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The move was timely; in 2018, research using 2015 data showed Ireland had become the world's largest tax haven ([[Gabriel Zucman#Zucman-Tørsløv-Wier 2018 list|Zucman–Tørsløv–Wier 2018 list]]).<ref name="gbz">{{cite web|url=http://gabriel-zucman.eu/missingprofits/|title=The Missing Profits of Nations|quote=Appendix Table 2: Tax Havens|page=31|author1=Gabriel Zucman|author2=Thomas Torslov|author3=Ludvig Wier|publisher=[[National Bureau of Economic Research]], Working Papers|date=June 2018|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402221958/http://gabriel-zucman.eu/missingprofits/|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all|author1-link=Gabriel Zucman}}</ref><ref name="zuc10">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/corporations-push-profits-into-tax-havens-as-countries-struggle-in-pursuit-study-says-1528634659|title=Zucman:Corporations Push Profits Into Corporate Tax Havens as Countries Struggle in Pursuit, Gabrial Zucman Study Says|quote=Such profit shifting leads to a total annual revenue loss of $200 billion globally|newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]]|author=Richard Rubin|date=10 June 2018|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404203053/https://www.wsj.com/articles/corporations-push-profits-into-tax-havens-as-countries-struggle-in-pursuit-study-says-1528634659|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="zux">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401|title=Ireland is the world's biggest corporate 'tax haven', say academics|quote=New Gabriel Zucman study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean|newspaper=[[Irish Times]]|date=13 June 2018|access-date=25 April 2019|author=Mark Paul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824044322/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401|archive-date=24 August 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="WPaidan.regan"/> |
The move was timely; in 2018, research using 2015 data showed Ireland had become the world's largest tax haven ([[Gabriel Zucman#Zucman-Tørsløv-Wier 2018 list|Zucman–Tørsløv–Wier 2018 list]]).<ref name="gbz">{{cite web|url=http://gabriel-zucman.eu/missingprofits/|title=The Missing Profits of Nations|quote=Appendix Table 2: Tax Havens|page=31|author1=Gabriel Zucman|author2=Thomas Torslov|author3=Ludvig Wier|publisher=[[National Bureau of Economic Research]], Working Papers|date=June 2018|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402221958/http://gabriel-zucman.eu/missingprofits/|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all|author1-link=Gabriel Zucman}}</ref><ref name="zuc10">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/corporations-push-profits-into-tax-havens-as-countries-struggle-in-pursuit-study-says-1528634659|title=Zucman:Corporations Push Profits Into Corporate Tax Havens as Countries Struggle in Pursuit, Gabrial Zucman Study Says|quote=Such profit shifting leads to a total annual revenue loss of $200 billion globally|newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]]|author=Richard Rubin|date=10 June 2018|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404203053/https://www.wsj.com/articles/corporations-push-profits-into-tax-havens-as-countries-struggle-in-pursuit-study-says-1528634659|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="zux">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401|title=Ireland is the world's biggest corporate 'tax haven', say academics|quote=New Gabriel Zucman study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean|newspaper=[[Irish Times]]|date=13 June 2018|access-date=25 April 2019|author=Mark Paul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824044322/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401|archive-date=24 August 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="WPaidan.regan"/> |
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In |
InApri 2018, Eurostat welcomed GNI*, but showed it could not eliminate all BEPS effects (e.g. as the distortion in OECD [[Modified gross national income#2018 Debt metrics|Irish debt metrics]] showed).<ref name="eurostat1">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cros/system/files/euronaissue2-2016-art2.pdf|title=Globalisation at work in statistics — Questions arising from the 'Irish case'|publisher=[[EuroStat]]|author1=Silke Stapel-Weber|author2=John Verrinder|quote=Nevertheless the rise in [Irish] GNI is still very substantial because the additional income flows of the companies (interest and dividends) concerned are considerably smaller than the value added of their activities|page=31|date=December 2017|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428205432/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cros/system/files/euronaissue2-2016-art2.pdf|archive-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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==Proof of Apple (2018)== |
==Proof of Apple (2018)== |
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