Wikipedia

Duke Yansheng: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.2) (Whoop whoop pull up - 10861
Hunc (talk | contribs)
445 edits
m Spelling/grammar/punctuation/typographical correction
 
(14 intermediate revisions by 11 users not shown)
Line 1:
{{Short description|Chinese title of nobility}}
{{CleanupUse baredmy URLsdates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox nobility title
| name = Ceremonial Official to Confucius
Line 6 ⟶ 7:
| alt =
| caption =
| creation_date = July 8, 1935
| creation =
| monarch =
Line 14 ⟶ 15:
| last_holder =
| present_holder = [[Kung Tsui-chang]]
| heir_apparent = Kung Yu-jen (孔佑仁)<br />Kong Weining (孔維寧)<br />{{small|(Heir presumptive)}}
| heir_presumptive =
| remainder_to =
Line 20 ⟶ 21:
| status =
| extinction_date =
| family_seat = {{plainlist|
| family_seat =* [[Kong Family Mansion]], [[Qufu]]<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Food Culture in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLPACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22|dateyear=23 July 2015|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-1-938368-27-1|pagespage=22–22}}</ref><ref name="ZhaoWang2015">{{cite book|author1=Rongguang Zhao|author2=Gangliu Wang|author3=Aimee Yiran Wang|title=A History of Food Culture in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nn3FCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22|date=1 January 2015|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-1-938368-28-8|pages=22–}}</ref><ref name="KeswickJencks2003">{{cite book|author1=Maggie Keswick|author2=Charles Jencks|author3=Alison Hardie|title=The Chinese Garden: History, Art and Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYpIPcg9k4cC&pg=PA221|year=2003|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01086-4|pagespage=221–221}}</ref><ref name="Zhang2014">{{cite book|author=Jinfan Zhang|title=The Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOu5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA194|dateyear=20 February 2014|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-23266-4|pagespage=194–194}}</ref><ref name="McNicholas2016">{{cite book|author=Mark P. McNicholas|title=Forgery and Impersonation in Imperial China: Popular Deceptions and the High Qing State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYaGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|dateyear=5 April 2016|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80623-5|pages=103–}}</ref><br />another abode in Taipusi Street, [[Beijing]]<ref name="Wei2006">{{cite book|author=Betty Peh-T'I Wei|title=Ruan Yuan, 1764-1849: The Life and Work of a Major Scholar-Official in Nineteenth-Century China before the Opium War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lxUMoR5TXcC&pg=PA246|date=1 August 2006|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=978-962-209-785-8|pagespage=246–103}}</ref>
* Abode in Taipusi Street, [[Beijing]]<ref name="Wei2006">{{cite book|author=Betty Peh-T'I Wei|title=Ruan Yuan, 1764-1849: The Life and Work of a Major Scholar-Official in Nineteenth-Century China before the Opium War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lxUMoR5TXcC&pg=PA246|year=2006|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=978-962-209-785-8|page=246}}</ref>
* Ceremonial Official Residence, [[Taichung]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=王 |first1=雯慧 |title=中國儒家文化的傳承──孔德成 |date=26 August 2009 |url=https://deer.nchu.edu.tw/中國儒家文化的傳承──孔德成/ |publisher=Deer Cultural Heritage Center, [[National Chung Hsing University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=汪 |first1=士淳 |title=儒者行：孔德成先生傳 |date=2013-10-24 |publisher=Linking Publishing Co., Ltd. |isbn=9789570842760 |pages=167–168, 323–324}}</ref>
}}
| former_seat =
| motto =
Line 27 ⟶ 32:
 
{{Infobox nobility title
| name = Duke Yansheng<ref name="ReedDemattè2011">{{cite book|author1=Marcia Reed|author2=Paola Demattè|title=China on Paper: European and Chinese Works from the Late Sixteenth to the Early Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XGfPyVNvWkC&pg=PA50|year=2011|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=978-1-60606-068-1|pagespage=50–50}}</ref>
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| creation_date = 1055<ref name="McNicholas2007">{{cite book|last=McNicholas|first=Mark Peter|title=Forgery and Impersonation in Late Imperial China: Popular Appropriations of Official Authority, 1700--1820|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTZn8Jqd9wIC&pg=PA186|year=2007|isbn=978-0-549-52893-7|pagespage=186–186}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| creation =
| monarch = Emperors of the [[Song dynasty]]<br />[[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]]<br />[[Yuan dynasty]]<br />[[Ming dynasty]]<br />[[Qing dynasty]]<br /> [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Empire of China]]<br />[[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] {{small|(until 1935)}}
Line 46 ⟶ 51:
| status =
| extinction_date =
| family_seat = {{plainlist|
* [[Kong Family Mansion]], [[Qufu]]<br />another
* abodeAbode in Taipusi Street, [[Beijing]]
}}
| former_seat =
| motto =
Line 56 ⟶ 64:
| estates = [[Kong Family Mansion]], Quzhou Mansion
| country = [[Taiwan|Republic of China]]
| parent house = [[Shang dynasty|Shang Dynasty]], [[Song (state)|State of Song]]
| titles = Duke Yansheng, Ceremonial Official to Confucius,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://u.osu.edu/mclc/2014/11/14/life-as-the-heir-to-confucius/|title=life as the heir to Confucius|date=14 November 2014}}</ref> Wujing Boshi, Count of Changwon
| founder = [[Confucius]]
| current head = [[Kung Tsui-chang]] (Northern branch), Kong Xiangkai (Southern branch), Gong Dae-sik (Branch in Korea, [[Gokbu Gong clan]])
| founding year = 551 BC
| cadet branches = The other main branch was the Southern branch at Quzhou, many other branches are scattered all over China, one branch in Korea.<ref>http://tushu.junshishu.com/Book22917/Content1176317.html [http://www.yfzww.com/Read/144081/68 Archived copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825175452/http://www.yfzww.com/Read/144081/68 |date=2016-08-25 }} [http://m.6park.com/index.php?act=wapnewsContent&nid=44195 http://www.wanhuajing.com/d333724 Archived copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916035509/http://www.wanhuajing.com/d333724 |date=2016-09-16 }} [http://www.kmzx.org/wenhua/Print.asp?ArticleID=33009 Archived copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923084309/http://www.kmzx.org/wenhua/Print.asp?ArticleID=33009 |date=2016-09-23 }}</ref>
}}
 
{{Infobox Chinese|t=衍聖公|s=衍圣公|p=Yǎnshèng Gōng|w=Yen-sheng Kung}}
[[File:Kong Yanjin - looking north - P1060200.JPG|thumb|The [[spirit way]] of [[Kong Yanjin]], the 59th-generation senior-line direct descendant of Confucius and Duke Yansheng, in the [[Cemetery of Confucius]], [[Qufu]].]]
 
Line 90 ⟶ 98:
[[Emperor Cheng of Han|Emperor Cheng]] (r. 33–7 BC). The emperor also allowed Kong Ji to perform ritual sacrifices to [[Tang of Shang|Cheng Tang]], the first king of the [[Shang dynasty]], and granted him the {{ill|Erwang-sanke|simple|Er Wang San Ke|zh|二王三恪|lt=èrwáng-sānkè|italics=y}} ({{lang|zh|二王三恪}}) ceremonial privilege.
 
During the reign of [[Emperor Ping of Han|Emperor Ping]] (r. 1 BC – 6 AD), granted the title "Marquis Baocheng" ({{lang|zh|褒成侯}}) to Kong Jun ({{lang|zh|孔均}}), a 16th-generation descendant of Confucius.<ref name="Yao2015">{{cite book|author=Xinzhong Yao|title=The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-volume set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOc4CQAAQBAJ&q=marquis+baocheng&pg=PT58|dateyear=11 May 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-79348-9|pagespage=58–58}}</ref><ref name="Yao2003">{{cite book|author=Xinzhong Yao|title=RoutledgeCurzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p06wlKoLcDIC&q=marquis+baocheng&pg=PA26|year=2003|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=978-0-415-30652-2|pagespage=26–26}}</ref>
 
[[Emperor Ming of Han|Emperor Ming]]<ref name="Sancery2009">{{cite book|author=Jacques Sancery|title=Confucius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHUxAQAAIAAJ&q=marquis+baocheng|year=2009|publisher=Cerf|isbn=978-2-204-08582-3|page=19}}</ref> (r. 58–75 AD) awarded Kong Juan ({{lang|zh|孔損}}), an 18th-generation descendant of Confucius, the title "Marquis of Bao Village" ({{lang|zh|褒亭侯}}).
 
[[Emperor An of Han|Emperor An]] (r. 106–125 AD) gave the title "Marquis of Fengsheng Village" ({{lang|zh|奉聖亭侯}}) to Kong Yao ({{lang|zh|孔曜}}),<ref name="Crespigny2006">{{cite book|author=Rafe de Crespigny|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49OvCQAAQBAJ&q=marquis+baocheng&pg=PA393|dateyear=28 December 2006|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-1184-0|pagespage=393–393}}</ref> a 19th-generation descendant of Confucius.
 
The title of Duke of Song and ''"Duke Who Continues and Honours the Yin"'' ([[w:zh:殷紹嘉公|殷紹嘉公]]) were bestowed upon Kong An ([[w:zh:孔安 (東漢)|孔安 (東漢)]] by the Eastern Han dynasty because he was part of the Shang dynasty's legacy.<ref name="Crespigny2006 2">{{cite book|author=Rafe de Crespigny|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49OvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA389|dateyear=28 December 2006|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-1184-0|pagespage=389–389}}</ref><ref>︽汉书·杨胡朱梅云传︾‥初，武帝时，始封周后姬嘉为周子南君，至元帝时，尊周子南君为周承休侯，位次诸侯王。使诸大夫博士求殷后，分散为十余姓，郡国往往得其大家，推求子孙，绝不能纪。时，匡衡议，以为“王者存二王后，所以尊其先王而通三统也。其犯诛绝之罪者绝，而更封他亲为始封君，上承其王者之始祖。︽春秋︾之义，诸侯不能守其社稷者绝。今宋国已不守其统而失国矣，则宜更立殷后为始封君，而上承汤统，非当继宋之绝侯也，宜明得殷后而已。今之故宋，推求其嫡，久远不可得‥虽得其嫡，嫡之先已绝，不当得立。︽礼记︾孔子曰‥‘丘，殷人也。’先师所共传，宜以孔子世为汤后。”上以其语不经，遂见寝。</ref> This branch of the Confucius family was a separate branch from the line that held the title of Marquis of Fengsheng village and later Duke Yansheng. This practice was referred to as [[w:zh:二王三恪|二王三恪]].
 
===Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD) through Northern and Southern dynasties era (420–589)===
Line 105 ⟶ 113:
The [[Northern Wei|Northern Wei dynasty]] (386–535) changed the title to "Marquis Chongsheng" ({{lang|zh|崇聖侯}}) while the [[Northern Qi|Northern Qi dynasty]] (550–577) called it "Marquis Gongsheng" ({{lang|zh|恭聖侯}}). Under the [[Northern Zhou|Northern Zhou dynasty]] (557–581), the title was promoted from a marquis title to a ducal title, "Duke of Zou" ({{lang|zh-Hant|鄒國公}}).
 
A fief of 100 households and the rank of 崇聖侯 ''Marquis who worships the sage'' was bestowed upon a Confucius descendant, Yan Hui's lineage had 2 of its scions and Confucius's lineage had 4 of its scions who had ranks bestowed on them in Shandong in 495 and a fief of ten households and rank of 崇聖大夫 ''Grandee who venerates the sage'' was bestowed on 孔乘 Kong Sheng who was Confucius's scion in the 28th generation in 472 by Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei.<ref name="LagerweyLü2009">{{cite book|author1=John Lagerwey|author2=Pengzhi Lü|title=Early Chinese Religion: The Period of Division (220-589 Ad)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2nWdWbN3MQC&pg=PA257|dateyear=30 October 2009|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-17585-3|pagespage=257–257}}</ref><ref name="LagerweyLü2009 2">{{cite book|author1=John Lagerwey|author2=Pengzhi Lü|title=Early Chinese Religion, Part Two: The Period of Division (220-589 AD) (2 vols)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA257|dateyear=23 November 2009|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-2929-6|pagespage=257–257}}</ref>
 
===Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties===
Line 166 ⟶ 174:
[[w:zh:孔氏南宗#南宗嫡派世系|The Southern Branch of the Confucius family at Quzhou]]
 
During the Yuan dynasty, one of Confucius' descendants, who claimed to be one of the Duke Yansheng Kong Huan's [[w:zh:孔浣|孔浣]] sons, named Kong Shao 孔紹, moved from China to [[Goryeo]] era Korea and established a branch of the family there after wedding a Korean woman (Jo Jin-gyeong's 曹晉慶 daughter) during [[Toghon Temür]]'s rule. This branch of the family called the [[Gong clan of Qufu]] received [[Korean nobility|aristocratic rank]] in [[Joseon]] era Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qz.gov.cn/English/Recent/201405/t20140519_278510.htm|title=Descendants of Confucius in South Korea Seek Roots in Quzhou|date=19 May 2014|website=Quzhou.China|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150204113943/http://www.qz.gov.cn/English/Recent/201405/t20140519_278510.htm|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=dead|accessdate=2014-08-05|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6355971.html|title=South Korea home to 80,000 descendants of Confucius - People's Daily Online|last=|website=en.people.cn|access-date=3 May 2016|archive-date=28 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828231834/http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6355971.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16696029_4.htm|title=New Confucius Genealogy out next year -- china.org.cn|website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/2016-03/11/content_37999541.htm|title=China Exclusive: Korean Confucius descendants trace back to ancestor of family tree - China.org.cn|website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-03/11/c_135179011.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312012847/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-03/11/c_135179011.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 12, 2016|title=China Exclusive: Korean Confucius descendants trace back to ancestor of family tree|website=news.xinhuanet.com}}</ref> [[w:zh:曲阜孔氏 (朝鲜半岛)|曲阜孔氏 (朝鲜半岛)]] [[w:ko:곡부 공씨|곡부 공씨]]
 
The Liyang Kongs were descendants of Confucius who lived in southern China during the Yuan dynasty's final years. 孔克齊 Kong Keqi or 孔齊 Kong Qi was a scion of the 55th generation.<ref>Smith, Paul J. "Fear of Gynarchy in an Age of Chaos: Kong Qi's Reflections on Life in South China under Mongol Rule." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 41, no. 1 (1998): 1-95. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632774. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632774 http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/1568520982601412</ref> An account was written by Kong Qi on this era.<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Chinese Religion I (2 vol.set): Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960-1368 AD)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2DiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1466|date=8 December 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-27164-7|pages=1466–}} {{cite book|title=Modern Chinese Religion I (2 vol.set): Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960-1368 AD)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2DiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1575|date=8 December 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-27164-7|pages=1575–}}</ref>
Line 172 ⟶ 180:
The Kong became a reluctant part of the Ming after collaborating very closely with the Mongols in the 14th century. In Qufu, the dukedom and county magistracy become the two focal competing centers of power around which the various Kong parties coalesced around leading to Qufu seeing an end to the instability and the dukedom's power and character becoming clearly defined and lasting stably in that manner until the 1900s. The Duke Kong Sicheng from Kong Yuanyong's branch was removed and ousted by Kong Sihui in 1316 from another branch of the family and Kong Sihui successfully acquired enough power into the ducal office to make it permanently stay in his branch of the family so other rival Kong branches could not take it away. The Yuan court helped Kong Sihui in this. Kong Sicheng became magistrate of Qufu and Duek Yansheng in 1307 after inheriting it from his father Kong Zhi but this led to a Kong faction which opposed him to petition to emperor-khan with a genealogy asserting that Confucius's dizhang (mainline) descendant was Kong Sihui instead of Kong Sicheng. The Yuan emperor khan then removed the title from Kong Sicheng and gave it to Kong Sihui in 1316 after reviewing the genealogy he was presented and agreeing with it. Kong Sicheng and Kong Sihui were both from the branch of the Kong family descended from Kong Fu, who was descended from Kong Ruoyu according to the genealogy, the third son of the first Duke Yansheng Kong Zongyuan after Kong Ruomeng and the elected Duke Kong Ruoxu. Kong Sihui also started the story of the Five dynasties era usurpation by Kong Mo in his Queli zong zhi tu ji (record of the Diagram of the Queli Genealogy).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agnew |first1=Christopher S. |title=The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China |date=2019 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0295745947 |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIirDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25}}</ref> The 1316 accession of Kong Sihui to the title Duke Yansheng led to the newest and final transfer of the Ducal title of the northern lineage to another branch so from the 1300s to 1900s all Dukes would be descended from Kong Sihui. However, in Qufu the position of county magistrate continued to be divided and not in the hands of the Duke as Kong Sicheng and his descendants would be Qufu county magistrates for the rest of the Yuan dynasty and the magistracy would henceforth be in the hands of other Kong were not the reigning Duke. Cao Yuanyong, a Yuan court official presented in Qufu for a sacrifice wrote an inscription in 1320 about the division between the ducal title and magistracy within the Kong family. The Mongol [[darugachi]] was also present in Qufu with the magistrate and Duke. The division of the magistracy from the dukedom institutionalized the power sharing arrangement between Kong Sicheng's branch and Kong Sihui's branch. Kong Sicheng was succeeded by his uncle Kong Ji who was his father Kong Zhi's younger brother then Kong Ji's son succeeded him in 1322, then in 1333, Kong Keqin, the son of kong Sicheng succeeded him then in 1352, Kong Xida, the son of Kong Keqin succeeded him then Kong Xizhang, the younger brother of Kong Xida succeeded him in 1363 and Kong Xida became magistrate again in 1368 upon the Ming conquest. The [[Hanlin Academy|Hanlin]] Academy Historical Bureau editor Zhou Boqi mentioned the power sharing arrangement between Kong Sihui's branch which were Dukes and Kong Sicheng's branch which were county magistrates in 1340 in his "A Record of the Great Yuan Dynasty's Offerings in the Temple of the First Sage", praising the Yuan dynasty for enfeoffing the main branch as Duke and cadet branch as county magistrate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agnew |first1=Christopher S. |title=The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China |date=2019 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0295745947 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIirDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26}}</ref>
 
The two factions in the Kong family and their power sharing deal lead to a branch of Kong magistrates with connections with the regional militaries and political power in Qufu and a branch of dukes with strong ties to the Yuan court. The different branches of the Kong family had physically different power centers in Qufu as well through the 1200s and 1300s. In 1350 Kong Keqin, the Qufu magistrate created a stele mentioning that under the Yuan dynasty the county administrative center shifted locations thrice,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agnew |first1=Christopher S. |title=The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China |date=2019 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0295745947 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIirDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27}}</ref> Kong Keqin's great -grandfather Kong Yuanyong ruled as magistrate in the beginning of the Yuan dynasty from his house then the magistrate shifted and operated out of the Sanhuang Miao (Three Emperors' Temple) and Kong Keqin constructed an administrative office to govern east of the Han dynasty Lu capital by several Li which was also toward the Song county capital's ruins west by one Li. The Ducal residence and temple at Queli was 9 Li away from this new capital, towards the east of Queli. 14th century China in the late Yuan was struck by social upheaval, disease and war. Thousands of peasants of non-Kong famliesfamilies worked in labor on the estates of the Kong lineage from which their power derived. Kongs in the Yuan dynasty had less economic wealth and power and less population than the Kong dukes of the Ming and Qing. Western Shandong experienced a drop in population due to the transition from the Mongol Yuan dynasty to the Ming dynasty and it shook Kong power in Qufu as well as caused the number of persons under one's control to be a barometer of power and wealth instead of amount of land owned. The Kong Dukes acquired economic power through gaining people and land personally, getting donations from private sources and imperial grants. "an imperial grant of five-thousand mu, in order to provide for the sacrificial objects, and a restoration of twenty-eight households, in order to serve as 'cleaners and sweepers.'" were recorded on a Kong Temple reconstruction inscription in 1301.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agnew |first1=Christopher S. |title=The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China |date=2019 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0295745947 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIirDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28}}</ref> The Kongs were also granted properties of criminals to be held as their hereditary property forever including households of slaves to farm lands, as after a criminal investigation a censor made a recommendation to the Yuan court in 1334. these slave households who lived in appropriate residences and farmed land for the Kongs paid rent to the Kongs and were called "cleaning and sweeping households". Wealthy notables and government officials donated xuetian (school fields) to academies that were attended by sons of the Kong family. The Kong were to be granted family slaves, 27 units of residences and 889 mu of land seized from criminals. Dozens of thousands were probably bound in hereditary service to the Kong Dukes in Qufu. The 14th century Yuan to Ming transition led to massive change in western Shandong's demographics causing agriculture and its relations to be reorganized as huge depopulation followed repeated disasters towards the north and west of the Grand Canal and in the flat plains of western Shandong. After dikes failed on the upstream Yellow river it shifted course changing its route from Xuzhou in the south towards north via the flat plains to exit into the Bohai Gulf in 1344. The plains were flooded until 1351 and many of its inhabitants had to leave to other places. Plague also spread all over northern China, Asia, and Europe in the 14th century's latter half.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agnew |first1=Christopher S. |title=The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China |date=2019 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0295745947 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIirDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29}}</ref>
 
War between the Yuan dynasty's armies and rebels as the Yuan dynasty fell and collapsed and Ming dynasty was built also led to more depopulation in addition to the plagues and famine. In 1333 Duke Kong Sihui was succeeded by his son Duke Kong Kejian who was loyal to the Yuan dynasty and fought for them until the Ming dynasty's first emperor Zhu Yuanzhang achieved victory over northern China and expelled the Mongols. He was born in 1316 and after he mourned for his father in 1340 he was granted the title of Duke. He was promoted by the Yuan to a second rank official and then in 1355 Dash Temur recommended him to become the high ranking tongzhi Taichang Liyi Yuan (Court of Imperial Observances associate administrator) in the Yuan government. He was then made into she Taichang Qing (Court of Imperial Sacrifices chief minister) some months after that meaning all state sacrificial ceremonies were under Kong Kejian's control. In 1355 Kong Xixue, his son succeeded him in Qufu as Duke as he resigned from the Dukedom since he could not do sacrifices in Qufu at the same time as his duties in the Yuan government. The Mongol elite broke down into factional conflict in the 1350s leading to the Yuan dynasty's control in [[China proper]] weakening and warlords and their armies emerging in rural China. In 1351 northern China started to get racked by the rebellions of the Red Turbans and in 1353 a new city wall was built and in 1358 a new local militia was mobilized by elites in Qufu as Yuan dynasty institutions collapsed. In 1355 or 1356 Kong Kejian and his relatives evacuated and fled to the Yuan capital Yan (Beijing) away from Qufu, and their Kong cemetery and temple. Kong Kejian was a military advisor to the Yuan dynasty court against rebels in the war over northern China. Kong Kejian advised the Yuan court to stay and fight for Beijing instead of abandoning it for Shaanxi's Guanzhong when the capital was attacked by the rebels in 1358. Kong Kejian told them to not abandon the grain and soil altars and instead fight and defeat the rebels. After the victory the Yuan dynasty appointed Kong Kejian to administer civil examinations as Minister of the Board of Ritual. Since many scholar-elites fled from the war and chaos of the provinces to the capital Kong Kejian said an exam should be held to recruit them. Kong Kejian participated in devising, orchestrating and planning military assaults against rebels who wanted to topple the Yuan dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agnew |first1=Christopher S. |title=The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China |date=2019 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0295745947 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIirDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30}}</ref> In 1361 Chaghan Temur and Duke Kong Kejian retook Qufu from the Dongping rebels enabling Kong Kejian and his family to return, after he and the ''shidafu'' (scholar-elite) had fled. They could resume sacrifices at the temple once they returned. The rebel takeover of Qufu had led to the influence of the factions of the Kong family which opposed Kong Kejian to be destroyed so factions in the Kong family could realign once the city was retaken. Kong Kejian decided to retire from administrative duties after returning to Qufu once Chaghan Temur retook it. The Yuan in 1362 offered to appoint Kong Kejian as Chancellor of the National University but it was refused by Kong Kejian as he and Kong Xixue, his son both went back to Qufu. This happened as Yuan rule was starting to collapse as Chaghan Temur was hit by more defections to the rebels across northern china as non-Mongol military leaders joined the rebellion. The Duke Yansheng's powers were constantly changing since it was started in the Song.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agnew |first1=Christopher S. |title=The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China |date=2019 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0295745947 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIirDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31}}</ref> Qufu county saw two rival power centers established by different branches of the Kong family in the late Yuan. The collapse of the Mongols led to uncertainty until the rise of the Ming when the dukedom was finally regularized.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agnew |first1=Christopher S. |title=The Kongs of Qufu: The Descendants of Confucius in Late Imperial China |date=2019 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0295745947 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIirDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32}}</ref>
Line 215 ⟶ 223:
Yuan Shikai conferred the title of Prince on the Duke immediately before declaring the [[Empire of China (1915–16)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/chinaherhistoryd00park|title=China, her history, diplomacy, and commerce, from the earliest times to the present day|first=Edward Harper|last=Parker|date=14 February 2018|publisher=N.Y. : Dutton|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
 
The regent for the underage Duke Kong Te-cheng was Kong Lingjun 孔令儁.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lishi.zhuixue.net/renwu/kangyouwei/26387.html|title=第22章 康有为与孔令儁_中国历史网|website=lishi.zhuixue.net|access-date=28 June 2016|archive-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815211732/http://lishi.zhuixue.net/renwu/kangyouwei/26387.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was the Kong Family Mansion steward.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Food Culture in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLPACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|date=23 July 2015|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-1-938368-27-1|pages=21–}}</ref><ref name="ZhaoWang2015 3">{{cite book|author1=Rongguang Zhao|author2=Gangliu Wang|author3=Aimee Yiran Wang|title=A History of Food Culture in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nn3FCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|date=1 January 2015|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-1-938368-28-8|pages=21–}}</ref>
 
The [[Kuomintang]] government started defending Confucianism in the [[New Life Movement]] after the [[New Culture Movement]] and [[May Fourth Movement]] started attacking Confucianism which enabled the Kong family and Duke Yansheng to fend off critics.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Zhou |first=Zehao |date=2011 |title=THE ANTI-CONFUCIAN CAMPAIGN DURING THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION, AUGUST 1966-JANUARY 1967 |type=Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy |chapter= |publisher=University of Maryland |pages=19, 20 |docket= |oclc= |url=https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/12285/Zhou_umd_0117E_12730.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=}}</ref>
Line 234 ⟶ 242:
 
Traditional [[Ming dynasty]] [[Hanfu]] robes given by the Ming Emperors to the Chinese noble Dukes Yansheng descended from [[Confucius]] are still preserved in the [[Confucius Mansion]] after over five centuries.
Robes from the Qing emperors are also preserved there.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zhao |first1=Ruixue |title=Dressed like nobility |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201306/14/WS5a2a1a1da3101a51ddf8ea17.html |agency=China Daily |date=2013-06-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Confucius family's secret legacy comes to light |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201811/28/WS5bfe5494a310eff30328b9ab.html |agency=Xinhua |date=2018-11-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sankar |first1=Siva |title=A school that can teach the world a lesson |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-09/28/content_32598394.htm |agency=China Daily |date=2017-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Guojun |title=The Inconvenient Imperial Visit: Writing Clothing and Ethnicity in 1684 Qufu |journal=Late Imperial China |date=December 2016 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=137–170 |doi=10.1353/late.2016.0013 |url=https://www.academia.edu/30978274 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |s2cid=151370452 |access-date=15 May 2020 |archive-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707174522/https://www.academia.edu/30978274 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kile |first1=S.E. |last2=Kleutghen |first2=Kristina |title=Seeing through Pictures and Poetry: A History of Lenses (1681) |journal=Late Imperial China |date=June 2017 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=47–112 |doi=10.1353/late.2017.0001 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|doi-access=free }}</ref> The Jurchens in the Jin dynasty and Mongols in the Yuan dynasty continued to patronize and support the Confucian Duke Yansheng.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sloane |first1=Jesse D. |title=Rebuilding Confucian Ideology: Ethnicity and Biography in the Appropriation of Tradition |journal=Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies |date=October 2014 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=235–255 |doi=10.21866/esjeas.2014.14.2.005 |url=https://www.academia.edu/11897175 |issn=1598-2661|doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
There was a protest by Kong family members in Qufu against the construction of a Protestant church due to Qufu's status as their hometown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaffe |first1=Gabrielle |title=Qufu, China: a tour of Confucius's home town |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/china/articles/Qufu-China-a-tour-of-Confuciuss-home-town/ |agency=The Telegraph |date=2 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=ANNA |first1=CARA |title=Church plan in hometown of Confucius draws protest |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-church-plan-in-hometown-of-confucius-draws-protest-2010dec24-story.html?_amp=true |agency=ASSOCIATED PRESS |date=December 24, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=MCCLURE |first1=ROSEMARY |title=China: Shangri-La to open new hotel in Confucius' birthplace |url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2013-jun-27-la-trb-china-shangrila-new-hotel-20130626-story.html?_amp=true |agency=Los Angeles Times |date=June 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=MEYER |first1=MIKE |title=Encounters With Confucius |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jun-14-tr-59711-story.html?_amp=true |agency=Los Angeles Times |date=June 14, 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=DEMICK |first1=BARBARA |title=Confucius is a hometown hero again |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-mar-25-la-fg-china-confucius-20110325-story.html?_amp=true |agency=LOS ANGELES TIMES |date=March 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Stephen |title=Lineal Descendant of Confucius Fostered Tradition |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122550105993889975 |agency=The Wall Street Journal |date=November 1, 2008}}</ref>
Line 243 ⟶ 251:
{| class="wikitable"
|--
! №No.
! Generation
! width=22% |Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan=2 |Tenure<br />{{small|Duration in years and days}}
! Head of Statestate
|-
|--
Line 256 ⟶ 264:
| rowspan=2 align=center| '''[[Kong Zongyuan]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:125%;">孔宗願</span>
| 1055 || 1067?
| rowspan=2 |[[Emperor ShenzongRenzong of Song]]<br />[[Emperor Yingzong of Song]]
|-
! colspan=2 style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" | {{age in years|1055|1|1|1067|1|1}} years
Line 623 ⟶ 631:
|-
! colspan=2 style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" | {{age in years and days|1935|7|8|2008|10|28}}
|-
|--
! style="background:{{party color|Non-partisan}}; color:black;"| -
| align=center|78th
| align=center| '''Kung Wei-yi'''<br /><span style="font-size:125%;">[[w:zh:孔維益|孔維益]]</span><br /><small>(1939–1989)</small>
| colspan=3 |''Died young''
|-
|--
Line 629 ⟶ 643:
| rowspan=2 align=center| '''[[Kung Tsui-chang]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:125%;">孔垂長<ref>Grandson of Kung Teh-cheng.</ref></span><br /><small>''Kǒng Chuícháng''<br />(1975– )</small>
| 25 September 2009 || ''Incumbent''
| rowspan=2|[[Ma Ying-jeou]]<br />[[Tsai Ing-wen]]<br />[[Lai Ching-te]]
|-
! colspan=2 style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal" | {{age in years and days|2009|9|25}}
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Yansheng"