Impacts of tourism: Difference between revisions

Tourism impacts tourist destinations in both positive and negative ways, encompassing [[Economy|economic]], [[Politics|political]], socio-cultural, [[Natural environment|environmental]], and [[psychological]] dimensions.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Sharpley|first=Richard|date=2018-05-01|title=Tourism, Tourists and Society|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315210407|doi=10.4324/9781315210407|isbn=9781315210407}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Woo|first1=Eunju|last2=Uysal|first2=Muzaffer|last3=Sirgy|first3=M. Joseph|date=2016-06-21|title=Tourism Impact and Stakeholders' Quality of Life|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1096348016654971|journal=Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research|volume=42|issue=2|pages=260–286|doi=10.1177/1096348016654971|s2cid=156804649|issn=1096-3480}}</ref>

'''Economic effects''': Increased [[tax revenue]], personal [[income]] growth, enhanced [[Standard The impactsofliving|livingtourism standards]], and the creation of additional [[employment]] opportunities.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Jerry D.|last2=Snepenger|first2=David J.|last3=Akis|first3=Sevgin|date=January 1994|title=Residents' perceptions of tourism development|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)90124-4|journal=Annals of Tourism Research|volume=21|issue=3|pages=629–642|doi=10.1016/0160-7383(94)90124-4|issn=0160-7383}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Seetanah|first=B.|date=January 2011|title=Assessing the dynamic economic impact of tourism for island economies|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.08.009|journal=Annals of Tourism Research|volume=38|issue=1|pages=291–308|doi=10.1016/j.annals.2010.08.009|issn=0160-7383}}</ref>

'''Sociocultural impacts''': interactions between people with differing cultural backgrounds, [[Attitude (psychology)|attitudes]] and [[Behavior|behaviors]], and relationships to material goods.<ref name="Mason">{{cite book|last1=Mason|first1=Peter|url=http://www.mu.edu.et/iphc/images/liblary/Heritage/Heritage_Culture_and_Tourism/Tourism_Impacts_Planing__devet.pdf|title=Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management|date=2003|publisher=Butter worth-Mannheim (Elsevier)|isbn=0-7506-5970X|location=Burlington MA|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> Tourism can also have significant political impacts by influencing government policies and promoting diplomatic relations between countries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Godovykh |first=Maksim |url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/tourism-impacts-maksim-godovykh/1143571629 |title=Tourism Impacts |publisher=Center for Tourism Impacts Research |year=2023 |isbn=9798223451419 |pages=74}}</ref>

'''Health effects''': Tourism also has positive and negative health outcomes for local people.<ref name=":6" /> The short-term negative impacts of tourism on residents' health are related to the density of tourist arrivals, the risk of disease transmission, road accidents, higher crime levels, as well as traffic congestion, crowding, and other stressful factors.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal|last1=Gursoy|first1=Dogan|last2=Ouyang|first2=Zhe|last3=Nunkoo|first3=Robin|last4=Wei|first4=Wei|date=2018-09-17|title=Residents' impact perceptions of and attitudes towards tourism development: a meta-analysis|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2018.1516589|journal=Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management|volume=28|issue=3|pages=306–333|doi=10.1080/19368623.2018.1516589|s2cid=149483878|issn=1936-8623}}</ref> In addition, residents can experience anxiety and depression related to their risk perceptions about mortality rates, food insecurity, contact with infected tourists, etc.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Yingfei|last2=Ma|first2=Zheng Feei|date=2020-08-20|title=Psychological responses and lifestyle changes among pregnant women with respect to the early stages of COVID-19 pandemic|journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry|volume=67|issue=4|pages=344–350|doi=10.1177/0020764020952116|pmid=32815434|pmc=8191160|issn=0020-7640|doi-access=free}}</ref> At the same time, there are positive long-term impacts of tourism on residents' health and well-being outcomes through improving healthcare access, positive [[Emotion|emotions]], [[novelty]], and [[social interactions]].<ref name=":6" />