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removed Category:Public holidays in Bangladesh; added Category:National days in Bangladesh using HotCat
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{{EngvarB|date=February 2021}}▼
{{Short description|National holiday of Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox holiday
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|caption = The [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] monument commemorates those who lost their lives during the protests on 21 February 1952.
|official_name = {{lang-bn|ভাষা আন্দোলন দিবস}} (''Bhasha Andolôn Dibôs'')
|nickname = {{lang-bn|ভাষা শহীদ দিবস}} (''Bhasha Shôhid Dibôs'')
|duration = 1 day
|frequency = Annual
|observedby = [[Bangladesh]] and Bengali speakers in India and elsewhere
|date = 21 February
|firsttime = 1955<ref name="Islam1994" />
|celebrations = Flag hoisting, [[parade]]s, singing patriotic songs, the ''[[Amar Bhaier Rokte Rangano]]'', speeches by the [[President of Bangladesh|President]] and [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]], entertainment and cultural programs.
|observances =
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==Background==
{{main|Bengali language movement}}
[[File:Partition of India.PNG|thumb|
After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Bengali-speaking people in [[East Bengal]], the non-contiguous eastern part of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], made up 44 million of the newly formed Dominion of
==Protest==
[[Image:1952_Bengali_Language_movement.jpg|thumb|250px|Procession march held on 21 February 1952 in [[Dhaka]]]]
At nine o'clock on the morning of 21 February 1952, students began gathering on the premises of the University of Dhaka in defiance of [[Unlawful Assembly|Section 144]] of the [[Pakistan Penal Code|penal code]]. The university vice-chancellor and other officials were present as armed police surrounded the campus. By a quarter past eleven, students gathered at the university gate and attempted to break the police line. Police fired [[tear gas]] shells towards the gate to warn the students.<ref name="Banglapedia"/> A section of students ran into the [[Dhaka Medical College and Hospital|Dhaka Medical College]] while others rallied towards the university premises cordoned by the police. The vice-chancellor asked police to stop firing and ordered the students to leave the area. However, the police arrested several students for violating Section 144 as they attempted to leave. Enraged by the arrests, the students met around the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]] and blocked the legislators' way, asking them to present their insistence at the assembly. When a group of students sought to storm into the building, police opened fire and killed a number of students, including [[Abdus Salam (language martyr)|Abdus Salam]], [[Rafiq Uddin Ahmed]], [[Abul Barkat]] and [[Abdul Jabbar (activist)|Abdul Jabbar]].<ref name="Banglapedia"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Dhaka Medical College Hostel Prangone Chatro Shomabesher Upor Policer Guliborshon. Bishwabidyalayer Tinjon Chatroshoho Char Bekti Nihoto O Shotero Bekti Ahoto |language=bn |work=The Azad |date=21 February 1952}}</ref> As the news of the killings spread, disorder erupted across the city. Shops, offices and public transport were shut down and a general strike began.<ref name=UStudies>{{cite book |editor=James Heitzman |editor2=Robert Worden |url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/ |title=Bangladesh: A Country Study |access-date=16 June 2007 |chapter=Pakistan Period (1947–71) |chapter-url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/14.htm |publisher=Government Printing Office, Country Studies US |year=1989 |isbn=0-16-017720-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622211513/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/21.htm |archive-date=22 June 2011}}</ref> At the assembly, six legislators including [[Manoranjan Dhar]], Boshontokumar Das, Shamsuddin Ahmed and Dhirendranath Datta requested that chief minister [[Nurul Amin]] visit wounded students in hospital and that the assembly be adjourned as a sign of mourning.<ref name=bashir377393>{{cite book |last=Al Helal |first=Bashir |author-link=Bashir Al Helal |date=2003 |title=Bhasa Andolaner Itihas |trans-title=History of the Language Movement |language=bn |location=Dhaka |publisher=[[Agamee Prakashani]] |pages=377–393 |isbn=984-401-523-5}}</ref> This motion was supported by some of the treasury bench members including [[Maulana Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish]], Shorfuddin Ahmed, Shamsuddin Ahmed Khondokar and Mosihuddin Ahmed.<ref name=bashir377393/> However Nurul Amin refused the requests.<ref name="Banglapedia"/><ref name=bashir377393/>
==Effects==
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On 7 May 1954, the constituent assembly resolved, with the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]]'s support, to grant official status to Bengali. Bengali was recognised as the second official language of Pakistan on 29 February 1956, and article 214(1) of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]] was amended to provide that "The state language of Pakistan shall be Urdu and Bengali."
However, the military government formed by [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] made attempts to re-establish Urdu as the sole national language. On 6 January 1959, the military regime issued an official statement and reinstated the official stance of supporting the 1956 constitution's policy of two state languages.<ref name="lambert">{{cite journal |last=Lambert |first=Richard D. |title=Factors in Bengali Regionalism in Pakistan |journal=Far Eastern Survey |volume=28 |issue=4 |date=April 1959 |issn=0362-8949 |pages=49–58 |doi=10.2307/3024111 |jstor=3024111}}</ref>
===Independence of Bangladesh===
{{Main|Bangladesh Liberation War}}
Although the question of official languages was settled by 1956, the military regime of Ayub Khan promoted the interests of West Pakistan at the expense of East Pakistan. Despite forming the majority of the national population, the East Pakistani population continued to be under-represented in the civil and military services, and received a minority of state funding and other government help. This was mainly due to
==Commemoration==
{{See also|Shaheed Minar, Dhaka}}
To commemorate this movement, [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]], a solemn and symbolic sculpture, was erected in the place of the massacre.{{
Following the formation of
[[UNESCO]] decided to observe 21 February as [[International Mother Language Day]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsgram.com/commemorating-the-international-mother-language-day-february-21/ |title=Commemorating the International Mother Language Day- February 21 |date=21 February 2016 |website=NewsGram |language=en-US |access-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508093840/http://www.newsgram.com/commemorating-the-international-mother-language-day-february-21/ |archive-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> The UNESCO General Conference took the decision that took effect on 17 November 1999,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |title=Language Movement
==See also==
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== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040051/http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/ekushe.html A timeline of events]
* [http://www.toronto.ca/proclamations/2006/proclamation_internationalmotherlanguageday2006.htm International Mother Language Day at Toronto]
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[[Category:February observances]]
[[Category:Language observances]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:
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