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{{Short description|Study of the geographic distribution of language(s)}}
[[Image:Linguistic Map of Justinian I's Empire c. 560.png|right|thumb|300px|A map of the language divisions within [[Justinian I]]'s [[Byzantine Empire]] {{legend|#FFB4B4|Greek}}{{legend|#FFE5B4|Greek and native}}{{legend|#B4C0FF|Latin}}{{legend|#B4E9FF|Latin and native}}{{legend|#FFB4F9|Aramaic}}{{legend|#BBFFB4|Coptic}}{{legend|#EEFFB4|Caucasian}}]]▼
'''Language geography''' is the branch of [[human geography]] that studies the geographic distribution of language(s) or its constituent elements. Linguistic geography can also refer to studies of how people talk about the landscape. For example, [[toponymy]] is the study of place names.<ref name="Toponymy">{{cite book|title=Toponymy : the lore, laws, and language of geographical names|last1=Kadmon|first1=Naftali|date=2000|publisher=Vantage Press|isbn=0533135311|edition=1st|location=New York}}</ref> Landscape ethnoecology, also known as ethnophysiography, is the study of landscape ontologies and how they are expressed in language.<ref>{{cite book|title=Landscape Ethnoecology: Concepts of Biotic and Physical Space|date=2012|publisher=Berghahn Books|editor1-last=Johnson|editor1-first=Leslie Main|location=New York|editor2-last=Hunn|editor2-first=Eugene S.}}</ref> ▼
▲[[Image:Linguistic Map of Justinian I's Empire c. 560.png|right|thumb|300px|A map of the language divisions within [[Justinian I]]'s [[Byzantine Empire]] {{legend|#FFB4B4|Greek}}{{legend|#FFE5B4|Greek and native}}{{legend|#B4C0FF|Latin}}{{legend|#B4E9FF|Latin and native}}{{legend|#FFB4F9|Aramaic}}{{legend|#BBFFB4|Coptic}}{{legend|#EEFFB4|Caucasian and Armenian}}]]
▲'''Language geography''' is the branch of [[human geography]] that studies the geographic distribution of language(s) or its constituent elements. '''Linguistic geography''' can also refer to studies of how people talk about the landscape. For example, [[toponymy]] is the study of place names.<ref name="Toponymy">{{cite book|title=Toponymy : the lore, laws, and language of geographical names|last1=Kadmon|first1=Naftali|date=2000|publisher=Vantage Press|isbn=0533135311|edition=1st|location=New York}}</ref> Landscape ethnoecology, also known as ethnophysiography, is the study of landscape ontologies and how they are expressed in language.<ref>{{cite book|title=Landscape Ethnoecology: Concepts of Biotic and Physical Space|date=2012|publisher=Berghahn Books|editor1-last=Johnson|editor1-first=Leslie Main|location=New York|editor2-last=Hunn|editor2-first=Eugene S.}}</ref>
There are two principal fields of study within the geography of language:
#''geography of languages'', which deals with the distribution through history and space of languages,<ref>Delgado de Carvalho, C.M. (1962). ''The geography of languages
# ''[[geolinguistics]]'' being, when used as a sub-discipline of geography, the study of the 'political, economic and cultural processes that affect the status and distribution of languages'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gunnemark|first=Erik|author-link=Erik V. Gunnemark|year=1991|title=What is geolinguistics ?
Various other terms and subdisciplines have been suggested, but none gained much currency,<ref name="Dict">Withers, Charles W.J. [1981] (1993). Johnson, R.J. ''The Dictionary of Human Geography'', Gregory, Derek; Smith, David M., Second edition, Oxford: Blackwell,
* ''linguistic geography'',<ref>Dell'Aquila, V. (1997). ''[https://www.academia.edu/2013163/Mapping_the_languages_of_Europe Mapping the languages of Europe]'' in Herberts K., Laurén C., Laurén U, Strömann S. (Eds.): "Flerspråkighetens dimensioner. Individ, familj och samhälle", Vaasan Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Vaasa/Vasa,
* a division within the examination of linguistic geography separating the studies of change over time and space;<ref>Iordan, I.; Orr, J. (1970). ''An introduction to romance linguistics.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell; Berkeley: University of California Press.</ref>
Many studies in what is now called contact linguistics have researched the effect of [[language contact]],<ref>Weinrich, U. (1974). ''Languages in contact
== Linguistic geography ==
Linguistic geography, as a field, is dominated by [[Linguistics|linguists]] rather than [[geographer]]s.<ref name=Trud3/> [[Charles W. J. Withers]] describes the difference as resulting from a focus on "elements of language, and only then with their geographical or social variation, as opposed to investigation of the processes making for change in the extent of language areas."<ref name=Dict/> [[Peter Trudgill]] says, "linguistic geography has been geographical only in the sense that it has been concerned with the spatial distribution of linguistic phenomena."<ref name=Trud2/> Greater emphasis has been laid upon explanation rather than mere description of the patterns of linguistic change.<ref name=Trud3/><ref name=Dict/> That move has paralleled similar concerns in [[geography]] and language studies.<ref>Withers, C.W.J. (1984). ''Gaelic in Scotland
Some studies have paid attention to the social use<ref>Hult, F.M. (2009). Language ecology and linguistic landscape analysis. In E. Shohamy & D. Gorter (Eds.), ''Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery'' (pp.
{{quote|"a nasty little orthodoxy among the educational and linguistic establishment. However badly you need standard English, you will have the merits of non-standard English waved at you. The more extravagantly your disadvantages will be lauded as 'entirely adequate for the needs of their speakers', to cite the author of ''Sociolinguistics''. It may sound like a radical cry to support pidgin, patois, or dialect, but translated into social terms, it looks more like a ploy to keep Them (whoever Them may be) out of the middle-class suburbs."|John Vincent|The Times<ref>''The Times, 23 February 1983, p. 12</ref>}}
Burchfield concludes, "Resolution of such opposite views is not possible.... future of dialect studies and the study of class-marked distinctions are likely to be of considerable interest to everyone."<ref>Burchfield, Robert [1985] (2003). ''The English Language'', New York: Oxford University Press,
In [[England]], linguistic geography has traditionally focused upon rural English, rather than urban English.<ref>In 1985, one could still say, "We still know far more about the distribution of ''byre/shippon/mistall/cow-stable/cow-house/cow-shed/neat-house/beast-house'' for 'cow-shed' than we do about urban synonyms
== Geolinguistic organizations ==
Most [[geolinguistic organizations]] identify themselves as associations of linguists rather than of geographers. This includes the two oldest which both date to 1965 with "Amici Linguarum" (language friends) being founded by [
==See also==
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== References ==
{{Reflist
==External links==
*[http://www.geolectos.com/atlas.htm Linguistic atlas of the world]
*[
{{Geographical distribution of languages}}
{{Human geography}}
{{Authority control}}
▲{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Language Geography}}
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