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New York City has the largest population of [[Italian Americans]] in the [[United States]] as well as [[North America]], many of whom inhabit ethnic enclaves in [[Brooklyn]], [[the Bronx]], [[Manhattan]], [[Queens]], and [[Staten Island]]. New York is home to the third largest Italian population outside of [[Italy]], behind [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] (first) and [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] (second). Over 2.6 million<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States - Statistical Atlas|url=https://statisticalatlas.com/metro-area/New-York/New-York/Ancestry|access-date=2021-01-05|website=statisticalatlas.com}}</ref> Italians and Italian-Americans live in the greater New York metro area, with about 800,000 living within one of the five New York City boroughs. This makes Italian Americans the largest ethnic group in the New York metro area.

[[Fiorello La Guardia]] was mayor of New York City 1934-1946 as a Republican. A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]] saw La Guardia ranked as the best American big-city mayor to serve between the years 1820 and 1993.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Holli | first = Melvin G. | title = The American Mayor | publisher = PSU Press | year = 1999 | location = University Park | url = https://archive.org/details/americanmayorbes0000holl | isbn = 0-271-01876-3 }}</ref>

The first Italian to reside in New York was [[Pietro Cesare Alberti]],<ref name=ItalianHistoricalPage>{{cite web|url=http://www.italianhistorical.org/page63.html|title=Peter Caesar Alberti|access-date=June 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914161128/http://www.italianhistorical.org/page63.html|archive-date=September 14, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> a [[Venice, Italy|Venetian]] seaman who, in 1635, settled in the Dutch colony of [[New Amsterdam]] that would eventually become [[New York City|New York]]. A small wave of Protestants, known as [[Waldensians]], who were of French and northern Italian heritage (specifically Piedmontese), occurred during the 17th century, with the majority coming between 1654 and 1663.<ref>Memorials of the Huguenots in America, by Ammon Stapleton, page 42</ref> A 1671 Dutch record indicates that, in 1656 alone, the [[Duchy of Savoy]] near [[Turin]], Italy, had exiled 300 Waldensians due to their Protestant faith.

The largest wave of Italian immigration to the United States took place in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Between 1820 and 1978, 5.3 million Italians immigrated to the United States, including over two million between 1900 and 1910. However, most planned a short stay to make money, and about half returned to Italy.

==Occupations==
The Italians who arrived in large numbers from 1880 to 1914 were poor peasants with few skills. According to Samuel Baily, three in four worked in manual labor jobs, such as construction, transportation, factory work, or domestic service, during both the years 1880 and 1905. These jobs were mostly unskilled or semi-skilled. The remaining 25% consisted mainly of low-income white-collar workers like peddlers and barbers, along with shopkeepers running neighborhood grocery stores. Only 2%, held professional status, primarily musicians and music teachers.<ref>Samuel L. Baily, "The Adjustment of Italian Immigrants in Buenos Aires and New York, 1870-1914" ''American Historical Review'' 88#2 (1983), at p. 285.</ref>

In terms of job searching, newly arrived Italians typically signed up with a [[Padrone system|"padrone".]] For a fee this Italian businessman found jobs and negotiated wages.<ref> Humbert S. Nelli, "The Italian padrone system in the United States." ''Labor History'' 5.2 (1964): 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00236566408583942</ref> The Italians earned well below average rates. Their weekly earnings in manufacturing and mining (for the entire national economy) in 1909 came to $9.61, compared to $13.63 for German immigrants and $11.06 for Poles. A goal of returning to Italy in two years with $200 thus meant saving $2 a week.<ref>Robert Higgs, "Race, Skills, and Earnings: American Immigrants in 1909" ''Journal of Economic History'' 31#2 (1971), pp. 420-428, table on p. 426 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2117052 online] </ref>

==Neighborhoods==
The first New York neighborhood to be settled by large numbers of Italian immigrants &ndash; primarily from [[Southern Italy]] (mostly from [[Sicilian people|Sicily]]) &ndash; was [[East Harlem]], which became the first part of the city to be known as "[[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]]". The area, which lies east of [[Lexington Avenue (Manhattan)|Lexington Avenue]] between 96th and [[116th Street (Manhattan)|116th]] Streets and east of [[Madison Avenue]] between 116th and [[125th Street (Manhattan)|125th]] Streets, featured people from different regions of Italy on each cross street, as immigrants from each area chose to live in close proximity to each other.<ref>{{cite inside}}, p.154</ref>

"Italian Harlem" approached its peak in the 1930s, with over 100,000 Italian-Americans living in its crowded, run-down apartment buildings.<ref>{{cite enc-nyc}}, p.605 "Their number increased slightly during the 1930s, when as many as 110,000 Italians lived east of Lexington Avenue between 96th and 116th streets and east of Madison Avenue between 116th and 125th streets."</ref> The 1930 census showed that 81 percent of the population of Italian Harlem consisted of first- or second- generation Italian Americans. This was somewhat less than the concentration of Italian Americans in the [[Lower East Side]]’s [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]] with 88 percent; Italian Harlem’s total population, however, was three times that of Little Italy.<ref name="meyer">Meyer,Gerald. [http://vitomarcantonio.com/east-harlem/italian-east-harlem/ "Italian Harlem: America’s Largest and Most Italian Little Italy"]</ref> Remnants of the neighborhood's Italian heritage are kept alive by the [[Giglio Society of East Harlem]]. Every year on the second weekend of August, the Feast of [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel]] is celebrated and the "Dancing of the Giglio" is performed for thousands of visitors.

After [[World War II]], the original Italian settlements such as East Harlem declined as Italian Americans moved to the North Bronx, Queens and Brooklyn's southern tier. The geographic shift coincided with a new wave of Italian immigration. An estimated 129,000 to 150,000 Italian immigrants entered New York City between 1945 and 1973. Bypassing Manhattan, they settled in Italian American neighborhoods in the outer boroughs and helped reinvigorate Italian culture and community institutions. With the influx of postwar immigrants, Bensonhurst became the largest Italian community in New York City, with 150,000 Italian Americans in the 1980 census.<ref>Joseph Sciorra (2015). Built with Faith: Italian American imagination and Catholic material culture in New York City. University of Tennessee Press. p. xxxii</ref>

The best-known "Little Italy" in Manhattan is the area currently called that, which centers around [[Mulberry Street (Manhattan)|Mulberry Street]]. This settlement, however, is rapidly becoming part of the adjacent [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]] as the older Italian residents die and their children move elsewhere. As of the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]], 692,739 New Yorkers reported [[Italians|Italian ancestry]], making them the largest European ethnic group in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=2000 Census|author=New York City Department of City Planning|author-link=New York City Department of City Planning|year=2000|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/mpsfsb11.pdf|access-date=2007-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712134052/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/mpsfsb11.pdf|archive-date=2007-07-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011, the [[American Community Survey]] found there were 49,075 persons of Italian birth in New York.<ref>New York City Department of City Planning, [http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny2013/nny_2013.pdf "The Newest New Yorkers - Characteristics of the City's Foreign Born Population"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103161759/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny2013/nny_2013.pdf |date=2015-01-03 }}, 2013</ref>

[[File:USA san gennaro vendors NY.jpg|thumb|230px|Street vendors at the [[Feast of San Gennaro]] in Manhattan's [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]].]]

==Italian-American neighborhoods in New York==
{{See also|List of Italian-American neighborhoods#New York City{{!}}List of Italian-American neighborhoods}}
*[[Annadale, Staten Island]]
*[[Arthur Avenue (Bronx)|Arthur Avenue]] (the Bronx's Little Italy)
*[[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn]]
*[[Bensonhurst, Brooklyn]] (Brooklyn's Little Italy)
*[[Belmont, Bronx]]
*[[Bergen Beach, Brooklyn]]
*[[Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn]]
*[[City Island, Bronx]]
*[[Cobble Hill, Brooklyn]]
*[[Dongan Hills, Staten Island]] (Staten Island's Little Italy)
*[[Dyker Heights, Brooklyn]]
*[[East Village, Manhattan]]
*[[Eltingville, Staten Island]]
*[[Greenwich Village, Manhattan]]
*[[Howard Beach, Queens]]
*[[Huguenot, Staten Island]]
*[[Middle Village, Queens]]
*[[Mill Basin, Brooklyn]]
*[[Morris Park, Bronx]]
*[[Mulberry Street (Manhattan)|Mulberry Street]], [[Little Italy, Manhattan]]
*[[Ozone Park, Queens]] (Queens's Little Italy)
*[[Park Slope, Brooklyn]]
*[[Pelham Bay, Bronx]]
*[[Pleasant Avenue]], [[East Harlem]] ([[Italian Harlem]]), Manhattan
*[[Ridgewood, Queens]]
*[[Schuylerville, Bronx]]
* [[South Village]], Manhattan
*[[Staten Island]]
*[[Throggs Neck, Bronx]]
*[[Tottenville, Staten Island]]
*[[Whitestone, Queens]]
*[[Windsor Terrace, Brooklyn]]
*[[Williamsburg, Brooklyn]]

==Education==
The Italian international private school [[La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi]], serving grades Pre-Kindergarten through 12, is located in [[Manhattan]]. It is the sole bilingual English-Italian day school in North America. Despite the large Italian American population, the vast majority of bilingual day schools in North America are French speaking.<ref>"[http://www.lascuoladitalia.org/about-la-scuola/ About la scuola] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623234736/http://www.lascuoladitalia.org/about-la-scuola/ |date=2015-06-23 }}." [[La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi]]. Retrieved on May 2, 2015.</ref>

==Institutions==
The [[Diplomatic missions of Italy|Consulate-General of Italy in New York]] is located in the [[Upper East Side]] of [[Manhattan]].<ref>[http://www.consnewyork.esteri.it/Consolato_NewYork Home]. [[Diplomatic missions of Italy|Consulate-General of Italy in New York]]. Retrieved on 15 January 2014. "690, Park Avenue New York, NY 10065"</ref>

The [https://calandrainstitute.org/ John D. Calandra Italian American Institute], founded in 1979 and located in Midtown Manhattan, is an academic institute that studies matters pertaining to the history of Italians in the United States.

The Italian American Museum is located in Manhattan's [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]]. Located in a former bank, [[Banca Stabile]], its current building had a "soft opening" in September 2008,<ref>Mallozzi, Vincent M.『[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/09/nyregion/09italian.html?scp=3&sq=italian%20american%20museum&st=cse&_r=0 In Little Italy, a Former Bank Will Now Hold Italian Immigrants’ Memories]』([https://web.archive.org/web/20180528052258/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/09/nyregion/09italian.html?scp=3&sq=italian%20american%20museum&st=cse&_r=0 Archive]). ''[[The New York Times]]''. September 8, 2008. Print: September 9, 2008, page B3, New York edition. Retrieved on May 3, 2015.</ref> and a formal opening in October.<ref name="Haberman">Haberman, Clyde. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/14/nyregion/14nyc.html?_r=0 A March Uptown and a Shrine Downtown for Italian Heritage]" ([https://archive.today/20240527080328/https://www.webcitation.org/6YESVYcQp?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/14/nyregion/14nyc.html%3F_r=1& Archive]). ''[[The New York Times]]''. October 14, 2008. Print: October 14, 2008, p. A25, New York edition. Retrieved on May 3, 2015.</ref>

=== Churches ===

*[[Church of the Most Precious Blood (Manhattan)|Church of the Most Precious Blood]], Little Italy
*[[Our Lady of Pompeii Church (Manhattan)|Our Lady of Pompeii Church]], Greenwich Village
* [[St. Anthony of Padua Church (Manhattan)|St. Anthony of Padua Church]], South Village
*[[St. Athanasius Church (Brooklyn)]], Bensonhurst

==Recreation==
[[Columbus Day]] and the [[San Gennaro Festival]] are celebrated in New York.<ref name=Haberman/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Italy|New York City}}
{{commonscat|Italian diaspora in New York City}}
* [[Italian Americans]]
* [[Luigi Fugazy]] (1839–1930) a prominent Italian padrone and businessman.
* ''[[Il Progresso Italo-Americano]]'', daily newspaper 1880-1988

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Baily, Samuel L. "The Adjustment of Italian Immigrants in Buenos Aires and New York, 1870-1914." ''American Historical Review'' 88.2 (1983): 281-305. [https://www.academia.edu/download/32349230/The_adjustement_of_Italian_immigrants_in_Buenos_Aires_and_NY_Baliy.pdf online]
* Baily, Samuel L. ''Immigrants in the lands of promise: Italians in Buenos Aires and New York City, 1870-1914'' (Cornell University Press, 1999). [https://archive.org/details/immigrantsinland00bail online]
* Bayor, Ronald H. ''Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews, and Italians of New York City, 1929-1941'' (1988). [https://archive.org/details/neighborsinconfl0000bayo online]
* Bertellini, Giorgio. "Duce/Divo: Masculinity, Racial Identity, and Politics among Italian Americans in 1920s New York City." ''Journal of Urban History'' 31.5 (2005): 685-726. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Giorgio-Bertellini/publication/237967448_DUCEDIVO_Masculinity_racial_identity_and_politics_among_Italian_Americans_in_1920s_New_York_City/links/5880d04b45851503b6edd843/DUCE-DIVO-Masculinity-racial-identity-and-politics-among-Italian-Americans-in-1920s-New-York-City.pdf online]
* Binder, Frederick M., and David M. Reimers. ''All the nations under heaven: An ethnic and racial history of New York City'' (Columbia University Press, 1995), ''passim''.

* Cannisttato, Philip V. ed. ''The Italians of New York'' (New York Historical Society, 1999). [https://www.academia.edu/download/29694174/ItaliansofNewYork.pdf online chapter on film], 13 articles by experts
* Cinotto, Simone. ''The Italian American table: food, family, and community in New York City'' (U of Illinois Press, 2013) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXBiAgAAQBAJ&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22&pg=PP1 online].
* Cohen, Miriam. "Changing education strategies among immigrant generations: New York Italians in comparative perspective." ''Journal of Social History'' 15.3 (1982): 443-466. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3787157 online]
* Cohen, Miriam. ''Workshop to office: two generations of Italian women in New York City, 1900-1950'' (Cornell UP, 1993) [https://books.google.com/books?id=VoyayEucJvwC&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22&pg=PR9].

* Critchley, David F. ''The origin of organized crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931'' (Routledge, 2008).
* Dainotto, Roberto M. ''The Mafia: A Cultural History''  (2015)

* Friedman-Kasaba, Kathie. ''Memories of migration: Gender, ethnicity, and work in the lives of Jewish and Italian women in New York, 1870-1924'' (State University of New York Press, 2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=t8LdPjOdgdkC&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22&pg=PP1 online].

* [[Donna Gabaccia|Gabaccia, Donna R.]] ''From Sicily to Elizabeth Street: Housing and Social Change among Italian Immigrants, 1880-1930'' (1984), New York
* Gans, Herbert J. ''Urban Villagers'' (1982), sociological study [https://archive.org/details/urbanvillagers0000unse online]

* Glazer, Nathan, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan. ''Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City'' (MIT Press, 1970). [https://archive.org/details/beyondmeltingpot0000glaz_s3p5 online]
* Guglielmo, Jennifer. ''Living the revolution: Italian women's resistance and radicalism in New York City, 1880-1945'' (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2010) [https://books.google.com/books?id=WYseTzrz_ukC&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22&pg=PP8 online].
* Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. ''The Encyclopedia of New York City'' (Yale UP, 1995). 
* Kessner, Thomas, and [[Betty Boyd Caroli]]. "New immigrant women at work: Italians and Jews in New York City, 1880-1905." ''Journal of Ethnic Studies'' 5.4 (1978): 19. 
* Kessner, Thomas. ''The Golden Door: Italian and Jewish Immigrant Mobility in New York City, 1880-1915'' (1977), on getting better jobs
* Haiier, Hermann W. "Italian in New York" in ''The multilingual apple: languages in New York City'' (2011): 119+.
* Mangano, Antonio. "The associated life of the Italians in New York City." ''International Migration Review'' 6.1_suppl (1972): 106-112. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/019791837200601S19 online]
* Mariano, John Horace. ''The second generation of Italians in New York City'' (1921) [https://archive.org/details/secondgeneration01mari/page/n7/mode/2up online]
* Marraro, Howard R. "Italians in New York during the first half of the nineteenth century." ''New York History'' 26.3 (1945): 278-306. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23149683 online]
* Marraro, Howard R. "Italians in New York in the Eighteen Fifties: Part I." ''New York History'' 30.2 (1949): 181-203. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23148214 online]
* Model, Suzanne. "A comparative perspective on the ethnic enclave: Blacks, Italians, and Jews in New York City." ''International Migration Review'' 19.1 (1985): 64-81. [http://people.umass.edu/smodel/IMR_19.pdf online]
* Model, Suzanne. "The effects of ethnicity in the workplace on Blacks, Italians, and Jews in 1910 New York." ''Journal of Urban History'' 16.1 (1989): 29-51.

* Moses, Paul. ''An unlikely union: The love-hate story of New York's Irish and Italians'' (NYU Press, 2017) [https://books.google.com/books?id=HpA3DQAAQBAJ&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22&pg=PR9 online].

* Odencrantz, Louise Christine. ''Italian women in industry: A study of conditions in New York City'' (Russell Sage Foundation, 1919) [https://books.google.com/books?id=RvNsqvcILdgC&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22&pg=PP11 online].
* Orsi, Robert A. '' The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880–1950.'' (Yale UP, 1985) [https://archive.org/details/madonnaof115thst0000orsi online 3rd ed. 2010]
* Pozzetta, George Enrico. "The Italians of New York City, 1890-1914" (PhD dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1971)  ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1971. 7210760.
* Rieder, Jonathan. ''Canarsie: the Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against liberalism'' (Harvard UP, 1985) [https://books.google.com/books?id=15ddRo-uFGYC&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22&pg=PA1 online].
* Russo, Nicholas John. "Three generations of Italians in New York City: their religious acculturation." ''International Migration Digest'' 3.2 (1969): 3-17.
* Sciorra, Joseph. ''Built with Faith: Italian American Immigration and Catholic Material Culture in New York City'' (U of Tennessee Press, 2015) [Sciorra, Joseph. Built with faith: Italian American imagination and Catholic material culture in New York City. Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2015. online]

[[Category:Italian-American culture in New York City| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in New York City]]
[[Category:Italian-American history]]

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@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 {{See also|List of Italian-American neighborhoods#New York City{{!}}List of Italian-American neighborhoods}}
 *[[Annadale, Staten Island]]
-* [[Arrochar, Staten Island]]
 *[[Arthur Avenue (Bronx)|Arthur Avenue]] (the Bronx's Little Italy)
 *[[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn]]