reaction |date=August 2, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Pyongyang Times]] |agency=[[Korean Central News Agency]] |access-date=August 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009160708/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/order/pytimes/?page=World |archive-date=October 9, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and suggesting that the "sanctions bill" against the DPRK, Russia and Iran which recently passed the USU.S. Congress is prompting a growing international backlash, citing reactions by Russia, China, Venezuela, Germany, Austria and France.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://naenara.com.kp/en/news/?0+102085 |title=US Sanctions Racket Slammed |date=August 2, 2017 |newspaper=The Pyongyang Times |agency=Korean Central News Agency |access-date=August 3, 2017 }} {{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

After the bill passed the Senate, on 28 July 2017, Russia's foreign ministry announced measures that were cast as a response to the bill passed by Congress, but also referenced the specific measures imposed against the Russian diplomatic mission in the U.S. by the Barack [[Obama administration]] at the end of 2016.<ref name="midannounce">{{cite web |url=https://www.mid.ru/ru/press_service/spokesman/official_statement/-/asset_publisher/t2GCdmD8RNIr/content/id/2824435?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_t2GCdmD8RNIr&_101_INSTANCE_t2GCdmD8RNIr_languageId=en_GB |title=Foreign Ministry's statement |date=28 July 2017 |website=Russian Foreign Ministry |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605221154/https://www.mid.ru/ru/press_service/spokesman/official_statement/-/asset_publisher/t2GCdmD8RNIr/content/id/2824435?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_t2GCdmD8RNIr&_101_INSTANCE_t2GCdmD8RNIr_languageId=en_GB |archive-date=June 5, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Russia demanded that the U.S. reduce its diplomatic and technical personnel in the [[Embassy of the United States, Moscow|Moscow embassy]] and its consulates in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Yekaterinburg]] and [[Vladivostok]] to 455 persons — the same as the number of Russian diplomats posted in the U.S. — by September 1; Russia's government would also suspend the use of a retreat compound and a storage facility in Moscow used by the USU.S. by August 1.<ref name="roth">{{cite news |last1=Roth |first1=Andrew |title=Putin orders cut of 755 personnel at U.S. missions |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/putin-orders-cut-of-755-personnel-at-us-missions/2017/07/30/8a4b0044-7555-11e7-8c17-533c52b2f014_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=July 30, 2017 |access-date=August 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709094301/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/putin-orders-cut-of-755-personnel-at-us-missions/2017/07/30/8a4b0044-7555-11e7-8c17-533c52b2f014_story.html |archive-date=July 9, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ftexpell">{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/35c6d6d6-7377-11e7-aca6-c6bd07df1a3c |title=Russia orders US diplomats out in tit-for-tat over sanctions |date=28 July 2017 |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919075239/https://www.ft.com/content/35c6d6d6-7377-11e7-aca6-c6bd07df1a3c |archive-date=September 19, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shortly after, Russian president Vladimir Putin said that the decision had been taken by him personally and that 755 employees of the U.S. diplomatic mission must "terminate their activity in the Russian Federation".<ref name="roth"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2915605 |title=Эксклюзивное интервью Владимира Путина: почему ответ России чувствителен для США |trans-title=An exclusive interview with Vladimir Putin: why Russia's response is sensitive to the United States |date=30 July 2017 |website=[[Russia-24]] |language=ru |access-date=August 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805055124/http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2915605 |archive-date=August 5, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40769365 |title=Putin confirms 755 US diplomatic staff must leave |date=30 July 2017 |website=BBC News |access-date=July 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719180154/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40769365 |archive-date=July 19, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2020, USA's [[Senate Majority Whip|U.S. Senate Majority Whip]], [[John Thune]], [[US Republican Party|(R]]-[[South Dakota|S.D.]]SD), proposed an amendment to the 2021 [[National Defense Authorization Act]] to allow the [[US Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]] to purchase [[Turkey]]’s Russian-made [[S-400 missile system]], using the [[U.S. Army]]’s missile procurement account. The reasoning is that this would remove the issue of Turkey having a foreign military system that contravenes the CAATSA. This would then allow the USU.S. to re-integrate Turkey into the [[F-35 Lightning II]] acquisition and ownership program.<ref name="2020-06-29_DN">[https://www.defensenews.com/congress/2020/06/29/us-could-buy-turkeys-russia-made-s-400-under-senate-proposal/ US could buy Turkey’s Russian-made S-400 under Senate proposal], Joe Gould, [[Defense News]], 2020-06-29</ref>

In late 2017, Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] and Russian officials agreed to the purchase of S-400 missiles worth $2.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-turkey-missiles/turkey-russia-sign-deal-on-supply-of-s-400-missiles-idUSKBN1EN0T5 |title=Turkey, Russia sign deal on supply of S-400 missiles |last=Gumrukcu |first=Tuvan |work=Reuters |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628201850/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-turkey-missiles/turkey-russia-sign-deal-on-supply-of-s-400-missiles-idUSKBN1EN0T5 |archive-date=June 28, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Secretary of State Mike Pompeo raised concerns over the deal,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nato-foreign-usa-turkey/pompeo-presses-turkey-on-s-400-missiles-purchase-from-russia-idUSKBN1HY2A6 |title=Pompeo presses Turkey on S-400 missiles purchase from Russia |work=Reuters |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629050056/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nato-foreign-usa-turkey/pompeo-presses-turkey-on-s-400-missiles-purchase-from-russia-idUSKBN1HY2A6 |archive-date=June 29, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> but Turkish officials rejected the U.S. threat of sanctions under the CAATSA, citing existing international protocols and agreements mutually signed and agreed by Turkey and Russia, and that the Russian offer was a better deal than the [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]] system offered by USthe U.S.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/erdogan-step-400-deal-russia-190604063857003.html |title=Erdogan: No step back from S-400 deal with Russia |date=4 June 2019 |work=Al-Jazeera |access-date=June 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611070206/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/erdogan-step-400-deal-russia-190604063857003.html |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey preparing for possible U.S. sanctions over S-400s: minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security-usa/turkey-preparing-for-possible-us-sanctions-over-s-400s-minister-idUSKCN1SS0HS |work=Reuters |date=May 22, 2019 |access-date=June 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630162446/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security-usa/turkey-preparing-for-possible-us-sanctions-over-s-400s-minister-idUSKCN1SS0HS |archive-date=June 30, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2020 the USU.S. imposed five restrictions against the Turkish [[Defence Industry Agency]] and its leaders<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the Spokesperson |date=December 14, 2020 |title=CAATSA Section 231 “Imposition"Imposition of Sanctions on Turkish Presidency of Defense Industries”Industries" |url=https://2017-2021.state.gov/caatsa-section-231-imposition-of-sanctions-on-turkish-presidency-of-defense-industries/index.html}}</ref> and [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II procurement#Removal from program|removed Turkey]] from the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter partnership.

On 11 October 2017, in a joint statement, Sens. [[John McCain]] (R-Ariz.AZ) and [[Ben Cardin]] (D-Md.MD) questioned the Trump administration's commitment to the sanctions bill noting that the White House had "had plenty of time to get their act together" after missing an October 1 deadline to identify Kremlin-linked targets.<ref name=chicagotribune>{{Cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-wp-russia-policy-f56bb386-aed1-11e7-9e58-e6288544af98-20171011-story.html |title=Leading lawmakers wonder why Trump is dragging feet on Russia sanctions |last=Tamkin |first=Emily |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=2017-10-13 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033630/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-wp-russia-policy-f56bb386-aed1-11e7-9e58-e6288544af98-20171011-story.html |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 29 January 2018, the Trump administration submitted to Congress five reports as mandated by CAATSA, including those on Iran's missile programme, sanctioned persons of North Korea, and two versions (both classified and unclassified) of the report "regarding senior political figures and oligarchs in the Russian Federation and Russian parastatal entities".<ref name="caatsatreasury">{{cite news |title=Treasury Releases CAATSA Reports, Including on Senior Foreign Political Figures and Oligarchs in the Russian Federation |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0271 |work=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=29 January 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131174217/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0271 |archive-date=January 31, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Trump admin declines to impose new Russia sanctions |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/29/politics/trump-russia-sanctions/index.html |work=CNN |date=30 January 2018 |access-date=January 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130034902/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/29/politics/trump-russia-sanctions/index.html |archive-date=January 30, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="newsrusecret">{{cite web |url=http://www.newsru.com/world/30jan2018/minfin.html |title=Минфин США:『кремлевский доклад』содержит секретное приложение в дополнение к приложениям 1 и 2 (поименные СПИСКИ) |trans-title=US Department of the Treasury: "Kremlin Report" contains a secret appendix in addition to appendices 1 and 2 (LIST by name) |date=30 January 2018 |website=[[NEWSru]] |language=ru |access-date=January 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131204738/http://www.newsru.com/world/30jan2018/minfin.html |archive-date=January 31, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The unclassified list published the following day by the Treasury Department contained names of 210 people, including 96 Russian tycoons close to president Vladimir Putin with wealth of $1 billion or more, as well as top Russian statespersons and officials, including [[Prime Minister of Russia|Russian primePrime ministerMinister]] Dmitry Medvedev, but excluding Vladimir Putin, all information having been drawn from public sources.<ref name="reuterslist" /><ref name="newsrusecret" /> The Treasury Department formally explained the legal significance of publishing names of the individuals and entities included in its 29 January 2018 report on Russia: "This report is not a "sanctions list.""<ref name="FAQ552">{{cite web |url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Sanctions/Pages/faq_other.aspx#552 |title=OFAC FAQs: Other Sanctions Programs: 552. Has the Treasury Department now sanctioned the individuals and entities included in its January 29, 2018 report on senior political figures, oligarchs, and parastatal entities of the Russian Federation? |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |access-date=September 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930175751/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Sanctions/Pages/faq_other.aspx#552 |archive-date=September 30, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Speaking to the Senate Banking Committee on 30 January, the Treasury Secretary [[Steven Mnuchin]] said: "The intent was not to have sanctions by the delivery report last night. The intent was to do an extremely thorough analysis — it's hundreds of pages — and there will be sanctions that come out of this report."<ref>{{cite news |title=Mnuchin says new Russia-related sanctions forthcoming |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/jan/30/treasury-secretary-steven-mnuchin-says-new-russia-/ |newspaper=The Washington Times |date=30 January 2018 |access-date=January 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131090352/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/jan/30/treasury-secretary-steven-mnuchin-says-new-russia-/ |archive-date=January 31, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 March 2018, Mnuchin unveiled a series of sanctions, first time under CAATSA as well as Executive Order 13694, against various Russian entities and individuals, including the Russians indicted in [[Special Counsel investigation (2017–present)|Special Counsel investigation]], the [[GRU (Russian Federation)|Main Intelligence Directorate]], and the [[Federal Security Service]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Leon |url=http://theafricom.com/2018/03/16/u-s-sanctions-russian-federation-for-election-meddling.html |title=U.S. sanctions Russian Federation for election meddling, hacking |work=The Africom |date=March 16, 2018 |access-date=March 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035812/http://theafricom.com/2018/03/16/u-s-sanctions-russian-federation-for-election-meddling.html |archive-date=March 17, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mnuchin issued a statement, saying: "The Administration is confronting and countering malign Russian cyber activity, including their attempted interference in U.S. elections, destructive cyber-attacks, and intrusions targeting critical infrastructure. These targeted sanctions are a part of a broader effort to address the ongoing nefarious attacks emanating from Russia. Treasury intends to impose additional CAATSA sanctions, informed by our intelligence community, to hold Russian government officials and oligarchs accountable for their destabilizing activities by severing their access to the U.S. financial system."<ref>{{cite news |last=Easley |first=Jonathan |url=httphttps://thehill.com/homenews/administration/378564-trump-slaps-new-sanctions-on-russia-over-cyber-meddling/ |title=Trump unveils new sanctions against Russia |date=March 15, 2018 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=March 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315235345/http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/378564-trump-slaps-new-sanctions-on-russia-over-cyber-meddling |archive-date=March 15, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0312 |title=Treasury Sanctions Russian Cyber Actors for Interference with the 2016 U.S. Elections and Malicious Cyber-Attacks |date=15 March 2018 |website=US Department of the Treasury |access-date=May 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005404/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0312 |archive-date=June 27, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In mid-May 2018, Senators [[Bob Menendez]] (D-N.J.NJ), [[Mark Warner]] (D-VA), and [[Sherrod Brown]] (D-OH), in a letter addressed to the [[Office of Inspector General (United States)|inspectors general]] of the State Department, Treasury Department and Intelligence Community, alleged that the Trump administration had failed to fully comply with the provisions of the CAATSA and requested investigations into that.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/senate-democrats-call-for-multi-agency-probe-into-russia-sanctions-delay |title=Senate Democrats Call For Multi-Agency Probe Into Russia Sanctions Delay |first=Andrew |last=Desiderio |date=18 May 2018 |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=22 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519145339/https://www.thedailybeast.com/senate-democrats-call-for-multi-agency-probe-into-russia-sanctions-delay |archive-date=May 19, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.menendez.senate.gov/news-and-events/press/menendez-warner-brown-request-multiagency-review-on-russia-sanctions-implementation |title=Menendez, Warner, Brown Request Multiagency Review on Russia Sanctions Implementation |date=May 18, 2018 |website=Bob Menendez |access-date=May 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919115219/https://www.menendez.senate.gov/news-and-events/press/menendez-warner-brown-request-multiagency-review-on-russia-sanctions-implementation |archive-date=September 19, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 8 December 2020, the House of Representatives approved a sanctions package against Turkey due to its purchase of S-400 missile system from Russia. Subsequently doubts were raised by a number of international policy analysts that military sanctions on the NATO ally would weaken the alliance, effectively reducing Turkey's ability to obtain American technology for regional defense.<ref>{{cite news |title=CAATSA sanctions are hurting Turkey's military readiness at a time when NATO can't afford it |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/caatsa-sanctions-are-hurting-turkeys-military-readiness-time-when-nato-cant-afford-it |work=[[Middle East Institute]] |date=May 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>[https://www.duvarenglish.com/what-awaits-turkey-us-relations-under-biden-administration-eastern-mediterranean-question-news-55458 "What awaits Turkey-US relations under Biden administration: Eastern Mediterranean question"] ''Duvar English (Turkey's own independent gazette)''.</ref><ref>Ian J. Lynch (Dec. 2020). [https://www.lawfarebloglawfaremedia.comorg/article/s-400-knot-us-turkey-relations-assessing-viability-us-sanctions "The S-400 Knot in U.S.-Turkey Relations: Assessing the Viability of U.S. Sanctions"] ''Lawfare.com''.</ref>

* [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-13726/uslm/COMPS-13726.xml Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act] as amended ([https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-13726/pdf/COMPS-13726.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-13726/ details]) as amended in the [[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps Statute Compilations collection]

* [https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/115/public/44?link-type=uslm Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act] as enacted ([https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/115/public/44?link-type=pdf&.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/115/public/44?link-type=details details]) as enacted in the [[United States Statutes at Large|USU.S. Statutes at Large]]

* [https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/3364 {{USBill|115|H.R.|3364]}} on [[Congress.gov]]