Lima bean: Difference between revisions

A'''Limalima bean''' (''Phaseolus lunatus''), also commonly known as the '''butter bean''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref> '''sieva bean''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=PHLU2|taxon=Phaseolus lunatus|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> '''double bean''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Double Beans |url=https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/double-beans-15943495088.html |website=IndiaMART }}</ref><ref>{{cite documentbook |id={{ASIN|B078MDLFC4|country=in}} |title=Splendour Seeds Butter beans,double beans,lima beans vegetable seeds }} {{full citation|date=November 2023}}</ref>or '''Madagascar bean''', '''chad bean''', or '''wax bean''' is a [[legume]] grown for its edible [[seed]]s or [[bean]]s.

''Phaseolus lunatus'' is found in [[Mesoamerica|Meso]]- and [[South America]]. Two gene pools of cultivated lima beans point to independent [[domestication]] events. The Mesoamerican lima bean is distributed in neotropical lowlands, while the other is found in the western Andes.<ref name="Serrano-Serrano et al 2012" /> They were discovered in Peru and may have been the first plant that was brought up under civilization by the native farmers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Lima_Bean |title=Cookbook:Lima Bean - Wikibooks, open books for an open world}}</ref><ref name=leonard>{{self-publishedcite book |last=Leonard |first=Jonathan Norton inline|date=February1970 2021|title=Recipes, Latin American cooking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8SLxAEACAAJ |publisher=Time-Life International (Nederlands) |page= 21 |isbn=9780809400638}}</ref>

The Andes domestication took place around 2000 BC<ref name="motta">{{cite journal |last1=Motta-Aldana |first1=Jenny R. |last2=Serrano-Serrano |first2=Martha L. |last3=Hernández-Torres |first3=Jorge |last4=Castillo-Villamizar |first4=Genis |last5=Debouck |first5=Daniel G. |last6=Chacóns |first6=Maria I. |title=Multiple Origins of Lima Bean Landraces in the Americas: Evidence from Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA Polymorphisms |journal=Crop Science |date=September 2010 |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1773–1787 |doi=10.2135/cropsci2009.12.0706 }}</ref> and produced a large-seeded variety (lima type), while the second, taking place in Mesoamerica around 800 AD, produced a small-seeded variety (Sieva type).<ref name="motta" /> By around 1300, cultivation had spread north of the [[Rio Grande]], and, in the 1500s, the plant began to be cultivated in the [[Old World]].<ref name="motta" />

The [[Moche (culture)|Moche]] Cultureculture (1–800 CE) cultivated lima beans heavily and often depicted them in their art.<ref>Larco Hoyle, Rafael. ''Los Mochicas''. Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. Lima 2001. {{ISBN|9972-9341-0-1}}.</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}}</ref> During the Spanish [[Viceroyalty of Peru]], lima beans were exported to the rest of the Americas and Europe, and since the boxes of such goods had their place of origin labeled "[[Lima, Peru]]", the beans got named as such. Despite the origin of the name, when referring to the bean, the word "lima" is generally pronounced differently from the Peruvian capital.<ref>[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/british/lima-bean Limaname=leonard Bean], Cambridge Dictionary</ref><ref>Allison Keene, [http://mentalfloss.com/article/30159/dietribes-lima-beans Dietribes: Lima Beans, Mental Floss]</ref>

In [[India]], itthey isare called ''Doubledouble Beans''beans. and driedDried beans are soaked overnight and [[Pressure cooking|pressure-cooked]] as ingredients in [[curries]].

LimaThe lima bean is a domesticated species of economic and cultural importance worldwide, especially in Mexico. The species has two varieties. The wild variety is ''silvester'' and the domesticated one is ''lunatus.''<ref name="Serrano-Serrano et al 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Serrano-Serrano |first1=Martha L. |last2=Andueza-Noh |first2=Rubén H. |last3=Martínez-Castillo |first3=Jaime |last4=Debouck |first4=Daniel G. |last5=Chacón S |first5=María I. |title=Evolution and Domestication of Lima Bean in Mexico: Evidence from Ribosomal DNA |journal=Crop Science |date=July 2012 |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=1698–1712 |doi=10.2135/cropsci2011.12.0642 }}</ref>

In the U.S, it is a warm -season crop, grown mainly in Delaware and the mid-Atlantic region for processing and in the Midwest and California for dry beans. Baby lima beans are planted in early June and harvested about 10–12 weeks later. In [[western New York]] State, baby lima bean production increased exponentiallygreatly from 2011 to 2015.<ref name="Kunjeti et al 2010">{{Cite journal|last1=Kunjeti|first1=S. G.|last2=Donofrio|first2=N. M.|last3=Marsh|first3=A. G.|last4=Meyers|first4=B. C.|last5=Evans|first5=T. A.|date=2010|title=Phytophthora phaseoli, destroyer of lima bean production |journal=Phytopathology|volume=100|issue=6|pages=1}}</ref>

In Oaxaca, Mexico, the main rainy season lasts from June to August and most of the above-ground parts die during dry season. Germination or budding occurs in June or July. The first [[inflorescence]] is in October or November. The production of flowers and fruits usually ends between February and April.<ref name=Heil2004>{{cite journal |last1=Heil |first1=Martin |title=Induction of two indirect defences benefits Lima bean (''Phaseolus lunatus'', Fabaceae) in nature |journal=Journal of Ecology |date=June 2004 |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=527–536 |doi=10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00890.x |bibcode=2004JEcol..92..527H |doi-access=free }}</ref>

*'Carolina Sieva', 75 days (heirloom, suffered a seed crop failure in the years 2011 and 2012 causing this variety to still not be widely sourced ten years later)

File:Lima Bean Time Lapse.webm|''Phaseolus lunatus'' growth, time -lapse

File:Phaseolus lunatus MHNT.BOT.2008.1.40.jpg|''Phaseolus lunatus'' cultivar ''Christmas''

''[[Phytophthora phaseoli|]]''Phytophthora phaseoli'']] is one example of a pathogen of the lima bean. It is an oomycete plant pathogen that causes [[downy mildew]] of lima bean during cool and humid weather conditions. To combat this pathogen, developing lima bean [[cultivar]]s with resistance is a relatively cost-efficient method that is also environmentally safe as compared to using pesticides.<ref name="Kunjeti et al 2010" />

[[Didymellaceae|Didymella]] is a foliar disease found in baby lima beans first reported in New York State. Symptoms include small necrotic tan spots with red to reddish brown irregular margins that come together to eventually cover the entire leaf. Lesions occur after around 3–4 weeks of planting and increase tilluntil there is considerable defoliation. Lesions are usually observed on the stems. Two pynidial fungi were found on leaves included ''Didymella'' sp. And ''Boeremia exigua'' var. ''exigua'' which is pathogenic on baby lima bean and plays a role in the foliar disease complex. Other fungal diseases on lima beans with similar symptoms are ''B. exigua'' var. ''exigua'', pod blight caused by ''Diaporthe phaseolorum,'' and leaf spots caused by ''Phyllosticta'' sp. and ''Phoma'' ''subcircinata.''<ref name="Gorny et al 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Gorny |first1=Adrienne M. |last2=Kikkert |first2=Julie R. |last3=Shivas |first3=Roger G. |last4=Pethybridge |first4=Sarah J. |title=First report of Didymella americana on baby lima bean (''Phaseolus lunatus'') |journal=Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology |date=2 July 2016 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=389–394 |doi=10.1080/07060661.2016.1195877 |s2cid=88592578 }}</ref>

The two-spotted spider mites<ref name=pmid23011105>{{cite journal |last1=Choh |first1=Yasuyuki |last2=Ozawa |first2=Rika |last3=Takabayashi |first3=Junji |title=Do plants use airborne cues to recognize herbivores on their neighbours? |journal=Experimental and Applied Acarology |date=March 2013 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=263–273 |doi=10.1007/s10493-012-9616-z |pmid=23011105 |s2cid=18086635 }}</ref> or [[Tetranychus urticae|''Tetranychus'' ''urticae'']] lay eggs on lima bean leaves. It prefers lima bean plants asa host food source over other plants such as tomato or cabbage plants.<ref name=pmid17102994>{{cite journal |last1=Choh |first1=Yasuyuki |last2=Takabayashi |first2=Junji |title=Predator avoidance in phytophagous mites: response to present danger depends on alternative host quality |journal=Oecologia |date=16 February 2007 |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=262–267 |doi=10.1007/s00442-006-0590-1 |pmid=17102994 |bibcode=2007Oecol.151..262C |s2cid=26065975 }}</ref>

The lima bean, ''Phaseolus lunatus,'' is an herbaceous plant that is a part of the legume family. Initially from South and Central America, the lima bean has adapted to live in many different climates around the world.<ref>Maffei, Massimo E and Boland, Wilhelm. "The Silent Scream of the Lima Bean." ''Congress Report'', Chemical Ecology, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265947933_The_Silent_Scream_of_the_Lima_Bean</ref> One of these adaptations includes a particularly effective induced herbivory defense. The lima bean is able to signal to the carnivorous natural enemy of herbivores, the carnivorous mite, mediated by HIPVs (Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles) in an attempt to save itself from further predation.<ref name="Arimura">{{cite journal |last1=Arimura |first1=G.-I. |last2=Matsui |first2=K. |last3=Takabayashi |first3=J. |title=Chemical and Molecular Ecology of Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles: Proximate Factors and Their Ultimate Functions |journal=Plant and Cell Physiology |date=1 May 2009 |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=911–923 |doi=10.1093/pcp/pcp030 |pmid=19246460 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The lima bean plant does this as an induced defense when being eaten by herbivorous predators. It is the mechanical wounding and chemical elicitors from insect oral secretions that first begin the signaling pathway to induce HIPV production.<ref name="Viv">{{cite journal |last1=Vivaldo |first1=Gianna |last2=Masi |first2=Elisa |last3=Taiti |first3=Cosimo |last4=Caldarelli |first4=Guido |last5=Mancuso |first5=Stefano |title=The network of plants volatile organic compounds |journal=Scientific Reports |date=8 September 2017 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11050 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-10975-x |pmid=28887468 |pmc=5591229 |arxiv=1704.08062 |bibcode=2017NatSR...711050V }}</ref> Once this pathway is induced, the plant produces HIPVs which are released in to the air and can be received by any organisms that have receptors capable of receiving HIPVs, which includes: carnivores, conspecific and heterospecific herbivores, as well as neighboring plants.<ref name="Arimura" /> It is this signaling of the carnivorous natural enemy of herbivores that is of particular interest, as they become attracted to the plant and will then come and prey upon the plant's herbivorous enemy, thereby reducing herbivory of the plant.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hettenhausen |first1=Christian |last2=Li |first2=Juan |last3=Zhuang |first3=Huifu |last4=Sun |first4=Huanhuan |last5=Xu |first5=Yuxing |last6=Qi |first6=Jinfeng |last7=Zhang |first7=Jingxiong |last8=Lei |first8=Yunting |last9=Qin |first9=Yan |last10=Sun |first10=Guiling |last11=Wang |first11=Lei |last12=Baldwin |first12=Ian T. |last13=Wu |first13=Jianqiang |title=Stem parasitic plant Cuscuta australis (dodder) transfers herbivory-induced signals among plants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=8 August 2017 |volume=114 |issue=32 |pages=E6703–E6709 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1704536114 |pmid=28739895 |pmc=5559024 |bibcode=2017PNAS..114E6703H |doi-access=free }}</ref>

| note=[httphttps://ndbfdc.nal.usda.gov/ndbfdc-app.html#/food-details/search174253/list?qlookup=16072&format=Fullnutrients Link to USDA Database entry]

* USDA National Agricultural Library [https://nalgc.nal.usda.gov/lima-beans Lima Bean Digital Exhibit]