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{{Short description|Japanese holiday}}
{{For2|the manga series|Hinamatsuri (manga)}}
{{Redir|Girls Day|the South Korean girl group|Girl's Day|other uses|Girls' Day (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|text=Hanamatsuri, or [[Buddha's Birthday]]}}
{{Italic title|reason=}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = {{transliteration|ja|Hinamatsuri}}
|type = Shinto
|image = Ist di Cultura giapponese - altare della festa delle bambole P1100919.JPG
|imagesize = 250px
|caption = Seven-tiered {{transliteration|ja|hina}} doll set
|official_name = Hinamatsuri then officially became the name of the festival in 1687
|nickname = Japanese Doll Festival, Girls' Day
|observedby = Japan
|litcolor =
|longtype = Religious
|significance = A Shinto and Japanese cultural holiday
|begins = Hinamatsuri is celebrated annually on March 3rd
|ends =
|duration = 1 day
|frequency = annual
|date = 3 March
|celebrations = An annual festival in Japan to celebrate the health and happiness of young girls and women
|observances = A religious (Shinto) holiday in Japan
|relatedto = [[Shangsi Festival]], [[Samjinnal]]
}}
{{nihongo||[[Wiktionary:雛祭り|雛祭り]]|'''Hinamatsuri'''}}, also called '''Doll's Day''' or '''Girls' Day''', is a religious ([[Shinto]]) holiday in Japan, celebrated on 3{{nbsp}}March of each year.<ref name="nussbaum313">[[Louis-Frédéric|Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric]] (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA313&dq= "Hina Matsuri"] in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 313.</ref><ref name="Sosnoski">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoja00dani |url-access=registration |quote=Hina matsuri. |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoja00dani/page/n13 10]|title=Introduction to Japanese culture |first= Daniel|last= Sosnoski |publisher= Tuttle Publishing|year= 1996 |isbn= 0-8048-2056-2}}</ref> Platforms covered with a [[red carpet]]–material are used to display a set of {{nihongo|ornamental dolls|雛人形|hina-ningyō}} representing the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]], [[Japanese empresses|Empress]], attendants, and musicians in [[Jūnihitoe|traditional court dress]] of the [[Heian period]].<ref name="Pate">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3BOTWH4VvAC&q=Hina-ningyo&pg=PA52 |title=Japanese Dolls: The Fascinating World of Ningyo|first= Alan Scott |last=Pate |publisher= Tuttle Publishing|year= 2008 |isbn= 978-4-8053-0922-3}}</ref>{{rp|52}}
== Customs ==
{{transliteration|ja|Hinamatsuri}} is one of the {{nihongo|five seasonal festivals|五節句|[[gosekku]]}} that are held on auspicious dates of the [[Lunisolar calendar]]: the first day of the first month, the third day of the third month, and so on. After the adoption of the [[Gregorian calendar]], these were fixed on [[New Year's Day|1{{nbsp}}January]], 3{{nbsp}}March, [[Tango no sekku|5{{nbsp}}May]], [[Tanabata|7{{nbsp}}July]], and [[Chrysanthemum Day|9{{nbsp}}September]]. The festival was traditionally known as the {{nihongo|Peach Festival|桃の節句|Momo no Sekku}}, as [[peach]] trees typically began to flower around this time.<ref name="nippon.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nippon.com/en/features/jg00031/ |title="Hinamatsuri": Japan's Doll Festival |date=27 February 2015 |website=Nippon.com |publisher=Nippon Communications Foundation |language=en |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> Although this is no longer true since the shift to Gregorian dates, the name remains and peaches are still symbolic of the festival.<ref name="JT">{{Cite news |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/02/25/food/delicious-dishes-that-are-fit-for-a-princess/ |title=Delicious dishes that are fit for a princess |last=Itoh |first=Makiko |date=25 February 2011 |work=[[The Japan Times]] |access-date=1 March 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0447-5763}}</ref>
The primary aspect of {{transliteration|ja|Hinamatsuri}} is the display of seated male and female dolls (the {{nihongo3|"male doll"|男雛|obina}} and {{nihongo3|"female doll"|女雛|mebina}}), which represent a Heian period wedding,<ref name="JT"/> but are usually described as the Emperor and Empress of Japan.<ref name="Shoaf">{{Cite web |url=https://people.clas.ufl.edu/jshoaf/japanese-dolls/hina/ |title=Girls' Day Dolls |last=Shoaf |first=Judy |publisher=[[University of Florida]] |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> The dolls are usually seated on red cloth, and may be as simple as pictures or [[origami|folded paper dolls]], or as intricate as carved three-dimensional dolls. More elaborate displays will include a multi-tiered {{nihongo|doll stand|雛壇|hinadan}} of dolls that represent ladies of the court, musicians, and other attendants, with all sorts of accoutrements. The entire set of dolls and accessories is called the {{nihongo||雛飾り|hinakazari}}.<ref name="nippon.com"/> The number of tiers and dolls a family may have depends on their budget.
Families normally ensure that girls and women have a set of the two main dolls before their first Hinamatsuri. The dolls are usually fairly expensive ($1,500 to $2,500 for a five-tier set, depending on quality) and may be handed down from older generations as [[heirloom]]s. The {{transliteration|ja|hinakazari}} spends most of the year in storage, and girls or women and their mothers begin setting up the display a few days before 3{{nbsp}}March (boys and men normally do not participate, as 5{{nbsp}}May, now [[Children's Day (Japan)|Children's Day]], was historically called "Boys' Day").<ref name="stripes">{{Cite web |url=https://okinawa.stripes.com/news/girl-power-hina-matsuri-way |title=Girl power the Hina Matsuri way |last=Nakahara |first=Tetsuo |date=24 February 2016 |website=Stripes Okinawa |publisher=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |language=en |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125162741/https://okinawa.stripes.com/news/girl-power-hina-matsuri-way |archive-date=25 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Traditionally, the dolls were supposed to be put away by the day after {{transliteration|ja|Hinamatsuri}}, the [[superstition]] being that leaving the dolls any longer will result in a late marriage for the daughter,<ref name="Aruku">{{cite book|page=36|title=日本事情入門: View of Today's Japan|first=Mizue |last=Sasaki |publisher=Alc|year=1999 |isbn= 4-87234-434-0}}</ref> but some families may leave them up for the entire month of March.<ref name="stripes"/> Practically speaking, the encouragement to put everything away quickly is to avoid the rainy season and humidity that typically follows {{transliteration|ja|Hinamatsuri}}.<ref name="Voyapon" />
Historically, the dolls were used as toys,<ref name="Shoaf" /> but in modern times they are intended for display only.<ref name="stripes"/> The display of dolls is usually discontinued when the girls and women reach ten years of age.<ref name="Shoaf" />
During {{transliteration|ja|Hinamatsuri}} and the preceding days, girls and women hold parties with their friends. Typical foods include {{nihongo3|multi-colored rice crackers|雛あられ|hina-[[arare (food)|arare]]}}, {{nihongo3|raw fish and vegetables on rice in a bowl or {{transliteration|ja|[[bento]]}} box|ちらし寿司|[[Sushi#Chirashizushi|chirashizushi]]}}, {{nihongo3|multi-colored rice cakes|菱餅|[[hishi mochi]]}},<ref name="nippon.com"/> {{nihongo3|strawberries wrapped in [[adzuki bean]] paste|いちご大福|ichigo daifuku}}, {{nihongo||桜餅|[[Sakuramochi]]}} and {{nihongo3|clam soup, as clam shells represent a joined pair|うしお汁|ushiojiru}}.<ref name="JT"/> The customary drink is {{nihongo3|lit. "white sake"|白酒|shirozake}}, also called {{nihongo|lit. "sweet sake"|甘酒|amazake}}, a non-alcoholic [[sake]].<ref name="Ruoo">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHkyUp-EH2MC&q=hishimochi+shirozake+chirashisushi&pg=PA134|page=134|title=Gift-giving in Japan: cash, connections, cosmologies |first=Katherine |last=Rupp |publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2003 |isbn= 0-8047-4704-0}}</ref><ref name="JT"/>
{{nihongo3|lit. "doll floating"|[[Wiktionary:流し雛|流し雛]]|Nagashi-bina}} ceremonies are held around the country, where participants make dolls out of paper or straw and send them on a boat down a river, carrying one's impurities and sin with them. Some locations, such as at the Nagashibina Doll Museum in [[Tottori, Tottori|Tottori City]], still follow the lunisolar calendar instead of doing it on 3{{nbsp}}March.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.japanvisitor.com/japan-museums/nagashibina |title=Nagashibina Doll Museum |last=Davies |first=Jake |work=JapanVisitor Japan Travel Guide |access-date=1 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
{{nihongo3|lit. "Hanging Dolls"|吊るし雛|Tsurushi-Bina}}, traditional decoration for ''Hinamatsuri'', are lengths of coloured cords (usually in [[red]]), usually featuring decorations of miniature baby-dolls, which were originally made from leftover kimono silk (so the idea of repurposing fabric scraps is central to this craft; it is a great activity for using up leftover materials). ''Tsurushi-Bina'' are not limited to featuring miniature baby-dolls, but also flowers (i.e., camellia flower, etc.), shells, ''[[Temari (toy)|Temari]]'' balls, colourful triangles to represent mountains (such as Mount Fuji, etc.), etc., and with [[tassels]] at the bottom.
==Placement==
The actual placement order of the dolls from left to right varies according to family tradition and location, but the order of dolls per level is the same.<ref name="Voyapon">{{Cite web |url=http://voyapon.com/hinamatsuri-day-girl/ |title=Hinamatsuri, A Day of Celebration For Girls |date=2 March 2016 |website=VOYAPON |language=en-US |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> The layer of covering is called {{nihongo||段掛|dankake}} or simply {{nihongo||緋毛氈|hi-mōsen}}, a red carpet with rainbow stripes at the bottom. The description that follows is for a complete set.
<gallery class="center" style="line-height:130%" widths="180" heights="180">
File:Me-bina-ETHAS 020104-P8190705-gradient.jpg|18th-century {{transliteration|ja|mebina}}, Empress doll, on display at [[Musée d'ethnographie de Genève]]
File:O-bina-ETHAS 020105-P8190707-gradient.jpg|18th century {{transliteration|ja|obina}}, Emperor doll, on display at [[Musée d'ethnographie de Genève]]
File:Hinamatsuri store display.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|Hinamatsuri}} store display in [[Seattle, Washington]], featuring all 7 tiers.
File:HinaDolls-Emperor-Empress-topplatform2011.jpg|An Emperor doll with an Empress doll, in front of a gold screen. The optional lampstands are also partially visible.
File:Hinamatsuridolls2010.ogv|(video) A five platform doll set.
File:Kanzo-Yashiki_Tsurushibina.A.JPG|{{transliteration|ja|Tsurushibina}} is a variation of the traditional {{transliteration|ja|Hina-Ningyō}} dolls (Kanzo-Yashiki, [[Kōshū, Yamanashi|Kōshū, Yamanashi Prefecture]]).
</gallery>
===First, top platform===
The top tier holds two dolls, known as {{nihongo|imperial dolls|内裏雛 (だいりびな)|dairi-bina}}. The words ''dairi'' means "[[List of Japanese Imperial Residences|imperial palace]]". These are the ''obina'' holding a {{nihongo|ritual baton|笏|[[Shaku (Japanese ritual baton)|shaku]]}} and ''mebina'' holding a fan. The pair are also known as {{nihongo||殿|tono}} and {{nihongo||姫|hime}} (lord and princess) or {{nihongo||御内裏様|Odairi-sama}} and {{nihongo||御雛様|Ohina-sama}} (honored palace official and honored doll).<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ja:捨てたいのに広まった 「うれしいひなまつり」|date=2 March 2012 |newspaper=The Asahi Shimbun |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302122526/http://www.asahi.com/shopping/tabibito/TKY201203010324.html |archive-date=2 March 2012 |url=http://www.asahi.com/shopping/tabibito/TKY201203010324.html|language=ja}}</ref> Although they are sometimes referred to as the Emperor and Empress, they only represent the positions and not particular individuals themselves (with the exception of some dolls from the [[Meiji era|Meiji Era]] that actually depict [[Emperor Meiji]] and [[Empress Shōken]]). The two are usually placed in front of a gold [[folding screen]] {{nihongo||屏風|[[byōbu]]}} and placed beside green Japanese garden trees.<ref name="Shoaf" />
Optional are the two lampstands, called {{nihongo|''[[bonbori]]''|雪洞}},<ref>{{cite web|title= Bonbori 雪洞 |url=http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%BC%E3%82%93%E3%81%BC%E3%82%8A|publisher=Weblio|language=ja }}</ref> and the paper or silk lanterns that are known as {{nihongo|''hibukuro''|火袋}}, which are usually decorated with [[Cherry blossom|cherry]] or [[Prunus mume|plum blossom]] patterns.
Complete sets would include accessories placed between the two figures, known as {{nihongo|''sanbō kazari''|三方飾}},<ref>{{cite web|title= Sanbō 三方|url=https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E4%B8%89%E6%96%B9|publisher=Weblio|language=ja}}</ref> composing of two vases of artificial {{nihongo|peach branches|口花|kuchibana}}.<ref>{{cite web|title= Kuchibana 口花 |url=http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E5%8F%A3%E8%8A%B1|publisher=Weblio|language=ja }}</ref>
Generally speaking, the [[Kansai region|Kansai]] style arrangement has the male on the right, while [[Kantō region|Kantō]] style arrangements have him on the left (from the viewer's perspective).<ref name="Voyapon" />
===Second platform===
The second tier holds three court ladies {{nihongo||三人官女|san-nin kanjo}} who serve sake to the male and female dolls. Commonly, two dolls are standing on both sides of one seated doll, but there are people who use two seated dolls on both sides of one standing doll.
The doll on the viewer's left bears a {{nihongo|short-handled sake decanter|加えの銚子|Kuwae no chōshi}}. The one on the viewer's right holds a {{nihongo|long-handled sake decanter|長柄の銚子|Nagae no chōshi}}. The doll in the middle carries different items in Kyoto compared with the rest of Japan. In Kyoto, the middle doll carries a {{nihongo|small platform used in celebratory decorations|島台|Shimadai}} upon which is something auspicious such as {{nihongo|the Three Friends of Winter|松竹梅|Shōchikubai}}; whereas in the rest of Japan, she carries a {{nihongo|small table|三方|Sanpō}} upon which a sake cup is rested.<ref name="Shoaf" />
Accessories placed between the ladies are {{nihongo||高坏|takatsuki}}, stands with round table-tops for seasonal sweets, excluding ''hishi mochi''.<ref name="Voyapon" />
===Third platform===
The third tier holds five male musicians {{nihongo||五人囃子|gonin bayashi}}. Each holds a musical instrument except the singer, who holds a fan:<ref name="Shoaf" /><ref name="Voyapon" /><ref name="Zooming">{{Cite web |url=http://zoomingjapan.com/culture/hina-matsuri/ |title=Hina Matsuri (The Doll's Festival) |date=3 March 2013 |website=Zooming Japan |language=en-US |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>
# {{nihongo|Small drum |太鼓|Taiko}}, seated,
# {{nihongo|Large drum |大鼓|Ōtsuzumi}}, standing,
# {{nihongo|Hand drum |小鼓|Kotsuzumi}}, standing,
# {{nihongo|Flute|笛|[[Fue (flute)|Fue]]}}, or {{nihongo||横笛|Yokobue}}, seated,
# {{nihongo|Singer|謡い方|Utaikata}}, holding a {{nihongo|folding fan|扇子|sensu}}, standing.
There are ancient sets with seven or ten musicians and at least one with female musicians.<ref name="Shoaf" />
===Fourth platform===
Two {{nihongo|ministers|大臣|daijin}} may be displayed on the fourth tier. These may be the emperor's bodyguards or administrators in Kyoto: the {{nihongo|[[Minister of the Right]]|右大臣|Udaijin}} and the {{nihongo|[[Minister of the Left]]|左大臣|Sadaijin}}. Both are sometimes equipped with bows and arrows. When representing the ministers, the Minister of the Right is depicted as a young person, while the Minister of the Left is older because that position was the more senior of the two. Also, because the dolls are placed in positions relative to each other, the Minister of the Right will be on "[[Blocking (stage)|stage right]]" (the viewer's left) and the Minister of the Left will be on the other side.<ref name="Shoaf" /><ref name="Zooming" />
Between the two figures are covered {{nihongo|bowl tables|掛盤膳|kakebanzen}}, also referred to as {{nihongo||お膳|o-zen}}, as well as {{nihongo|diamond-shaped stands|菱台|hishidai}} bearing diamond-shaped ''hishi mochi''.<ref name="Zooming" />
Just below the ministers: on the rightmost, a {{nihongo|mandarin orange tree|右近の橘|Ukon no tachibana}}, and on the leftmost, a {{nihongo|cherry blossom tree|左近の桜|Sakon no sakura}}.
===Fifth platform===
The fifth tier, between the plants, holds three {{nihongo|helpers|仕丁|shichō}} or {{nihongo|protectors|衛士|eji}} of the Emperor and Empress:<ref name="Shoaf" /><ref name="Zooming" />
In the Kyōto style, from the viewer's left to right the dolls are:
# Crying drinker {{nihongo||泣き上戸|nakijōgo}} bearing a {{nihongo|rake|熊手|kumade}},
# Angry drinker {{nihongo||怒り上戸|okorijōgo}} bearing a {{nihongo|dustpan|ちり取り|chiritori}}, and
# Laughing drinker {{nihongo||笑い上戸|waraijōgo}} bearing a {{nihongo|broom|箒|houki}}
In the Kantō style used in the rest of Japan, from the viewer's left to right the dolls are:
# Angry drinker {{nihongo||怒り上戸|okorijōgo}} bearing an {{nihongo|umbrella hat|台笠|daikasa}} at the end of a pole,
# Crying drinker {{nihongo||泣き上戸|nakijōgo}} bearing a {{nihongo|shoe platform|沓台|kutsudai}}, and
# Laughing drinker {{nihongo||笑い上戸|waraijōgo}} bearing an {{nihongo|umbrella|立傘|tachigasa}}
===Other platforms===
On the sixth and seventh tiers, various miniature furniture, tools, carriages, etc., are displayed.
====Sixth platform====
These are items used within the palatial residence.<ref name="Voyapon" />
* {{nihongo||箪笥|tansu}} : chest of (usually five) drawers, sometimes with swinging outer covering doors.
* {{nihongo||長持|nagamochi}} : long chest for [[kimono]] storage.
* {{nihongo||挟箱|hasamibako}} : smaller clothing storage box, placed on top of nagamochi.
* {{nihongo||鏡台|kyōdai}} : literally ''mirror stand'', a smaller chest of drawers with a mirror on top.
* {{nihongo||針箱|haribako}} : sewing kit box.
* two {{nihongo||火鉢|hibachi}} : braziers.
* {{nihongo||台子|daisu}} : a set of {{nihongo||お茶道具|ocha dōgu}} or {{nihongo||茶の湯道具|cha no yu dōgu}}, utensils for the tea ceremony.
====Seventh, bottom platform====
These are items used when away from the palatial residence.<ref name="Voyapon" />
* {{nihongo||重箱|jubako}}, a set of nested lacquered food boxes with either a cord tied vertically around the boxes or a stiff handle that locks them together.
* {{nihongo||御駕籠or御駕篭|gokago}}, a palanquin.
* {{nihongo||御所車|goshoguruma}}, an ox-drawn carriage favored by Heian nobility. This last is sometimes known as {{nihongo||牛車|gisha or gyuusha}}.
* Less common, {{nihongo||花車|hanaguruma}}, an ox drawing a cart of flowers.
== Origin ==
{{Main|Katashiro}}
[[File:Empress Kojun and Princesses.jpg|thumb|right|[[Empress Kōjun]] attending the festival with her daughters, c. 1940]]
It is said that the first time Hina dolls were shown in the manner they are now as part of the Peach Festival was when the young [[Empress Meishō|princess Meisho]] succeeded to the throne of her abdicating father, [[Emperor Go-Mizunoo]], in 1629. Because empresses regnant in Japan at the time were not allowed to get married, Meisho's mother, [[Tokugawa Masako]], created a doll arrangement showing Meisho blissfully wedded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nagata |first=Hisashi |title=年中行事を「科学」する 暦のなかの文化と知恵 |publisher=日本経済新聞出版 |date=March 14, 1989 |pages=72–73}}</ref> Hinamatsuri then officially became the name of the festival in 1687. Doll-makers began making elaborate dolls for the festival (some growing as tall as {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} high before laws were passed restricting their size). Over time, the ''hinakazari'' evolved to include fifteen dolls and accessories. As dolls became more expensive, tiers were added to the ''hinadan'' so that the expensive ones could be placed out of the reach of young children.<ref name="Shoaf"/>
During the [[Meiji period]] as Japan began to modernize and the emperor was restored to power, Hinamatsuri was deprecated in favor of new holidays that focused on the emperor's supposed to bond with the nation, but it was revived.{{when|date=March 2023}} By focusing on marriage and families, it represented Japanese hopes and values. The dolls were said to represent the emperor and empress; they also fostered respect for the throne. The holiday then spread to other countries via the [[Japanese diaspora]], although it remains confined to Japanese immigrant communities and descendants.<ref name="Shoaf"/>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Japan}}
* [[Golu (festive)|Golu]] – a similar tradition in India
* [[Hōko (doll)]] – A talisman doll, given to young women of age and especially to pregnant women in Japan to protect both mother and unborn child.
* [[International Day of the Girl Child]]
* [[International Women's Day]]
* [[Japanese festivals]]
* [[Japanese dolls]]
* [[Japanese traditional dolls]]
* [[Karakuri puppet]] – Japanese clockwork [[Automaton|automata]].
* [[Public holidays in Japan]]
* [[Tango no Sekku]]
* [[Yurihonjo hinakaido]] – an annual trail of hina doll displays in Yurihonjo City
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* Ishii, Minako (2007). ''Girls' Day/Boys' Day''. Honolulu: Bess Press Inc. {{ISBN|1-57306-274-X}}. A children's picture book.
* Murguia, Salvador Jimenez (2011). [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Hinamatsuri-and-the-Japanese-female%3A-a-critical-of-Murguia/8928bd7d911b8c39af5750d56458c6595af435e3 "Hinamatsuri and the Japanese Female: A Critical Interpretation of the Japanese Doll Festival"]. ''Journal of Asia Pacific Studies'' 2.2: 231–247
* Pate, Alan Scott (2013). ''Ningyo: The Art of the Japanese Doll''. Tuttle Publishing.
==External links==
{{Commons and category}}
* [http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa022501a.htm Hinamatsuri (Doll's Festival)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010043530/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa022501a.htm |date=10 October 2009 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110927/http://shahjahansiraj.com/hinamatsuri/ Hinamatsuri in Sado, Niigata, Japan (Doll's Festival)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAWh2mxF-20/ Video on Hinamatsuri (Hinamatsuri Girls' Day | Doll's Festival)]
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Festivals in Japan]]
[[Category:Japanese dolls]]
[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:Shinto festivals]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Women's festivals]]
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