m →==Orthography ==: Adding/removing wikilink(s)
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'''French''': Carte de l'OCÉAN PACIFIQUE au Nord de l'équateur, et des côtes qui le bornent des deux cotes: d'après les dernières découvertes faites par les Espagnols, les Russes et les Anglais jusqu'en 1780.<br/>'''German''': Charte des STILLEN WELTMEERS nördlichen des Äequators und der Küsten, die es auf beiden Seiten einschränken: Nach den neuesten, von der Spanier, Russen und Engländer bis 1780.<br/>'''English''' (translation): Chart of the PACIFIC OCEAN north of the Equator and the Coasts that bound it on both sides: according to the latest discoveries made by the Spaniards, Russians and English up to 1780.</ref> Explorers Mortimer (1791) and [[Otto von Kotzebue]] (1821) used that spelling.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schütz|1994|pp=44, 459}}</ref>
The initial "O" in the name "Oh-Why-hee" is a reflection of the fact that Hawaiian predicates unique identity by using a [[copula (linguistics)|copula]] form, ''{{okina}}o'', immediately before a proper noun.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Carter|1996|pp=144, 174}}</ref> Thus, in Hawaiian, the name of the island is expressed by saying ''{{lang|haw|{{okina}}O Hawai{{'okina}}i}}'', which means "[This] is Hawai{{okina}}i."<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Carter|1996|pp=187–188}}</ref> The Cook expedition also wrote "Otaheite" rather than "Tahiti
The spelling "why" in the name reflects the [[Voiceless labial–velar fricative|{{IPA|[ʍ]}}]] pronunciation of ''wh'' in 18th-century English (still [[Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩|used]] in parts of the [[English-speaking world]]). ''Why'' was pronounced {{IPA|[ʍai]}}. The spelling "hee" or "ee" in the name represents the sounds {{IPA|[hi]}}, or {{IPA|[i]}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schütz|1994|pp=61–65}}</ref>
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Putting the parts together, ''O-why-(h)ee'' reflects {{IPA|[o-hwai-i]}}, a reasonable approximation of the native pronunciation, {{IPA|[ʔo həwɐiʔi]}}.
American missionaries bound for Hawai{{okina}}i used the phrases "Owhihe Language" and "Owhyhee language" in Boston prior to their departure in October 1819 and during their five-month voyage to Hawai{{okina}}i.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schütz|1994|pp=304, 475}}</ref> They still used such phrases as late as March 1822.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schütz|1994|pp=108–109}}</ref> However, by July 1823, they had begun using the phrase "Hawaiian Language
In Hawaiian, the language is called ''{{lang|haw|{{okina}}Ōlelo Hawai{{okina}}i}}'', since adjectives follow nouns.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Carter|1996|pp=3 ''Figure 1''}}</ref>
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Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lyovin|1997|pp=257–258}}</ref> It is closely related to other [[Polynesian languages]], such as [[Samoan language|Samoan]], [[Marquesan language|Marquesan]], [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]], [[Māori language|Māori]], [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]] (the language of [[Easter Island]]) and [[Tongan language|Tongan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Polynesian languages|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Polynesian-languages|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref>
According to Schütz (1994), the [[Culture of the Marquesas Islands|Marquesans]] colonized the archipelago in roughly 300
=== Mutual intelligibility ===
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===Suppression of Hawaiian===
The decline of the Hawaiian language
{{blockquote|text=The English Language shall be the medium and basis of instruction in all public and private schools, provided that where it is desired that another language shall be taught in addition to the English language, such instruction may be authorized by the Department, either by its rules, the curriculum of the school, or by direct order in any particular instance. Any schools that shall not conform to the provisions of this section shall not be recognized by the Department.|source=The Laws of Hawaii, Chapter 10, Section 123<ref name="Congress 1898 p. 1-PA23">{{cite book | last=Congress | first=United States. | title=Congressional Edition | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office | issue=v. 3727 | year=1898 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSxHAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA23 | access-date=2017-07-20 | page=1–PA23}}</ref>}}
This law established English as the medium of instruction for the government-recognized schools both "public and private". While it did not ban or make illegal the Hawaiian language in other contexts, its implementation in the schools had far-reaching effects. Those who had been pushing for English-only schools took this law as licence to extinguish the native language at the early education level. While the law did not make Hawaiian illegal (it was still commonly spoken at the time), many children who spoke Hawaiian at school, including on the playground, were disciplined. This included corporal punishment and going to the home of the offending child to advise them strongly to stop speaking it in their home.<ref>{{Cite book|last=United States. Native Hawaiians Study Commission.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/10865978|title=Native Hawaiians Study Commission : report on the culture, needs, and concerns of native Hawaiians.|publisher=[U.S. Dept. of the Interior]|year=1983|pages=196/213|oclc=10865978}}</ref> Moreover, the law specifically provided for teaching languages "in addition to the English language
[[File:Student nationality Hawaii 1890-1920.svg|thumb|National origin of students in the schools of Hawaii (
However, informal coercion to drop Hawaiian would not have worked by itself. Just as important was the fact that, in the same period, native Hawaiians were becoming a minority in their own land on account of the growing influx of foreign labourers and their children. Whereas in 1890 pure Hawaiian students made 56% of school enrollment, in 1900 their numbers were down to 32% and, in 1910, to 16.9%.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Reinecke, John E.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17917779|title=Language and dialect in Hawaii : a sociolinguistic history to 1935|year=1988 |orig-year= 1969|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|others=Tsuzaki, Stanley M.|isbn=0-8248-1209-3|location=Honolulu|pages=74–76|oclc=17917779}}</ref> At the same time, Hawaiians were very prone to intermarriage: the number of "Part-Hawaiian" students (i.e., children of mixed White-Hawaiian marriages) grew from 1573 in 1890 to 3718 in 1910.<ref name=":4" /> In such mixed households, the low prestige of Hawaiian led to the adoption of English as the family language. Moreover, Hawaiians lived mostly in the cities or scattered across the countryside, in direct contact with other ethnic groups and without any stronghold (with the exception of Niʻihau). Thus, even pure Hawaiian children would converse daily with their schoolmates of diverse mother tongues in English, which was now not just the teachers' language but also the common language needed for everyday communication among friends and neighbours out of school as well. In only a generation English (or rather Pidgin) would become the primary and dominant language of all children, despite the efforts of Hawaiian and immigrant parents to maintain their ancestral languages within the family.
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| date = 2004-05-30
| url = http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/05/30/hawaiian-language-preschools-garner-international-recognition-155079
}}</ref> The local [[National Public Radio]]
Today, the number of native speakers of Hawaiian, which was under 0.1% of the statewide population in 1997, has risen to 2,000, out of 24,000 total who are fluent in the language, according to the US 2011 census. On six of the seven permanently inhabited islands, Hawaiian has been largely displaced by English, but on [[Niʻihau|Ni{{okina}}ihau]], native speakers of Hawaiian have remained fairly isolated and have continued to use Hawaiian almost exclusively.<ref name="Lyovin 1997 258">{{Harvcoltxt|Lyovin|1997|pp=258}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Meet the last native speakers of Hawaiian|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-07-28/last-native-speakers-hawaiian|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hawaiiindependent.net/story/niihau-family-makes-rare-public-address|title=Niʻihau family makes rare public address|last1=Ramones|first1=Ikaika|website=Hawaii Independent|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
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=== Higher education ===
The Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani [[College of Hawaiian Language]] is a college at the [[University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo|University of Hawaii at Hilo]] dedicated to providing courses and programs entirely in Hawaiian. It educates and provides training for teachers and school administrators of Hawaiian medium schools. It is the only college in the United States of America that offers a master's and doctorate's degree in an Indigenous language. Programs offered at The Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani
Since 1921, the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa and all of the University of Hawaiʻi Community Colleges also offer Hawaiian language courses to students for credit. The university now also offers free online courses not for credit, along with a few other websites and apps such as [[Duolingo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kawaihuelani Center for Hawaiian Language {{!}} 2021-2022 Catalog|url=https://manoa.hawaii.edu/catalog/schools-colleges/hawaiian/kawaihuelani/|access-date=2021-11-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
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==Grammar==
{{Main|Hawaiian grammar}}
Hawaiian is an [[analytic language]] with [[verb–subject–object]] word order. While there is no use of [[inflection]] for verbs, in Hawaiian, like other [[Austronesian personal pronouns]],
Some examples of verb phrase patterns:<ref name=":0" />
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{{wikivoyage|Hawaiian phrasebook}}
{{Wikibooks|Hawaiian}}
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061203064044/http://ulukau.org/english.php Ulukau – the Hawaiian electronic library], includes English to/from Hawaiian dictionary
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* [http://www.olelo.hawaii.edu/dual/orgs/keelikolani/ Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani, College of Hawaiian Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516201741/http://www.olelo.hawaii.edu/dual/orgs/keelikolani/ |date=2008-05-16 }}
* [http://ksdl.ksbe.edu/kulaiwi/ Kulaiwi] – learn Hawaiian through distance learning courses
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160124232335/http://www.traditionalhawaiian.com/ Traditional and Neo Hawaiian: The Emergence of a New Form of Hawaiian Language as a Result of Hawaiian Language Regeneration]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100531191931/http://www.mauimagazine.net/Maui-Magazine/May-June-2008/Hale-Pai/ "Hale Pa'i"] Article about Hawaiian language newspapers printed at [[Lahainaluna]] on [[Maui]]. ''[[Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine]]'' Vol.12 No.3 (May 2008).
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111228042423/http://www.language-archives.org/language/haw OLAC Resources in and about the Hawaiian language]
* [http://www.honolulumagazine.com/Honolulu-Magazine/March-2012/Best-of-Honolulu-2012/Best-of-Honolulu-2012-Services/"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522182149/http://www.honolulumagazine.com/Honolulu-Magazine/March-2012/Best-of-Honolulu-2012/Best-of-Honolulu-2012-Services/ |date=2016-05-22 }} Article about Hawaiian Dictionary resource on iPhone in Honolulu Magazine. (May 2012).
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