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→Surgery: Added conclusions of Cochrane Systematic review Cirocchi, R., Arezzo, A., D’Andrea, V., Abraha, I., Popivanov, G. I., Avenia, N., Gerardi, C., Henry, B. M., Randolph, J., & Barczyñski, M. (2019). Intraoperative neuromonitoring versus visual nerve identification for prevention of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in adults undergoing thyroid surgery. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012483.pub
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===Surgery===
[[Surgery]] ([[thyroidectomy]] to remove the whole thyroid or a part of it) is not extensively used because most common forms of hyperthyroidism are quite effectively treated by the radioactive iodine method, and because there is a risk of also removing the [[parathyroid glands]], and of cutting the [[recurrent laryngeal nerve]], making swallowing difficult, and even simply generalized [[staphylococcus|staphylococcal]] infection as with any major surgery. Some people with Graves' may opt for surgical intervention. This includes those that cannot tolerate medicines for one reason or another, people that are allergic to iodine, or people that refuse radioiodine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Catania A, Guaitoli E, Carbotta G, Bianchini M, Di Matteo FM, Carbotta S, Nardi M, Fabiani E, Grani G, D'Andrea V, Fumarola A | display-authors = 6 | title = Total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease treatment | journal = La Clinica Terapeutica | volume = 164 | issue = 3 | pages = 193–196 | date = 2012 | pmid = 23868618 | doi = 10.7417/CT.2013.1548 }}</ref>
A 2019 [[systematic review]] concluded that the available evidence shows no difference between visually identifying the nerve or utilizing intraoperative [[neuroimaging]] during surgery, when trying to prevent injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cirocchi |first=Roberto |last2=Arezzo |first2=Alberto |last3=D'Andrea |first3=Vito |last4=Abraha |first4=Iosief |last5=Popivanov |first5=Georgi I |last6=Avenia |first6=Nicola |last7=Gerardi |first7=Chiara |last8=Henry |first8=Brandon Michael |last9=Randolph |first9=Justus |last10=Barczyñski |first10=Marcin |date=2019-01-19 |editor-last=Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group |title=Intraoperative neuromonitoring versus visual nerve identification for prevention of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in adults undergoing thyroid surgery |url=https://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD012483.pub2 |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012483.pub2}}</ref>
If people have toxic nodules treatments typically include either removal or injection of the nodule with alcohol.<ref>{{cite book |title=Endocrinology : adult and pediatric|date=2010|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781416055839|page=Chapter 82|edition=6th|url=https://www.inkling.com/read/endocrinology-jameson-de-groot-6th/chapter-82/chapter082-reader-1 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
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