Languages of the Soviet Union: Difference between revisions

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Line 5: \| official = [[Russian language\|Russian]] \| regional = [[Armenian language\|Armenian]], [[Azerbaijani language\|Azerbaijani]], [[Belarusian language\|Belarusian]], [[Estonian language\|Estonian]], [[Georgian language\|Georgian]], [[Kazakh language\|Kazakh]], [[Kyrgyz language\|Kyrgyz]], [[Latvian language\|Latvian]], [[Lithuanian language\|Lithuanian]], [[Moldovan language\|Moldovan]] ([[Romanian language\|Romanian]]), [[Tajik language\|Tajik]], [[Turkmen language\|Turkmen]], [[Ukrainian language\|Ukrainian]], [[Uzbek language\|Uzbek]] \| minority = Several minority languages. See distribution and status section for a full list. ~~\| immigrant = [[Korean language\|Korean]]~~ \| immigrant = \| foreign = [[English language\|English]], [[German language\|German]] }} Line 12 ⟶ 13: The '''languages of the Soviet Union''' consist of hundreds of different languages and dialects from several different language groups. In 1922, it was decreed that all nationalities in the [[Soviet Union]] had the right to [[Korenizatsiya\|education in their own language]]. The new orthography used the [[Cyrillic script\|Cyrillic]], [[Latin alphabet\|Latin]], or [[Arabic alphabet\|Arabic]] alphabet, depending on geography and culture. After 1937, all languages that had received new alphabets after 1917 began using the Cyrillic alphabet. This way, it would be easier for linguistic minorities to learn to write both Russian and their native language~~. In 1960, the school educational laws were changed and teaching became more dominated by Russian~~.{{citation needed\|date=~~February~~March ~~2014~~2024}} Moreover, the [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic\|Armenian]] and [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic\|Georgian]], as well as the [[Baltic States\|Baltic]] Soviet Socialist Republics were the only Soviet republics to maintain their writing systems ([[Armenian alphabet\|Armenian]], [[Georgian alphabet\|Georgian]] and [[Latin alphabet\|Latin]] alphabets respectively). == Language policy == Line 22 ⟶ 23: === Soviet language policy === In 1914 [[Vladimir Lenin]] was opposed to the idea of a compulsory or official state language.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Lenin\|first=Vladimir\|title=Lenin: Is a Compulsory Official Language Needed?\|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/jan/18.htm\|access-date=2020-12-11\|website=www.marxists.org}}</ref> Equality of all peoples and of all languages was a commitment made by Lenin and his associates before and after the October Revolution.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Comrie\|first=Bernard\|title=The Languages of the Soviet Union\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=1981}}</ref> As a result, no single language was designated for official use in the Soviet Union and the existence of the spoken languages of the national minorities was guaranteed. Everyone had the right to use their own language, both in private and public, as well as in correspondence with officials and while giving testimony in court.<ref name=":0" /> The USSR was a multilingual state, with around 130 languages spoken natively.<ref name=":0" /> Discrimination on the basis of language was illegal under the [[Soviet Constitution]], though the status of its languages differed. However, the Soviet Union faced the problem of unifying the country, and for that reason, Russian was selected as the common language to facilitate communication between members of different ethnic groups.<ref name=":0" /> Line 35 ⟶ 36: Writing systems based on the [[Arabic script]] caused major problems because they were poorly adapted to indicate phonemic differences that are found in Turkic languages or North-East Caucasian languages. A first attempt tried to create a simplified form of Arabic script. However, the task was abandoned. Instead, the Latin alphabet was used for all languages of the Soviet Union without a traditional alphabetical writing system, avoiding the impression that the policy was a [[Russification]] attempt.<ref name=":0" /> Written forms were developed for several languages with a very small number of speakers, such as the Finno-Ugric languages [[Karelian language\|Karelian]], [[Veps language\|Veps]], and [[~~Northern~~Sámi ~~Sami~~languages\|~~Lapp~~Sámi]]. However, many of these writing systems had a short life. In the case of [[Itelmen language\|Itelmen]], never was put into practical use. Other languages that received their writing systems during the 1920s and early 1930s kept using them, such as [[Nanai language\|~~Nanay~~Nanai]], [[Nivkh languages\|Nivkh]], [[Koryak language\|Koryak]], [[Chukchi language\|Chuckchi]], [[Khanty language\|Khanty]], and [[Mansi language\|Mansi]].<ref name=":0" /> ==Distribution and status== Line 52 ⟶ 53: Some smaller languages with very dwindling small communities, like [[Livonian language\|Livonian]], were neglected, and weren't present either in education or in publishing.{{Citation needed\|date=November 2007}} Several languages of non-[[titular nation]]s, like [[German language\|German]], [[Korean language\|Korean]] or [[Polish language\|Polish]], although having sizable communities in the USSR, and in some cases being present in education and in publishing, were not considered to be Soviet languages. On the other hand, [[Finnish language\|Finnish]], although not generally considered a language of the USSR, was an official language of the [[Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic\|Karelia]] and its predecessor [[Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic\|as a Soviet republic]].{{Citation needed\|date=January 2008}} Also [[Yiddish language\|Yiddish]] and [[~~Romany~~Romani language\|~~Romany~~Romani]] were considered Soviet languages.{{Citation needed\|date=January 2008}} {\| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible ~~mw-collapsed~~" \|+ Languages by family, distribution and status !Language Family !Language !Official in !Distribution !Status<ref>{{Cite web \|title=UNESCO World Atlas of Languages \|url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/}}</ref> ~~!Status~~ \|- \| rowspan="4" \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Slavic languages\|Slavic]] > [[East Slavic languages\|East Slavic]] \|[[Russian language\|Russian]] \|{{Flagcountry\|USSR}} ~~\|'''[[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic\|Russian Soviet Socialist Republic]]''', and all other Republics~~ {{Flagcountry\|RSFSR}} \| \|Spoken in all republics \|Safe \|- ~~\|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Slavic languages\|Slavic]] > [[East Slavic languages\|East Slavic]]~~ \|[[Ukrainian language\|Ukrainian]] \|~~'''[[~~{{Flagcountry\|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic~~]]'''~~}} \|Ukrainian SSR, Russian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Estonian SSR, Moldavian SSR, Georgian SSR \| \|Safe \|- ~~\|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Slavic languages\|Slavic]] > [[East Slavic languages\|East Slavic]]~~ \|[[Belarusian language\|Belarusian]] \|~~'''[[~~{{Flagcountry\|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic~~]]'''~~}} \|Byelorussian SSR, Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR \| \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- ~~\|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Slavic languages\|Slavic]] > [[East Slavic languages\|East Slavic]]~~ \|[[Rusyn language\|Rusyn]] ~~\|'''[[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]'''~~ \| \|Ukrainian SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \| rowspan="2" \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Slavic languages\|Slavic]] > [[West Slavic languages\|West Slavic]] \|[[Polish language\|Polish]] \| \|Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Estonian SSR \| \|- ~~\|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Slavic languages\|Slavic]] > [[West Slavic languages\|West Slavic]]~~ \|[[Slovak language\|Slovak]] \| \|Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Georgian SSR \| \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Slavic languages\|Slavic]] > [[South Slavic languages\|South Slavic]] \|[[Bulgarian language\|Bulgarian]] \| \|Ukrainian SSR, Moldavian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \| rowspan="3" \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Baltic languages\|Baltic]] \|[[Latvian language\|Latvian]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic}} \|Latvian SSR \|Safe \|- \|[[Latgalian language\|Latgalian]] \| \|Latvian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- ~~\|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Baltic languages\|Baltic]]~~ \|[[Lithuanian language\|Lithuanian]] \|~~'''[[~~{{Flagcountry\|Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic~~]]'''~~}} \|Lithuanian SSR \|Safe \|- \| rowspan="2" \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Germanic languages\|Germanic]] > [[North Germanic languages\|North Germanic]] \|[[Kola Norwegians\|Norwegian]] \| \|Russian SSR \| \|- \|[[Estonian Swedish\|Swedish]] ~~\|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Baltic languages\|Baltic]]~~ ~~\|[[Latvian language\|Latvian]]~~ ~~\|'''[[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic]]'''~~ \| \|Estonian SSR, Ukrainian SSR \|(Estonian Swedish) Critically Endangered \|- \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Germanic languages\|Germanic]] > [[West Germanic languages\|West Germanic]] \|[[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union\|German]] ~~\|[[German language\|German]]~~ \|[[Volga German ASSR]] \| \|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kazakh SSR \| \|- \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Germanic languages\|Germanic]] > [[West Germanic languages\|West Germanic]] > [[High German languages\|High German]] \|[[Yiddish]] \|{{Flag\|Jewish Autonomous Oblast\|name=Jewish AO}} \|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Germanic languages\|Germanic]] > [[West Germanic languages\|West Germanic]] > [[North Sea Germanic]] \|[[Plautdietsch]] \| \|Kazakh SSR \| \|- \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Romance languages\|Romance]] > [[Romanian language\|Romanian]] \|[[~~Moldavian~~Moldovan ~~dialect~~language\|~~Moldavian Dialect~~Moldovan]] (Romanian) \|[[Moldavian ASSR]] ~~\|'''[[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]'''[[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic\|,]] Ukrainian SSR~~ {{Flagcountry\|Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic}} \|Moldavian SSR, Ukrainian SSR \|Safe \|- \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Romance languages\|Romance]] > [[Italo-Western languages\|Italo-Western]] \|[[Italians of Crimea\|Italian]] \| \|Ukrainian SSR \| \|- \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[~~Hellenic~~Albanian ~~languages~~language\|~~Hellenic~~Albanian]] \|[[Albanians in Ukraine\|Albanian]] \| \|Ukrainian SSR \| \|- \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Hellenic languages\|Hellenic]] > [[Ancient Greek dialects\|Attic-Ionic]] \|[[Pontic Greek]] \| \|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Georgian SSR, Armenian SSR, Kazakh SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \| rowspan="2" \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Armenian languages\|Armenian]] \|[[Eastern Armenian]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic}} [[Nagorno-Karabakh AO]] \|Armenian SSR \|Safe \|- \|[[Western Armenian]] \| \|Armenian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[~~Iranian~~Armenian languages\|~~Iranian~~Armenian]] & [[Romani language\|Romani]] \|[[Lomavren language\|Lomavren]] \| \|Armenian SSR \|Critically Endangered \|- \| rowspan="5" \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Indo-Aryan languages\|Indo-Aryan]] > [[Romani language\|Romani]] \|[[Baltic Romani]] \| \|Russian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Sinte Romani]] \| \|Kazakh SSR \| \|- \|Northern [[Vlax Romani language\|Vlax Romani]] \| \|Ukrainian SSR, Moldovian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|Northern [[Balkan Romani]] \| \|Ukrainian SSR, Moldovian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|Southern [[Carpathian Romani\|Central Romani]] \| \|Ukrainian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Indo-Aryan languages\|Indo-Aryan]] \|[[Parya language\|Parya]] \| \|Tajik SSR, Uzbek SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \| rowspan="6" \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Iranian languages\|Iranian]] > [[Western Iranian languages\|West Iranian]] \|[[Tajik language\|Tajik]] \|~~'''[[~~{{Flagcountry\|Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic~~]]'''~~}} \|Tajik SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)\|Bukharian Dialect]] (Judeo-Tajik) \| \|Tajik SSR, Uzbek SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Kurmanji]] ~~\|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Iranian languages\|Iranian]]~~ ~~\|[[Kurdish~~(Northern ~~languages\|~~Kurdish]]) ~~\|'''[[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]]'''~~ \| \|Azerbaijan SSR, Russian SSR, Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR, \|Definitely Endangered \|- ~~\|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Iranian languages\|Iranian]]~~ \|[[Tat language (Caucasus)\|Tat]] \|[[Dagestan ASSR]] \|Azerbaijan SSR, Russian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- \|[[Judeo-Tat\|Juhuri]] (Judeo-Tat) \| \|Azerbaijan SSR, Russian SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Talysh language\|Talysh]] \| \|Azerbaijan SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \| rowspan="2" \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Iranian languages\|Iranian]] > [[Eastern Iranian languages\|East Iranian]] > [[Scythian languages\|Scythian]] \|[[Ossetian language\|Ossetian]] \|[[North Ossetian ASSR]] [[South Ossetian AO]] \|Georgian SSR, Russian SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Yaghnobi language\|Yaghnobi]] \| \|Tajik SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[Iranian languages\|Iranian]] > [[Eastern Iranian languages\|East Iranian]] > [[Scythian languages\|Scythian]]/[[Pamir languages\|Pamiri]] \|[[Wakhi language\|Wakhi]] \| \|Tajik SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \| rowspan="7" \|[[Indo-European languages\|Indo-European]] > [[~~Armenian~~Iranian languages\|Iranian]] > [[Eastern Iranian languages\|East Iranian]] > [[Pamir languages\|~~Armenian~~Pamiri]] \|[[~~Armenian~~Rushani language\|~~Armenian~~Rushani]] ~~\|'''[[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]]'''~~ \| \|Tajik SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Shughni language\|Shughni]] ~~\|[[Kartvelian languages\|Kartvelian]]~~ ~~\|[[Georgian language\|Georgian]]~~ ~~\|'''[[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic]]'''~~ \| \|Tajik SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Yazghulami language\|Yazghulami]] ~~\|[[Northwest Caucasian languages\|Northwest Caucasian]]~~ ~~\|[[Abkhaz language\|Abkhaz]]~~ \| \|Tajik SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Bartangi language\|Bartangi]] \| \|Tajik SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Ishkashimi language\|Ishkashimi]] ~~\|[[Northwest Caucasian languages\|Northwest Caucasian]]~~ ~~\|[[Abaza language\|Abaza]]~~ \| \|Tajik SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Khufi language\|Khufi]] \| \|Tajik SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Sanglechi language\|Sanglechi]] ~~\|[[Northwest Caucasian languages\|Northwest Caucasian]]~~ ~~\|[[Kabardian language\|Kabardian]]~~ \| \|Tajik SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \| rowspan="5" \|[[Kartvelian languages\|Kartvelian]] \|[[Georgian language\|Georgian]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic}} \|Georgian SSR \|Safe \|- \|[[Judaeo-Georgian\|Kivruli/Gruzinic Dialect]] (Judeo-Georgian) \| \|Georgian SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Svan language\|Svan]] ~~\|[[Northwest Caucasian languages\|Northwest Caucasian]]~~ ~~\|[[Adyghe language\|Adyghe]]~~ \| \|Georgian SSR, Russian SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Mingrelian language\|Mingrelian]] \| \|Georgian SSR, Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Laz language\|Laz]] ~~\|[[Northeast Caucasian languages\|Northeast Caucasian]]~~ ~~\|[[Chechen language\|Chechen]]~~ \| \|Georgian SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \| rowspan="5" \|[[Northwest Caucasian languages\|Northwest Caucasian]] \|[[Abkhaz language\|Abkhaz]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Abkhaz ASSR}} \|Georgian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Abaza language\|Abaza]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Kabardian language\|Kabardian]] ~~\|[[Northeast Caucasian languages\|Northeast Caucasian]]~~ (East Circassian) ~~\|[[Ingush language\|Ingush]]~~ \|[[Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR]] [[Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast\|Karachay-Cherkess AO]] \|Russian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Adyghe language\|Adyghe]] (West Circassian) \| \|Russian SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Ubykh language\|Ubykh]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Extinct \|- \| rowspan="3" \|[[Northeast Caucasian languages\|Northeast Caucasian]] > [[Nakh languages\|Nakh]] \|[[Chechen language\|Chechen]] \|[[Checheno-Ingush ASSR]] [[Dagestan ASSR]] \|Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Kazakh SSR, Georgian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Ingush language\|Ingush]] \|[[Checheno-Ingush ASSR]] \|Russian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Uzbek SSR, Turkmen SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Bats language\|Bats]] \| \|Georgian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- \| rowspan="9" \|[[Northeast Caucasian languages\|Northeast Caucasian]] > [[Avar–Andic languages\|Avar-Andic]] \|[[Avar language\|Avar]] \|[[Dagestan ASSR]] \|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Georgian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Kazakh SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Andi language\|Andi]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Tindi language\|Tindi]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Bagvalal language\|Bagvalal]] ~~\|[[Northeast Caucasian languages\|Northeast Caucasian]]~~ ~~\|[[Lak language\|Lak]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Akhvakh language\|Akhvakh]] \| \|Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Karata-Tukita language\|Karata-Tukita]] ~~\|[[Northeast Caucasian languages\|Northeast Caucasian]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Botlikh language\|Botlikh]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Godoberi language\|Godoberi]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Chamalal language\|Chamalal]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \| rowspan="5" \|[[Northeast Caucasian languages\|Northeast Caucasian]] > [[Dargin languages\|Dargin]] \|[[Dargwa language\|Dargwa]] \|[[Dagestan ASSR]] \|Russian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Kaitag language\|Kaitag]] \| \|Russian SSR \| \|- \|[[Kubachi language\|Kubachi]] ~~\|[[Northeast Caucasian languages\|Northeast Caucasian]]~~ ~~\|[[Tabasaran people\|Tabasaran]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \| \|- \|[[Itsari language\|Itsari]] ~~\|[[Northeast Caucasian languages\|Northeast Caucasian]]~~ ~~\|[[Lezgian language\|Lezgian]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \| \|- \|[[Chirag language\|Chirag]] ~~\|[[Northeast Caucasian languages\|Northeast Caucasian]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- \|[[Northeast Caucasian languages\|Northeast Caucasian]] > [[Khinalug language\|Khinalug]] \|[[Khinalug language\|Khinalug]] \| \|Azerbaijan SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Northeast Caucasian languages\|Northeast Caucasian]] > [[Lak language\|Lak]] \|[[Lak language\|Lak]] \|[[Dagestan ASSR]] \|Russian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \| rowspan="10" \|[[Northeast Caucasian languages\|Northeast Caucasian]] > [[Lezgic languages\|Lezgic]] \|[[Archi language\|Archi]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Lezgian language\|Lezgian]] \|[[Dagestan ASSR]] \|Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Tabasaran people\|Tabasaran]] \|[[Dagestan ASSR]] \|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Aghul language\|Aghul]] \| \|Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Rutul language\|Rutul]] \| \|Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Tsakhur language\|Tsakhur]] ~~\|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Balto-Finnic languages\|Balto-Finnic]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Udi language\|Udi]] \| \|Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Georgian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Kryts language\|Kryts]] \| \|Azerbaijan SSR \| \|- \|[[Jek language\|Jek]] \| \|Azerbaijan SSR \| \|- \|[[Budukh language\|Budukh]] \| \|Azerbaijan SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \| rowspan="5" \|[[Northeast Caucasian languages\|Northeast Caucasian]] > [[Tsezic languages\|Tsezic]] \|[[Tsez language\|Tsez]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Bezhta language\|Bezhta]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Hunzib language\|Hunzib]] \| \|Russian SSR, Georgian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Khwarshi language\|Khwarshi]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Hinuq language\|Hinuq]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \| rowspan="10" \|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Balto-Finnic languages\|Balto-Finnic]] \|[[Estonian language\|Estonian]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Estonian SSR}} ~~\|'''[[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]]'''~~ \|Estonian SSR \|Safe \|- \|[[Võro language\|Võro]] \| \|Estonian SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Seto dialect\|Seto Dialect]] \| \|Estonian SSR \| \|- ~~\|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Balto-Finnic languages\|Balto-Finnic]]~~ \|[[Karelian language\|Karelian]] \|~~'''[[~~{{Flagcountry\|Karelo-Finnish ~~Soviet Socialist Republic]]'''~~SSR}} \|Karelo-Finnish SSR, Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Finnish language\|Finnish]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Karelo-Finnish SSR}} \|Karelo-Finnish SSR, Russian SSR \|Safe \|- \|[[Ingrian language\|Ingrian]] \| \|Russian SSR, Karelo-Finnish SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kazakh SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- \|[[Ludic language\|Ludic]] ~~\|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Balto-Finnic languages\|Balto-Finnic]]~~ ~~\|[[Veps language\|Veps]]~~ \| \|Karelo-Finnish SSR, Russian SSR \| \|- \|[[Votic language\|Votic]] ~~\|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Sámi languages\|Sámi]]~~ \| \|Karelo-Finnish SSR, Russian SSR \|Critically Endangered \|- \|[[Livonian language\|Livonian]] \| \|Latvian SSR \|Critically Endangered \|- \|[[Veps language\|Veps]] \| \|Karelo-Finnish SSR, Russian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- \| rowspan="4" \|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Sámi languages\|Sámi]] \|[[Kildin Sámi]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- \|[[Ter Sámi]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Critically Endangered \|- ~~\|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Sámi languages\|Sámi]]~~ \|[[Skolt Sámi]] \| \|Russian SSR \| \|Critically Endangered \|- ~~\|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Sámi languages\|Sámi]]~~ \|[[Akkala Sámi]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Extinct \|- \| rowspan="5" \|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Permic languages\|Permic]] \|[[Komi language\|Komi-Zyrian]] \|[[Komi ASSR]] ~~\|'''[[Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]'''~~ \|Russian SSR \| \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- ~~\|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Permic languages\|Permic]]~~ \|[[Permyak language\|Komi-Permyak]] \|~~'''~~[[Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug]]~~'''~~ \|Russian SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Komi-Yazva language\|Komi-Yazva]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- ~~\|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Permic languages\|Permic]]~~ \|[[Udmurt language\|Udmurt]] \|[[Udmurt ASSR]] \| \|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Estonian SSR, \| Latvian SSR, Kazakh SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- ~~\|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Permic languages\|Permic]]~~ \|[[Mari language\|Mari]] \|[[Mari ASSR]] \|Russian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \| rowspan="2" \|Uralic > [[Mordvinic languages\|Mordvinic]] \|[[Erzya language\|Erzya]] \|[[Mordovian ASSR]] \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Moksha language\|Moksha]] \|[[Mordovian ASSR]] \|Russian SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \| rowspan="6" \|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Samoyedic languages\|Samoyedic]] \|[[Tundra Nenets language\|Tundra Nenets]] \|[[Nenets Autonomous Okrug\|Nenets AO]] [[Yamalo-Nenets AO]] \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Forest Nenets language\|Forrest Nenets]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- \|[[Enets language\|Enets]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Critically Endangered \|- \|[[Selkup language\|Selkup]] ~~\|Uralic > [[Mordvinic languages\|Mordvinic]]~~ ~~\|[[Erzya language\|Erzya]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Nganasan language\|Nganasan]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- \|[[Kamassian language\|Kamassian]] ~~\|Uralic > [[Mordvinic languages\|Mordvinic]]~~ ~~\|[[Moksha language\|Moksha]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \|Extinct \|- \| rowspan="3" \|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Ugric languages\|Ugric]] > [[Khanty language\|Khanty]] \|Salekhard (Northern) [[Khanty language\|Khanty]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- \|Surgut(Eastern) [[Khanty language\|Khanty]] ~~\|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Samoyedic languages\|Samoyedic]]~~ ~~\|[[Nenets languages\|Nenets]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \|Critically Endangered \|- \|Southern [[Khanty language\|Khanty]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Extinct \|- \| rowspan="3" \|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[~~Samoyedic~~Ugric languages\|~~Samoyedic~~Ugric]] > [[Mansi language\|Mansi]] \|Central [[~~Nganasan~~Mansi language\|~~Nganasan~~Mansi]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- \|Northern [[Mansi language\|Mansi]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|Southern [[Mansi language\|Mansi]] ~~\|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Samoyedic languages\|Samoyedic]]~~ ~~\|[[Selkup language\|Selkup]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \|Extinct \|- \|[[Uralic languages\|Uralic]] > [[Ugric languages\|Ugric]] \|[[Hungarian language\|Hungarian]] \| \|Ukrainian SSR \|Safe \|- \|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Oghuric languages\|Oghuric]] \|[[Chuvash language\|Chuvash]] \|~~'''~~[[Chuvash ~~Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic~~ASSR]]~~'''~~ \|Russian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \| rowspan="16" \|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Kipchak languages\|Kipchak]] \|[[Kazakh language\|Kazakh]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Kazakh SSR}} \|Kazakh SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Kyrgyz language\|Kyrgyz]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Kyrgyz SSR}} \|Kirghiz SSR \| \|- ~~\|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Kipchak languages\|Kipchak]]~~ \|[[Tatar language\|Tatar]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Tatar ASSR}} \|Russian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Crimean Tatar language\|Crimean Tatar]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Crimean ASSR}} \|Russian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Uzbek SSR, Kirghiz SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- \|[[Dobrujan Tatar dialect\|Dobrujan Tatar]] \| \|Ukrainian SSR, Moldavian SSR \| \|- \|[[Siberian Tatar language\|Siberian Tatar]] ~~\|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Kipchak languages\|Kipchak]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Bashkir language\|Bashkir]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Bashkir ASSR}} \|Russian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Urum language\|Urum]] \| \|Ukrainian SSR, Georgian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Krymchak language\|Krymchak]] \| \|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR \|Critically Endangered \|- \|[[Karaim language\|Karaim]] ~~\|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Kipchak languages\|Kipchak]]~~ ~~\|[[Nogai language\|Nogai]]~~ \| \| \|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Lithuanian SSR \|Critically Endangered \|- \|[[Nogai language\|Nogai]] \|[[Dagestan ASSR]] [[Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast\|Karachay-Cherkess AO]] \|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Uzbek SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- ~~\|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Kipchak languages\|Kipchak]]~~ \|[[Kumyk language\|Kumyk]] \|[[Dagestan ASSR]] \| \|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, \| Byelorussian SSR, Latvian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Uzbek SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- ~~\|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Kipchak languages\|Kipchak]]~~ \|[[Karachay-Balkar]] \|[[Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR]] \| [[Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast\|Karachay-Cherkess AO]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Karakalpak language\|Karakalpak]] ~~\|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Kipchak languages\|Kipchak]]~~ \|{{Flagcountry\|Karakalpak ASSR}} ~~\|[[Kazakh language\|Kazakh]]~~ \|Kazakh SSR, ~~\|'''[[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]]'''~~ Uzbek SSR, \| Turkmen SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Southern Altai language\|Southern Altai]] ~~\|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Kipchak languages\|Kipchak]]~~ ~~\|[[Kyrgyz language\|Kyrgyz]]~~ ~~\|'''[[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic]]'''~~ \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[~~Turkic~~Fergana ~~languages\|Turkic]] > [[~~Kipchak ~~languages~~language\|~~Kipchak~~Fergana]] ~~\|[[Karakalpak language\|Karakalpak]]~~ \| \| \|Uzbek SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR \|Extinct \|- \| rowspan="4" \|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Karluk languages\|Karluk]] \|[[Uzbek language\|Uzbek]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Uzbek SSR}} ~~\|'''[[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]]'''~~ \|Uzbek SSR \|Safe \|- \|[[Uyghur language\|Uighur]] \| \|Uzbek SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Ili Turki language\|Ili Turki]] ~~\|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Karluk languages\|Karluk]]~~ \| ~~\|[[Uyghur language\|Uigher]]~~ \|Kazakh SSR \|Critically Endangered \|- \|[[Chagatai language\|Chagatai]] \| \| \| \|- \| rowspan="4" \|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Oghuz languages\|Oghuz]] \|[[Turkmen language\|Turkmen]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Turkmen SSR}} ~~\|'''[[Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic]]'''~~ \|Turkmen SSR \| \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- ~~\|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Oghuz languages\|Oghuz]]~~ \|[[Azerbaijani language\|Azerbaijani]] \|[[Dagestan ASSR]] ~~\|'''[[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]]'''~~ \|Azerbaijan SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \|[[Meskhetian Turks\|Meskhetian Dialect]] (Turkish) \| \|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Georgian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Kazakh SSR, Uzbek SSR, Kirghiz SSR \| \|- ~~\|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Oghuz languages\|Oghuz]]~~ \|[[Gagauz language\|Gagauz]] \| \|Moldavian SSR, Ukrainian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \| rowspan="9" \|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Siberian Turkic languages\|Siberian Turkic]] \|[[Northern Altai language\|Northern Altai]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Khakas language\|Khakas]] ~~\|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Siberian Turkic languages\|Siberian Turkic]]~~ \|[[~~Altai~~Khakas ~~languages\|Altai~~AO]] \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Tuvan language\|Tuvan]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Tuvan ASSR}} \|Russian SSR \| \|- \|[[Shor language\|Shor]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- \|[[Yakut language\|Yakut]] ~~\|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Siberian Turkic languages\|Siberian Turkic]]~~ \|[[~~Khakas~~Yakut ~~language\|Khakas~~ASSR]] \|Russian SSR \| \|- \|[[Dolgan language\|Dolgan]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Chulym language\|Chulym]] ~~\|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Siberian Turkic languages\|Siberian Turkic]]~~ ~~\|[[Tuvan language\|Tuvan]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- \|[[Tofa language\|Tofa]] \| \|Russian SSR \| \|- \|[[Soyot language\|Soyot]] ~~\|[[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] > [[Siberian Turkic languages\|Siberian Turkic]]~~ ~~\|[[Shor language\|Shor]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \| \|- \| rowspan="2" \|[[~~Turkic~~Afroasiatic languages\|~~Turkic~~Afro-Asiatic]] > [[~~Siberian Turkic~~Semitic languages\|~~Siberian Turkic~~Semitic]] \|[[~~Yakut~~Central ~~language\|Yakut~~Asian Arabic]] \| \|Uzbek SSR, Tajik SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Neo-Aramaic languages\|Neo-Aramaic]] \| \|Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR \|Safe \|- \| rowspan="5" \|[[Mongolic languages\|Mongolic]] \|[[Buryat language\|Buryat]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Buryat ASSR}} \| \|Russian SSR \| \|- ~~\|[[Mongolic languages\|Mongolic]]~~ \|[[Kalmyk Oirat\|Kalmyk]] \|{{Flagcountry\|Kalmyk ASSR}} \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Oirat language\|Oirat]] \| \|Kirghiz SSR \| \|- \|[[Khamnigan Mongol]] ~~\|[[Tungusic languages\|Tungusic]]~~ ~~\|[[Evenki language\|Evenki]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \| \|- \|[[~~Tungusic~~Mongolian ~~languages~~language\|~~Tungusic~~Mongolian]] ~~\|[[Even language\|Even]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \|Potentially Vulnerable \|- \| rowspan="9" \|[[Tungusic languages\|Tungusic]] \|[[Evenki language\|Evenki]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Even language\|Even]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- ~~\|[[Tungusic languages\|Tungusic]]~~ \|[[Nanai language\|Nanai]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Negidal language\|Negidal]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- \|[[~~Tungusic~~Kili ~~languages~~language\|~~Tungusic~~Kili]] ~~\|[[Ulch language\|Ulch]]~~ \| \| \|Russian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- ~~\|[[Tungusic languages\|Tungusic]]~~ \|[[Oroch language\|Oroch]] \| \|Russian SSR \| \|Severely Endangered \|- ~~\|[[Tungusic languages\|Tungusic]]~~ \|[[Udege language\|Udege]] \| \|Russian SSR \| \|- \|[[Uilta language\|Uilta]] ~~\|[[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages\|Chukotko-Kamchatkan]]~~ ~~\|[[Chukchi language\|Chukchi]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \| \|- \|[[Ulch language\|Ulch]] ~~\|[[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages\|Chukotko-Kamchatkan]]~~ \| \|Russian SSR \|Critically Endangered \|- \| rowspan="5" \|[[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages\|Chukotko-Kamchatkan]] \|[[Chukchi language\|Chukchi]] \|[[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug\|Chukotka AO]] \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Koryak language\|Koryak]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Alyutor language\|Alyutor]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Critically Endangered \|- \|[[Kerek language\|Kerek]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Extinct \|- ~~\|[[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages\|Chukotko-Kamchatkan]]~~ \|[[Itelmen language\|Itelmen]] \| \|Russian SSR \| \|Severely Endangered \|- \|Language Isolate \|[[Nivkh languages\|Nivkh]] ~~\|[[Nivkh languages\|Nivkh]]~~ \| \| \|Russian SSR \|Severely Endangered \|- \| rowspan="2" \|[[Yukaghir languages\|Yukaghir]] \|[[Tundra Yukaghir language\|Tundra Yukaghir]] \| \|Russian SSR \| \|Critically Endangered \|- ~~\|[[Yukaghir languages\|Yukaghir]]~~ \|[[Southern Yukaghir language\|Southern Yukaghir]] \| \|Russian SSR \| \|Critically Endangered \|- \| rowspan="4" \|[[Eskaleut languages\|Inuit-Aleut]] \|[[Central Siberian Yupik language\|Siberian Yupik]] \| \|Russian SSR \| \|Definitely Endangered \|- ~~\|[[Eskaleut languages\|Inuit-Aleut]]~~ \|[[Aleut language\|Aleut]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Naukan Yupik language\|Naukan]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|[[Sirenik language\|Old Sirenik]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Extinct \|- \|[[Yeniseian languages\|Yeniseian]] \|[[Ket language\|Ket]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Definitely Endangered \|- \|Language Isolate \|[[Ainu people\|Ainu]] \| \|Russian SSR \|Extinct in Russia, Critically Endangered in Japan \|- \| rowspan="2" \|[[Sino-Tibetan languages\|Sino-Tibetan]] \|[[Dungan language\|Dungan]] \| \|Russian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Uzbek SSR \|Endangered/Unsafe \|- \|[[Taz dialect\|Taz Dialect]] (Mandarin) \| \|Russian SSR \|Extinct \|- \|[[Koreanic languages\|Koreanic]] \|[[Koryo-mar\|Koryo-Mar]] ~~\|[[Korean language\|Korean]]~~ \| \|Uzbek SSR, Kazakh SSR, Turkmen SSR, Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR \| \|} Line 539 ⟶ 1,212: ==See also== ''[[The Languages of the Peoples of the USSR]]'' [[Index of Soviet Union-related articles]] [[Education in the Soviet Union]] Line 544 ⟶ 1,218: [[Russification]] [[Languages of Russia]] [[Languages of Kazakhstan]] [[Languages of Ukraine]] [[Languages of Belarus]] [[Languages of Estonia]] [[Languages of Moldova]] [[Languages of Armenia]] [[Languages of Azerbaijan]] [[Languages of Kazakhstan]] [[Languages of Uzbekistan]] [[Languages of Kyrgyzstan]] [[Languages of Tajikistan]] ==References== Line 566 ⟶ 1,248: {{DEFAULTSORT:Languages Of The Soviet Union}} [[Category:Culture of the Soviet ~~culture~~Union]] [[Category:Language policy in Russia]]