Hawaiian language: Difference between revisions

2nd: 22,000 - 24000–24,000 <ref>https://www.hawaiistar.com/how-many-people-speak-hawaiian/</ref> <ref>https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html/</ref>

Used at Home: 18,000 <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326511235_Digital_Realities_of_Indigenous_Language_Revitalization_A_Look_at_Hawaiian_Language_Technology_in_the_Modern_World</ref>

A [[creole language]], [[Hawaiian Pidgin]] (or Hawaii Creole English, HCE), is more commonly spoken in Hawai{{okina}}i than Hawaiian.<ref>{{cite news |title=Languages Spoken in Hawaii |url=https://exclusivehawaiirehab.com/blog/languages-spoken-in-hawaii/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |work=Exclusive Hawaii Rehab |date=3 December 2021}}</ref> Some linguists, as well as many locals, argue that Hawaiian Pidgin is a [[dialect]] of American English.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fishman|first=Joshua A.|date=1977|title="Standard" versus "Dialect" in Bilingual Education: An Old Problem in a New Context|journal=The Modern Language Journal|volume=61|issue=7|pages=315–325|doi=10.1111/j.1540-4781.1977.tb05146.x|issn=0026-7902}}</ref> Born from the increase of immigrants from Japan, China, Puerto Rico, Korea, Portugal, Spain and the Philippines, the pidgin creole language was a necessity in the plantations. Hawaiian and immigrant laborers as well as the white ''luna,'' or overseers, found a way to communicate amongst themselves. Pidgin eventually made its way off the plantation and into the greater community, where it is still used to this day.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Haertig|first=E.W.|title=Nana i Ke Kumu Vol 2|publisher=Hui Hanai|year=1972}}</ref>

In 1834, the first Hawaiian-language newspapers were published by missionaries working with locals. The missionaries also played a significant role in publishing a vocabulary (1836)<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Andrews|1836}}</ref> grammar (1854)<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Elbert|1954}}</ref> and dictionary (1865)<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Andrews|1865}}</ref> of Hawaiian. The Hawaiian Bible was fully completed in 1839; by then, the Mission had such a wide-reaching school network that, when in 1840 it handed it over to the Hawaiian government, the Hawaiian Legislature mandated compulsory state-funded education for all children under 14 years of age, including girls, twelve years before any similar [[Compulsory education#United States|compulsory education]] law was enacted for the first time in any of the United States.<ref>Fernández Asensio (2019:14-1514–15)</ref>

There are two kinds of Hawaiian-immersion medium schools: K–12 total Hawaiian-immersion schools, and grades 7–12 partial Hawaiian immersion schools, the later having some classes are taught in English and others are taught in Hawaiian.<ref>Wilson, W. H., & Kamanä, K. (2001). Mai loko mai o ka 'i'ini: Proceeding from a dream: The Aha Pûnana Leo connection in Hawaiian language revitalization. In L. Hinton & K. Hale (Eds.), ''The green book of language revitalization in practice'' (p. 147-177). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. &nbsp;</ref> One of the main focuses of Hawaiian-medium schools is to teach the form and structure of the Hawaiian language by modeling sentences as a "pepeke", meaning squid in Hawaiian.<ref>Cook, K. (2000). ''The hawaiian pepeke system. Rongorongo Studies, 10''(2), 46-5646–56.</ref> In this case the pepeke is a metaphor that features the body of a squid with the three essential parts: the poʻo (head), the ʻawe (tentacles) and the piko (where the poʻo and ʻawe meet) representing how a sentence is structured. The poʻo represents the predicate, the piko representing the subject and the ʻawe representing the object.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Kāhulu Pepeke Relative Clause|url=https://www.hawaiian-study.info/the-relative-clause-kāhulu-pepeke|access-date=2021-11-01|website=www.hawaiian-study.info|language=en}}</ref> Hawaiian immersion schools teach content that both adheres to state standards and stresses Hawaiian culture and values. The existence of immersion schools in Hawaiʻi has developed the opportunity for intergenerational transmission of Hawaiian at home.<ref>Hinton, Leanne (1999-01-01), "Revitalization of endangered languages", ''The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 291–311,{{ISBN|978-0-511-97598-1}}<!--, retrieved 2020-11-17 no url here--></ref>

The Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani [[College of Hawaiian Language]] is a college at the [[University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo|University of Hawaii at Hilo]] dedicated to providing courses and programs entirely in Hawaiian. It educates and provides training for teachers and school administrators of Hawaiian medium schools. It is the only college in the United States of America that offers a master's and doctorate's degree in an Indigenous language. Programs offered at The Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani College of Hawaiian Language are known collectively as the "Hilo model" and has been imitated by the Cherokee immersion program and several other Indigenous revitalization programs.<ref name=":5">Montgomery-Anderson, B. (2013). Macro-Scale Features of School-Based Language Revitalization Programs. ''Journal of American Indian Education, 52''(3), 41-6441–64.</ref>

Since 1921, the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa and all of the University of Hawaiʻi Community Colleges also offer Hawaiian language courses to students for credit. The university now also offers free online courses not for credit, along with a few other websites and apps such as [[Duolingo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kawaihuelani Center for Hawaiian Language {{!}} 2021-20222021–2022 Catalog|url=https://manoa.hawaii.edu/catalog/schools-colleges/hawaiian/kawaihuelani/|access-date=2021-11-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

Hawaiian has five pure vowels. The short vowels are {{IPA|/u, i, o, e, a/}}, and the long vowels, if they are considered separate phonemes rather than simply sequences of like vowels, are {{IPA|/uː, iː, oː, eː, aː/}}. When stressed, short {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/a/}} have been described as becoming {{IPAblink|ɛ}} and {{IPAblink|ɐ}}, while when unstressed they are {{IPAblink|e}} and {{IPAblink|ə}} .{{Citation needed|reason=to back up assertion|date=September 2018}}. Parker Jones (2017), however, did not find a reduction of /a/ to {{IPAblink|ə}} outside of function words in the phonetic analysis of a young speaker from [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo, Hawaiʻi]], who had been raised within the Hawaiian language revitalisation movement; so there is at least some variation in how /a/ is realised.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Parker Jones|first=ʻŌiwi|date=April 2018|title=Hawaiian|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/hawaiian/9F2B300BCF6EE97EA7E4437C5FCECB57|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|language=en|volume=48|issue=1|pages=103–115|doi=10.1017/S0025100316000438|s2cid=232350292|issn=0025-1003}}</ref> {{IPA|/e/}} also tends to become {{IPAblink|ɛ}} next to {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, and another {{IPAblink|ɛ}}, as in ''Pele'' {{IPA|[pɛlɛ]}}. Some grammatical particles vary between short and long vowels. These include ''a'' and ''o'' "of", ''ma'' "at", ''na'' and ''no'' "for". Between a back vowel {{IPA|/o/}} or {{IPA|/u/}} and a following non-back vowel ({{IPA|/a e i/}}), there is an [[epenthesis|epenthetic]] {{IPAblink|w}}, which is generally not written. Between a front vowel {{IPA|/e/}} or {{IPA|/i/}} and a following non-front vowel ({{IPA|/a o u/}}), there is an [[epenthetic]] {{IPAblink|j}} (a ''y'' sound), which is never written.

There is a marked difference between varieties of the Hawaiian language spoken by most native Hawaiian elders and the Hawaiian Language taught in education, sometimes regarded as "University Hawaiian" or "College Hawaiian". "University Hawaiian" is often so different from the language spoken by elders that Native Hawaiian children may feel scared or ashamed to speak Hawaiian at home, limiting the language's domains to academia.<ref name=":5" /> Language varieties spoken by elders often includes [[Pidgin Hawaiian]], [[Hawaiian Pidgin]], Hawaiian-infused English, or another variety of Hawaiian that is much different from the "University Hawaiian" that was standardized and documented by colonists in the 19th century.<ref name=":6">Wong, L. (1999). Authenticity and the Revitalization of Hawaiian. ''Anthropology & Education Quarterly,'' ''30''(1), 94-11594–115.</ref>