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When the quality of [[meta-analysis|meta-analyses]] on the efficacy of consuming cranberry products for preventing or treating UTIs is examined, large variation and uncertainty of effects are seen, resulting from inconsistencies of [[clinical research]] design and inadequate numbers of subjects.<ref name="liska">{{cite journal|pmc=4863270|year=2016|last1=Liska|first1=D. J.|title=Cranberries and Urinary Tract Infections: How Can the Same Evidence Lead to Conflicting Advice?|journal=Advances in Nutrition|volume=7|issue=3|pages=498–506|last2=Kern|first2=H. J.|last3=Maki|first3=K. C.|doi=10.3945/an.115.011197|pmid=27184277}}</ref> In 2014, the [[European Food Safety Authority]] reviewed the evidence for one brand of cranberry extract and concluded that a [[causality|cause and effect relationship]] had not been established between cranberry consumption and reduced risk of UTIs.<ref name="efsa">{{cite journal |author=EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) |title=Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to CranMax® and reduction of the risk of urinary tract infection by inhibiting the adhesion of certain bacteria in the urinary tract pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061 |journal=EFSA Journal |date=May 2014 |volume=12 |issue=5 |id=3657 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3657 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
One 2017 [[systematic review]] showed that consuming cranberry products reduced the incidence of UTIs in women with recurrent infections,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Luís|first1=Â|last2=Domingues|first2=F|last3=Pereira|first3=L|title=Can Cranberries Contribute to Reduce the Incidence of Urinary Tract Infections? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Clinical Trials.|journal=Journal of Urology|volume=198|issue=3|pages=614–621|date=10 March 2017|doi=10.1016/j.juro.2017.03.078|pmid=28288837|s2cid=206632675}}</ref> while another review indicated that consuming cranberry products could reduce the risk of UTIs by 26% in otherwise healthy women, although the authors indicated that larger studies were needed to confirm such an effect.<ref name="Fu">{{cite journal | last1=Fu | first1=Zhuxuan | last2=Liska | first2=DeAnn | last3=Talan | first3=David | last4=Chung | first4=Mei | title=Cranberry Reduces the Risk of Urinary Tract Infection Recurrence in Otherwise Healthy Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | journal=The Journal of Nutrition | volume=147 | issue=12 | date=18 October 2017 | issn=0022-3166 | doi=10.3945/jn.117.254961 | pages=2282–2288|pmid=29046404| doi-access=free }}</ref> However, a 2021 review found that there was insufficient evidence for or against using cranberry products to treat acute UTIs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gbinigie |first1=Oghenekome A. |last2=Spencer |first2=Elizabeth A. |last3=Heneghan |first3=Carl J. |last4=Lee |first4=Joseph J. |last5=Butler |first5=Christopher C. |date=2020-12-25 |title=Cranberry Extract for Symptoms of Acute, Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection: A Systematic Review |journal=Antibiotics |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=12 |doi=10.3390/antibiotics10010012 |issn=2079-6382 |pmc=7824375 |pmid=33375566|doi-access=free }}</ref> A 2023 review of 50 studies concluded there is evidence that consuming cranberry products is effective for reducing the risk of UTIs in women with recurrent UTIs, in children, and in people susceptible to UTIs following clinical interventions; in this same review, there was little evidence of effect in elderly people, those with [[Urination#Disorders|urination disorders]], or pregnant women.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Gabrielle |last2=Hahn |first2=Deirdre |last3=Stephens |first3=Jacqueline H |last4=Craig |first4=Jonathan C |last5=Hodson |first5=Elisabeth M |date=2023-04-17 |editor-last=Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Group |title=Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub6 |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2023 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub6 |pmc=10108827 |pmid=37068952}}</ref>
=== Phytochemicals===
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