Humen: Difference between revisions

The [[Latin]]ate ''{{lang|la|Bocca Tigris}}'' is derived from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''{{lang|pt|Boca do Tigre}}'', which is a [[calque]] of the [[Chinese language|Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]] name {{lang|zh|{{linktext|虎門}}}}, literally meaning "The Tiger Gate".<ref name="taylor">Taylor 1898, p. 70</ref> The name ''Bogue'' is also a corruption of the Portuguese ''Boca''.<ref name="taylor" />

The name comes from the hill-topsimpression orgiven by Tiger Island, situated about {{convert|3.2|km|abbr=on}} above the Hengdang Islands in the middle of the strait, ofarocktiger saidcouchant<ref>{{cite book|last=Wathen|first=James|title=Journal of a Voyage, in 1811 and 1812,toresembleMadras and China|date=1814|publisher=J Nichols, Son and Bentley|place=London|page=177}}</ref> or at least of a tiger's head on theits eastern side of Tiger Island,.<ref name="hawks">Hawks, Francis L.; Perry, Matthew (1857). ''[https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped05perr Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan]''. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 161.</ref><ref>Taylor 1898, p. 277</ref> about {{convert|3.2|km|abbr=on}} above the Hengdang Islands in the middle of the strait.<ref>Bernard, William Dallas; Hall, William Hutcheon (1846). ''[https://booksarchive.google.comorg/books?id=2pZFAAAAIAAJdetails/nemesisinchinac01hallgoog The Nemesis in China]'' (3rd ed.). London: Henry Colburn. p. 81.</ref> American Commodore [[Matthew C. Perry|Matthew Perry]], who later played a leading role in the [[opening of Japan]] to the West, noted that: "Although the resemblance is not at first very striking, it becomes quite obvious after examination".<ref name="hawks" />

Because of its strategic location as the naval gateway to the city of [[Guangzhou]] (Canton), the strait was strongly fortified during the [[Qing dynasty]]. It was defended by eight forts:<ref>Jacobs, Thomas JeffersonShakok (1844Shajiao). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0uA-AAAAYAAJ Scenes, Incidents,Taikok and Adventures in the Pacific Ocean]''. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 346.</ref> Shakok(Dajiao), Taikok,Wangtung Wantung(Hengdang), Yung-an (Yong'an), Kung-ku (Gonggu), Chen-yuan (Zhenyuan), Ching-yuan (Jingyuan), and [[Weiyuan Fort|Wei-yuan]].<ref>[[Arthur Waley|Waley, Arthur]] (1958). ''The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes''. Woking, Surrey: George Allen and Unwin. {{ISBN |0049510126}}. pp. 130, 139.</ref> Between September 1809 and January 1810, [[Portuguese Navy]] ships based in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] defeated a group of Chinese pirates in the [[Battle of the Tiger's Mouth]].

The first major battle of the [[First Opium War]] between the United Kingdom and China occurred at the entrance of the Humen in the [[Battle of Chuenpi|First Battle of Chuenpi]] on 3 November 1839. The British captured the Bogue forts in the [[Second Battle of Chuenpi]] on 7 January 1841 and the [[Battle of the Bogue]] on 23–26 February. The forts were recaptured on 2 April 1847 during the British [[Expedition to Canton]]. In the [[Second Opium War]], the British recaptured the forts in the [[Battle of the Bogue (1856)|1856 Battle of the Bogue]] on 12–13 November.

*Western shore: the [[Nansha, Guangzhou|Nansha District]] of Guangzhou City

*Shatian Port Area ({{lang|zh|沙田港区}}): focuses on containers, chemicals, yard logistics, shoreline industry, and comprehensive trading services.

*Mayong Port Area ({{lang|zh|麻涌港区}}): focuses on grain, vegetable oil, coal, construction materials, and [[Break bulk cargo|break-bulk]] cargo.

*Shajiao Port Area ({{lang|zh|沙角港区}}): focuses on passenger transport, leisure boating, and coastal transport and cabotage.

*Chang'an Port Area ({{lang|zh|长安港区}}): focuses on large-scale deep-water berths and the waterfront industry.

*Neihe Port Area ({{lang|zh|内河港区}}): focuses on traditional waterborne transport services for the Dongguan industries.

The port has {{convert|72|km2|abbr=on}} of territorial waters and {{convert|32|km2|abbr=on}} of jurisdictional area. The main navigation channel is {{convert|13.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep, enough for vessels of 100,000&nbsp;DWT.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.humenport.gov.cn/index/gqgk.html |title=港区概况 - 中国·虎门港 |access-date=2016-07-24 |archive-date=2014-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603191646/http://www.humenport.gov.cn/index/gqgk.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Originally called Taiping port, the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] approved it as an open port in 1983. It was merged with the Shatian port in June 1997 and renamed Humen port.<ref>Yeung, Godfrey (2001). ''Foreign Investment and Socio-Economic Development: The Case of Dongguan''. New York: Palgrave. p. 97. {{ISBN |9780333978115}}.</ref>

*[httphttps://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&time=&date=&ttype=&q=China,+%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81,+Guangzhou&ie=UTF8&cd=1&geocode=0,23.133333,113.320833&ll=22.793274,113.597946&spn=0.187375,0.53833&t=h&z=11&om=0 Satellite view of Bocca Tigris on Google maps]