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JapanMexico relations: Difference between revisions





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The nations of [[Japan]] and [[Mexico]] first established formal diplomatic relations in 1888 with the signing of the Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation between both nations. This agreement was Japan's first "equal" treaty with any country;<ref name=MOFA>[https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/mexico/data.html Japan-Mexico Relations (Basic Data)]</ref> which overshadows [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]'s pre-[[Edo period]] initiatives which sought to establish official relations with the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|New Spain]] in Mexico.<ref>Nutail, Zelia. (1906). ''The Earliest Historical Relations Between Mexico and Japan'', p. 2; [https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/03/archives/japan-to-decorate-kind-alfonso-today-emperors-brother-nears-madrid.html?sq=order+of+the+chrysanthemum+&scp=4&st=p "Japan to Decorate King Alfonso Today; Emperor's Brother Nears Madrid With Collar of the Chrysanthemum for Spanish King."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512090708/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B1EFE3D5C117A93C1A9178AD95F448385F9&scp=4&sq=order+of+the+chrysanthemum+&st=p |date=12 May 2013 }} ''New York Times'', 3 November 1930.</ref>
 
In 1897, 35 members of the so-called ''Enomoto'' Colonization Party settle in the Mexican state of [[Chiapas]]. This was the first organized emigration from Japan to Latin America. In 1952, Mexico becomes the second country to ratify the [[Treaty of San Francisco|San Francisco Peace Treaty]], preceded only by the [[United Kingdom]].
 
== History ==
=== Early history ===
[[File:Hasekura Tsunenaga , Acapulco, Guerrero. Mexico (6186964896).jpg|thumb|Monument to [[Hasekura Tsunenaga]] in the ''Plaza Japón'' of [[Acapulco]], Mexico. The sculpture is a replica of a monument on the [[Aoba Castle]] grounds in [[Sendai]], Japan.]]
 
Under Spanish colonial rule, Mexico, then known as [[New Spain]], controlled the trade routes between [[Manila]], capital of the [[Philippines]] and the Mexican port of [[Acapulco]]. Through this trade route, Spanish [[galleon]]s sailed from Acapulco to the Philippines and traded with neighboring countries/territories within the vicinity. Some of those territories were the islands of Japan. In Manila, Japanese trading boats would arrive and bring goods and food to trade with the New Spanish government. From Manila, Spanish vessels would transport the goods back to Acapulco, traverse the Mexican terrain until they reached the port of [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]] and from there transport the goods onto another Spanish vessel to Spain.
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In 1609, a Spanish galleon called ''San Francisco'' capsized near [[Otaki, Chiba]] while making its way from Manila to Acapulco. 370 castaways were rescued by Japanese fisherman. Among those rescued was the New Spanish governor of the Philippines; [[Rodrigo de Vivero]]. In Japan, de Vivero was able to travel to Tokyo and met with high level dignitaries and establish direct commercial relations between Japan and the Spanish empire via the Philippines. After spending some time travelling throughout the Japanese islands, de Vivero returned to Acapulco with a new ship built in Japan called the ''San Buenaventura'' and with some Japanese men on board. Once in Acapulco, de Vivero brought his mission to [[Mexico City]] and met with the Spanish viceroy, [[Luis de Velazco]] and communicated to him his report. In March 1611, the Spanish viceroy Veleazco sent a mission directly from Acapulco to Japan thanking the Japanese government for assisting his governor de Vivero and reimbursed them for the ship San Buenaventura, and giving them gifts in homage, one of them being a clock made in Madrid and it was to be the first clock that people of Japan had ever seen before.<ref name=SRE />
 
[[File:Monument of JPN-ESP-MEX Diplomatic Orijin 20160529.jpg|thumb|rightleft|Birthplace Monument of Traffic and Friendship between Japan, Spain and Mexico in [[Onjuku]], Japan]]
[[File:Kingo Nonaka.jpg|thumbnail|left|180px|[[Kingo Nonaka]] was a combat medic during the [[Mexican Revolution]] and later a documentary photographer of Tijuana. Nonaka was the head of [[Pancho Villa]]'s personal medical squadron in the Northern Division.]]
In October 1613, the first Japanese diplomatic mission was sent to New Spain by [[Masamune Date]], a regional strongman. This diplomatic mission was to be known as the [[Keichō]] embassy and it was the second diplomatic mission to travel to Europe after the first historic mission known as the [[Tenshō embassy]]. Date had built a new exploration ship called the ''Date Maru'' or [[San Juan Bautista (ship)|San Juan Bautista]] which was to take the diplomatic party to the Americas. The party left Japan on 28 October 1613 towards Acapulco with a total of around 180 people on board, including ten samurai of the [[shōgun]] [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], 12 samurai from [[Sendai]], 120 Japanese merchants; and sailors.
 
[[File:Hasekura Tsunenaga , Acapulco, Guerrero. Mexico (6186964896).jpg|thumb|Monument to [[Hasekura Tsunenaga]] in the ''Plaza Japón'' of [[Acapulco]], Mexico. The sculpture is a replica of a monument on the [[Aoba Castle]] grounds in [[Sendai]], Japan.]]
 
In October 1613, the first Japanese diplomatic mission was sent to New Spain by [[Masamune Date]], a regional strongman. This diplomatic mission was to be known as the [[Keichō]] embassy and it was the second diplomatic mission to travel to Europe after the first historic mission known as the [[Tenshō embassy]]. Date had built a new exploration ship called the ''Date Maru'' or [[San Juan Bautista (ship)|San Juan Bautista]] which was to take the diplomatic party to the Americas. The party left Japan on 28 October 1613 towards Acapulco with a total of around 180 people on board, including ten samurai of the [[shōgun]] [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], 12 samurai from [[Sendai]], 120 Japanese merchants; and sailors. The leader, [[Hasekura Tsunenaga]], met with the Spanish viceroy [[Diego Fernández de Córdoba, 1st Marquess of Guadalcázar|Diego Fernández de Córdoba]]. When the delegation arrived in [[Acapulco]], a fight broke out in which a Japanese [[samurai]] stabbed a Spanish colonial soldier. This was witnessed and recorded by historian [[Chimalpahin]]; who was the grandson of an [[Aztec]] nobleman.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Unknown Story of the Samurai Who Traveled to Mexico Hundreds of Years Ago |url=https://curiosmos.com/the-unknown-story-of-the-samurai-who-traveled-to-mexico-hundreds-of-years-ago/ |website=Curiosmos |access-date=19 April 2021 |date=10 February 2020}}</ref> In Mexico City, Hasekura met with several colonial leaders and offered the New Spanish government free commerce between the New Spanish territories and Japan and asked for a group of Christian missionaries to return to Japan. The diplomatic mission also offered to expel both English and Dutch citizens from the country because both nations were considered at the time to be enemies of the Spanish king. In June 1614, Hasekura left New Spain via Veracruz and continued on his journey to Spain to meet with the Spanish king leaving behind a small delegation. In Spain, Hasekura was baptized a [[Catholic]] and changed his name to Francisco Felipe Faxicura. Two years later in February 1617, Hasekura/Faxicura returned from Spain to Veracruz and traveled to Mexico City. Upon arrival to Mexico City, Hasekura was surprised to see that most members of his delegation that he had left behind, had married and integrated into the Mexican community. In 1620, Hasekura and his diplomatic mission set sailed and returned to Japan. On arrival, they were confronted with the fact the country had dramatically changed since their departure in 1613 and that anything related to Christianity had been banned. Hasekura and his delegation had to renounce their adopted religion. Since Hasekura's diplomatic mission to New Spain, Japan entered a time of isolation and refused to trade with foreign nations.<ref name=Bilateral>[http://www.mx.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_es/mexico-japon.html Bilateral relations between Japan and Mexico (in Spanish)]</ref>
 
===Meiji Restoration and Porfiriato===
 
In October 1613, the first Japanese diplomatic mission was sent to New Spain by [[Masamune Date]], a regional strongman. This diplomatic mission was to be known as the [[Keichō]] embassy and it was the second diplomatic mission to travel to Europe after the first historic mission known as the [[Tenshō embassy]]. Date had built a new exploration ship called the ''Date Maru'' or [[San Juan Bautista (ship)|San Juan Bautista]] which was to take the diplomatic party to the Americas. The party left Japan on 28 October 1613 towards Acapulco with a total of around 180 people on board, including ten samurai of the [[shōgun]] [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], 12 samurai from [[Sendai]], 120 Japanese merchants; and sailors. The leader, [[Hasekura Tsunenaga]] met with the Spanish viceroy [[Diego Fernández de Córdoba, 1st Marquess of Guadalcázar|Diego Fernández de Córdoba]]. When the delegation arrived in [[Acapulco]], a fight broke out in which a Japanese [[samurai]] stabbed a Spanish colonial soldier. This was witnessed and recorded by historian [[Chimalpahin]]; who was the grandson of an [[Aztec]] nobleman.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Unknown Story of the Samurai Who Traveled to Mexico Hundreds of Years Ago |url=https://curiosmos.com/the-unknown-story-of-the-samurai-who-traveled-to-mexico-hundreds-of-years-ago/ |website=Curiosmos |access-date=19 April 2021 |date=10 February 2020}}</ref> In Mexico City, Hasekura met with several colonial leaders and offered the New Spanish government free commerce between the New Spanish territories and Japan and asked for a group of Christian missionaries to return to Japan. The diplomatic mission also offered to expel both English and Dutch citizens from the country because both nations were considered at the time to be enemies of the Spanish king. In June 1614, Hasekura left New Spain via Veracruz and continued on his journey to Spain to meet with the Spanish king leaving behind a small delegation. In Spain, Hasekura was baptized a [[Catholic]] and changed his name to Francisco Felipe Faxicura. Two years later in February 1617, Hasekura/Faxicura returned from Spain to Veracruz and traveled to Mexico City. Upon arrival to Mexico City, Hasekura was surprised to see that most members of his delegation that he had left behind, had married and integrated into the Mexican community. In 1620, Hasekura and his diplomatic mission set sailed and returned to Japan. On arrival, they were confronted with the fact the country had dramatically changed since their departure in 1613 and that anything related to Christianity had been banned. Hasekura and his delegation had to renounce their adopted religion. Since Hasekura's diplomatic mission to New Spain, Japan entered a time of isolation and refused to trade with foreign nations.<ref name=Bilateral>[http://www.mx.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_es/mexico-japon.html Bilateral relations between Japan and Mexico (in Spanish)]</ref>
[[File:Monument of JPN-ESP-MEX Diplomatic Orijin 20160529.jpg|thumb|right|Birthplace Monument of Traffic and Friendship between Japan, Spain and Mexico in [[Onjuku]], Japan]]
After the [[Meiji Restoration]], in which the [[Empire of Japan]] officially reestablished diplomatic relations with various governments of the world, in Mexico arose interest to initiate official relations with the Empire of Japan. The expedition from Mexico to Japan in 1874, led by the Mexican scientist Francisco Díaz Covarrubias, was the reason why formal attempts were made between representatives of the governments of both countries to have diplomatic relations. At the end of Diaz Covarrubias' report, such action was recommended.
 
In 1874 (53 years after Mexico declared independence from Spain in 1821), a Mexican scientific delegation headed by Francisco Díaz Covarrubias arrived in Japan to witness the transit of the planet [[Venus]] through a solar disc. Although the scientific delegation did not have much success, this mission did allow for formal diplomatic relations to begin between the two nations. In 1888 Foreign Ministers [[Matías Romero]] and [[Munemitsu Mutsu]] signed a Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation; which was to be Japan's first "equal" treaty with a foreign nation (as it did not grant Mexico any extra-territorial right or jurisdiction in Japan) and thus formally established diplomatic relations between the two nations.<ref name=SRE /><ref>[http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/mexico/data.html Japan-Mexico Relations (Basic Data)]</ref>
 
=== World War II and Post-war relations ===
Since establishing diplomatic relations, contact between the two nations increased through trade and commerce. In 1941, Mexico closed its diplomatic legation in Tokyo and consulate in [[Yokohama]] as a result of the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].<ref>[https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/japon/index.php/es/embajada/relacion-politica Marco Jurídico de la Relación México-Japón (in Spanish)]</ref> In May 1942, Mexico declared war on the [[Axis Powers]], which included Japan, and joined [[World War II]]. The [[Escuadrón 201]] was a squadron of fighter planes that fought against Japanese pilots at the [[Battle of Luzon]] in the Philippines. After the war, diplomatic relations were restored and have continued unabated ever since.
 
The fact that Mexico agreed to sign a more just treaty in comparison to the treaties reached by other countries that favored the Europeans over the Japanese was seen as a grateful act for the Asian nation; and so the Mexican embassy in Tokyo was given a unique location right next to the Official Residence of the Prime Minister in the heart of the Japanese capital, in an area reserved for the room of senior rulers of the country. It remains there to this day.<ref>Mario M., Miyoshi (Abril, mayo y junio de 2016). "La embajada de México en Japón. Su inmejorable ubicación en México tiene una gran historia". Wattention Mexico Edition 2.</ref>
 
In 1897, 35 members of the so-called ''Enomoto'' Colonization Party settle in the Mexican state of [[Chiapas]]. This was the first organized emigration from Japan to Latin America. InAfter 1952,establishing Mexicodiplomatic becomesrelations, thecontact second country to ratifybetween the [[Treatytwo ofnations Sanincreased Francisco|Santhrough Franciscotrade Peaceand Treaty]],commerce. preceded only by the [[United Kingdom]].
 
=== World War II and Post-war relations ===
[[File:Vista de la Tribuna monumental dedicada al Escuadrón 201 y a la Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana.jpg|thumb|The [[Tribuna Monumental|Tribuna Monument]] to Squadron 201, which fought in the Philippines campaign against Imperial Japan]]
 
Since establishing diplomatic relations, contact between the two nations increased through trade and commerce. In 1941, Mexico closed its diplomatic legation in Tokyo and consulate in [[Yokohama]] as a result of the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].<ref>[https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/japon/index.php/es/embajada/relacion-politica Marco Jurídico de la Relación México-Japón (in Spanish)]</ref> In May 1942, Mexico declared war on the [[Axis Powers]], which included Japan, and joined [[World War II]]. The [[Escuadrón 201]] was a squadron of fighter planes that fought against Japanese pilots at the [[Battle of Luzon]] in the Philippines. After the war, diplomatic relations were restored and have continued unabated ever since.
 
In 1952, Mexico becomes the second country to ratify the [[Treaty of San Francisco|San Francisco Peace Treaty]] (preceded only by the [[United Kingdom]]), officially ending the state of war.
 
===Contemporary relations===
In 1959, Prime Minister [[Nobusuke Kishi]] paid a visit to Mexico, the first by a Japanese head-of-government.<ref>[https://www.gob.mx/epn/prensa/la-relacion-entre-mexico-y-japon-es-mas-productiva-y-confianza-el-comercio-entre-ambos-paises-es-cercano-a-20-mil-millones-de-dolares-epn La relación entre México y Japón es más productiva y confianza (in Spanish)]</ref> In 1962, Mexican President [[Adolfo López Mateos]] reciprocated the visit to Japan.<ref name=Visits>[https://comisiones.senado.gob.mx/relext_apa/docs/nombramientos/carpeta_trabajo.pdf Relación histórica de visitas y encuentros (in Spanish)]</ref> In 1964, Japanese crown Prince [[Akihito]] paid a visit to Mexico. Since the initial visits, there have been several high-level visits between leaders and representatives of both nations that have occurred through to common times with the latest visits by President [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] in 2013 to Japan and by Prime Minister [[Shinzo Abe]] to Mexico City in 2014.<ref name=Visits />
 
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File:Heads of State Cancun Summit 1981.jpg|President José López Portillo and Prime Minister Zenkō Suzuki in Cancún, 1981.
File:Cumbre del G20 en Los Cabos, México.jpg|President Felipe Calderón and Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda in Los Cabos, 2012.
File:Firma del Libro de Visitantes Distinguidos del Club Nacional de Prensa de Japón (8638481602).jpg|President Peña Nieto signing the [[Akasaka Palace]] guestbook, 2013
File:Audiencia de SS.AA. Imperiales Príncipe y Princesa Akishino, Príncipes de Japón, con el Lic. Enrique Peña Nieto, Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. (15459488441).jpg|President Enrique Peña Nieto, Prince Akishino and Princess Kiko in the [[National Palace (Mexico)|Palacio Nacional]], Mexico City, 2014.
File:Shinzō Abe and Akie Abe in Mexico City, July 2014.jpg|Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in [[Chapultepec Park]], Mexico City, 2014.
</gallery>
 

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan–Mexico_relations"
 




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