|
|
about Western litterature and eponym
|
||
| (47 intermediate revisions by 33 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Mythical daughter of King Eurytus of Oechalia}}
{{For|the genus of birds|Iole (
[[File:Eurytios Krater Louvre E635 n3.jpg|thumb|260px|right|Iole with Heracles in the house of [[Eurytus]], as depicted on the
In [[Greek mythology]], '''Iole''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|.|ə
There are different versions of the
== Mythology ==
=== Heracles' love for Iole leads to his death ===▼
[[File:Studiolo, pitture 05 santi di tito, ercole e iole.JPG|left|thumb|[[Santi di Tito]]: Iole and Hercules]]
[[Apollodorus of Athens|Apollodorus]] recounted the tale in his ''Bibliotheca''. King Eurytus was an expert [[archery|archer]] who taught his sons his knowledge of the bow and arrow. He promised his daughter Iole to
▲=== Heracles' love for Iole leads to his death ===
▲[[Apollodorus of Athens|Apollodorus]] recounted the tale in his ''Bibliotheca''. King Eurytus was an expert [[archery|archer]] who taught his sons his knowledge of the bow and arrow. He promised his daughter Iole to whomever could beat him and his sons in an archery contest. The sons shot so well that they beat all the others from the kingdom. Heracles then heard of the prize and eagerly entered the contest for he desired the maiden. Heracles shot with keenness and even beat Eurytus' scores. It is ironic because Eurytus in his early years had taught Heracles to become an archer.<ref name="eurytos1" />
When the king realized that Heracles was winning, he stopped the contest and forbade him to participate. Eurytus was well-aware of Heracles' murder of his previous wife
[[Iphitos]] urged his father to reconsider, but Eurytus did not pay any heed and stood by his decision. Heracles had not left the city yet when Eurytus' mares were run off, presumably by [[Autolycus]], a notorious thief. Iphitos asked Heracles to help him find them, which he agreed to do so. Heracles, in one display of his madness, hurled Iphitos over the city walls, murdering him.<ref name="eurytos1" /> According to Diodorus Siculus, it was Heracles himself
After the archery contest, Heracles went to [[Calydon]], where, on the steps of the temple, he saw [[Deianira]], Prince [[Meleager]]'s sister. He forgot about Iole for a while and wooed her, eventually won her over and married her. Heracles after acquiring a kingdom and in control of an army, went about to kill Eurytus in revenge for not giving up his promised prize.<ref name="perseus2">{{cite web|url= http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Apollod.+2.7.7|title= Apollodorus, Library and Epitome |accessdate= 2008-08-25}}</ref> Hyginus added that Heracles not only murdered Eurytus, but also slayed Iole's brothers and other relatives as well.<ref name="hyginus1">{{cite web|url= http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html|title= ▼
[[File:Hercules abducting Iole (Archaeological Museum of Piraeus, 2-12-2023).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Heracles abducts Iole, second century AD relief, [[Archaeological Museum of Piraeus]].]]
The hero plundered Oechalia and overthrew its walls<ref name="eurytos1" /> while Iole threw herself down from the high city wall to escape. It turned out that the garment she was wearing, opened up and acted like a [[parachute]] which ensured her soft and safe descent.<ref name="plutarch1" /> Heracles captured and took Iole unwillingly as captive.<ref name="perseus2" /> His wife, Deianira did not like Iole to become Heracles' concubine but she forebore to object and tolerated it temporarily.<ref name="miller1" />▼
▲After the archery contest, Heracles went to [[Calydon]], where, on the steps of the temple, he saw [[Deianira]], Prince [[Meleager]]'s sister. He forgot about Iole for a while and wooed her, eventually won her over and married her. Heracles, after acquiring a kingdom and in control of an army, went about to kill Eurytus in revenge for not giving up his promised prize.<ref name="perseus2">{{cite web|url=
Deianira feared she would lose Heracles to the younger and more beautiful Iole.<ref name="hyginus1" /> Years earlier, the [[Nessus (mythology)|centaur Nessus]] had ferried her across the river [[Evinos|Evenus]] and attempted to rape her when they were on the other side. Heracles saved her from Nessus by shooting him with poisoned arrows.<ref name="ovid9129158">Ovid. ''Metamorphoses'', 9. 129 & 158 ff (translation Melville).</ref> She had kept some of Nessus' blood for the centaur told her in his dying breath that if she were to give Heracles a cloak [[Chiton (costume)|(chiton)]] soaked in his blood, it would be a [[The Shirt of Nessus|love charm]].<ref name="ovid1">{{cite web|url= http://english.edgewood.edu/heroides/hero09n.htm#Deianira|title= Ovid. ''Heroides'', 9 (Deianira).|accessdate= 2008-08-23}}</ref> Deianira, being concerned by Heracles' infidelity, believed Nessus’ lie that Heracles would no longer desire any other woman after he was under the spell of the love philter.<ref name="pseudo1">Pseudo-Apollodorus. ''Bibliotheca'', 2.157.</ref> This seemed like the perfect solution to her problem to reclaim her husband's love from him Iole, the foreign concubine. The cloak was delivered to Heracles and when he put it on the poison went into his body.<ref name="pseudo1" /> Deianira had unwittingly poisoned her husband with this purported love [[potion]] because of her sadness over her husband's unfaithfulness. Upon realizing the mistake she had made, Deianira then killed herself.<ref name="hyginus1" /> Because of his love for his concubine Iole, Heracles asked his eldest son, [[Hyllus]] to marry her so that she would be well taken care of.<ref name="frazer1" /> Iole and Hyllus had a son called [[Cleodaeus]],<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'', 3. 15. 10; [[Plutarch]], ''Pyrrhus'', 1</ref> and also three daughters, [[Evaechme]],<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'', 4. 2. 1</ref> Aristaechme, and Hyllis.<ref>[http://press.princeton.edu/books/lyons/appendix.html Lyons, Deborah. Gender and Immortality: Appendix - A Catalogue of Heroines] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720034913/http://press.princeton.edu/books/lyons/appendix.html |date=2011-07-20 }} (with references to [[Hesiod]], Fragment 251a for Aristaechme and [[Ibycus]], Fragment 282a for Hyllis). Respecting Hyllis, see also [[Zeuxippus (mythology)|Zeuxippus]]</ref>▼
▲The hero plundered Oechalia and overthrew its walls,<ref name="eurytos1" /> while Iole threw herself down from the high city wall to escape. It turned out that the garment she was wearing
▲Deianira feared she would lose Heracles to the younger and more beautiful Iole.<ref name="hyginus1" /> Years earlier, the [[Nessus (mythology)|centaur Nessus]] had ferried her across the river [[Evinos|Evenus]] and attempted to rape her when they were on the other side. Heracles saved her from Nessus by shooting him with poisoned arrows.<ref name="ovid9129158">Ovid. ''Metamorphoses'', 9. 129 & 158 ff (translation Melville).</ref> She had kept some of Nessus' blood, for the centaur told her,
{{see also|Shirt of Nessus}}[[File:Woodcut illustration of Hercules (dressed as both a man and a woman) and Iole - Penn Provenance Project.jpg|left|thumb|260x260px|Woodcut illustration of Hercules (dressed as both a man and a woman) and Iole]]
=== Versions of the tale ===
====Ovid's account====
Ovid's version of this story (''Heroides'' 9) has Heracles under the erotic control of Iole. She specifically has Heracles wear women's clothing and perform women's work. Heracles
====Sophocles' account====
According to [[Sophocles]]' play
====Seneca's account====
According to [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], Deianira is concerned
==Appearances in
Iole appeared in cinema as early as the 1958 film ''[[Hercules (1958 film)|Hercules]]''. She was portrayed by model/actress [[Sylva Koscina]]. She is the daughter of King [[Pelias]] of [[Iolcus]] and cousin of [[Jason]]. She first meets Hercules after he saves her from a wild chariot ride and returns her safely home. She vouches for Hercules' identity as the man hired by her father to train her brother [[Iphitus]] in the art of war. While he remains in the kingdom, Iole quickly falls in love with Hercules but their romance sours over the death of Iphitis during Hercules' battle with a lion. Despite her outward rejection of Hercules, she continues to love him and waits for his return once he joins Jason's quest for the [[Golden Fleece]]. It is eventually revealed Iole's father plotted the murder of his brother [[Aeson]] so he could inherit the rule of Iolcus. Once Hercules and Jason return and confront Pelias with the truth, Pelias' army is defeated and he commits suicide. After Jason assumes the throne as King of Iolcus, Iole leaves with Hercules aboard the Argo to begin a new life together. Koscina reprised the role the following year in ''[[Hercules Unchained]]''. In the sequel, Iole is happily married to Hercules and they return to Hercules' homeland of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] to start their married life. Iole, however, becomes a prisoner of Thebes' deranged king [[Eteocles]] in his attempt to punish Hercules for allegedly siding with Eteocles' brother [[Polinices]] in their civil war for the throne of Thebes. Aided in her attempt to escape Thebes, Iole is then captured by Polinices' mercenary army of [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argives]]. After the final battle between Thebes and the Argives, she is rescued by Hercules.
- Iole appears as a little girl in 2005's mini-series, [[Hercules]]; she is the daughter of [[Eurytheus]] and [[Megara]]. In an attempt to bring peace between the two branches of the family, Hercules asks for his son [[Hyllas]] to be betrothed to Iole- to marry one day, should he fulfill one of his Labours: capturing/ shooting the Cerynian Hind; he's successful, but Eurystheus refuses- having been foretold that Iole's husband would eventually kill him. This is later proved true, when Hyllas throws a knife at the king.▼
Iole appears in the 1963 film ''[[Hercules, Samson and Ulysses]]''. The film is a sequel to the 1959 film ''[[Hercules Unchained]]''; however, the role of Iole is portrayed by Diletta D'Andrea, replacing Sylva Koscina. She is still married to Hercules and is mother to a little boy who she raises in the house of King [[Laertes (father of Odysseus)|Laertes]] of [[Homer's Ithaca|Ithaca]]. She shows grave concern for Hercules' newest mission to destroy a sea monster menacing the fishing waters off the coast of the kingdom. When news is returned home that Hercules and his crew have been shipwrecked, she urges King Laertes to muster a rescue party. She joins the voyage aboard the ''Argo'' and reunites with Hercules off the coast of [[Judea]] where the couple bid farewell to Hercules' newest ally [[Samson]] and sail home.
==References==▼
Iole appears in ''[[Hercules in the Underworld]]'', played by [[Marley Shelton]]. She is a Neurian Maiden, one trained in the art of seduction. She recruits Hercules to help her village because a portal to the underworld has opened up. Though she already has a boyfriend named Lycastus, in an effort to persuade Hercules to help, she attempts to seduce him and manages to kiss him, but he remains faithful to his wife Deianeira and says he'll help her village because it is the right thing to do. Similar to the original myth, Deianeira becomes suspicious of the two spending time together as they travel to her village and sends Hercules a cloak smeared with Nessus's blood, thinking it will keep Hercules faithful to her. Instead, the cloak tries to strangle him when he puts it on, but he manages to destroy it. After Hercules manages to solve the portal problem, Iole decides to start a family with Lycastus.
===Notes===▼
▲
Iole was a pseudonym adopted by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] over a period from 1825 to 1826.
=== Middle Age tradition ===
She is remembered in ''[[De Mulieribus Claris]]'', a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the [[Florence|Florentine]] author [[Giovanni Boccaccio]], composed in 1361{{endash}}62. It is notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in [[Western literature]].<ref name="Brown_xi">{{cite book |last=Boccaccio |first=Giovanni |author-link=Giovanni Boccaccio |year=2003 |translator=Virginia Brown |title=Famous Women |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, MA |series=I Tatti Renaissance Library |volume=1 |isbn=0-674-01130-9 |page=xi}}</ref>
{{reflist}}
==See also==
*[[836 Jole]] - an asteroid named after her.
▲==References==
===Primary sources===
* Ovid, ''Metamorphoses 9.''
* Ovid, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080820093121/http://english.edgewood.edu/heroides/hero09.htm Heroides ix.73-134]''
* Apollodorus, ''Bibliotheke'' - [http://dante.udallas.edu/hutchison/Heroes/Heracles/iole.htm Iole]
* Apollodorus' ''Library'' at Perseus Tuft's: [
* The Trachiniae By Sophocles, Kessinger Publishing (2004), {{ISBN|1-4191-8547-0}}
* Plutarch. ''Moralia'' Vol. IV. Translated by Babbitt, Frank C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 305. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press. 1936.
Line 76 ⟶ 84:
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Women in Greek mythology]]▼
[[Category:Women of Heracles]]
▲[[Category:Women in Greek mythology]]
| |||