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{{short description|None}}
{{one source|date=April 2016}}
{{canon law}}
Only a few dozen [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] have been [[Excommunication in the Catholic Church|excommunicated]] by the [[Catholic Church]]. A cardinal is a Roman Catholic [[priest]], [[deacon]], or [[bishop]] entitled to vote in a [[papal election]]. They are collectively known as the [[College of Cardinals]].
Excommunication—literally, the denial of [[Full communion|communion]]—usually means that a person is barred from participating in the [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|Sacraments]] or holding [[Catholic Church hierarchy|ecclesiastical office]]. ''[[Ne Romani]]'' (1311), [[Promulgation (Catholic canon law)|promulgated]] by [[Pope Clement V]] during the [[Council of Vienne]], extended suffrage in papal election to excommunicated cardinals in an attempt to limit [[Schism (religion)|schism]]s.<ref>Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/guide-xiv.htm Guide to documents and events]". Florida International University.</ref>
This list includes only cardinals who have been explicitly excommunicated by a [[pope]] or [[ecumenical council]], rather than those who (depending on one's interpretation) may have been excommunicated ''[[latae sententiae]]''. For example, several precepts of papal election law prescribed automatic excommunication, such as ''[[Licet de vitanda]]'' of the [[Lateran Council]] which prohibited election by one-third, and [[Pope Pius X]]'s ''[[Commissum Nobis]]'', which made the exercise of the ''[[jus exclusivae]]'' by any cardinal punishable by excommunication.<ref>Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/guide-xii.htm Guide to documents and events]". Florida International University.</ref><ref>Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/guide-xx.htm Guide to documents and events]". Florida International University.</ref> It also does not include excommunicated quasi-cardinals (cardinals elevated by [[antipope]]s) or clerics excommunicated before receiving the [[Galero|red hat]].
Many excommunicated cardinals reconciled (most often with the successor of their excommunicator) and had their offices restored. Some would later be elected [[pope]]; for example, [[Pope Formosus|Formosus]] and [[Pope Sergius III|Sergius III]].
== 9th century ==
[[File:Jean Paul Laurens Le Pape Formose et Etienne VI 1870.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pope Formosus]], who was posthumously exhumed and tried in the [[Cadaver Synod]], had previously been excommunicated by his predecessor as pope; all the participants in the Cadaver Synod themselves were later excommunicated]]
{|class=wikitable
!
!
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!width="20%"|Excommunicating pope or council
!width="10%"|Date of excommunication
!width="20%"|Reason
!width="20%"|Notes
|-
|Rodoaldo, bishop of Porto
Line 22 ⟶ 28:
|864
|[[Simony]]
|<ref name="m9">Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-ix.htm
|-
|Anastasio ''il Bibliotecario''
Line 45 ⟶ 51:
|[[Pope John IX|John IX]]/Roman Synod
|April 898
|Role in the [[Cadaver Synod]]
|Later reconciled; future Pope Sergius III<ref name="m9"/>
|-
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|[[Pope John IX|John IX]]/Roman Synod
|April 898
|Role in the [[Cadaver Synod]]
|<ref name="m9"/>
|-
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|[[Pope John IX|John IX]]/Roman Synod
|April 898
|Role in the [[Cadaver Synod]]
|<ref name="m9"/>
|-
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|[[Pope John IX|John IX]]/Roman Synod
|April 898
|Role in the [[Cadaver Synod]]
|<ref name="m9"/>
|-
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|[[Pope John IX|John IX]]/Roman Synod
|April 898
|Role in the [[Cadaver Synod]]
|<ref name="m9"/>
|-
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|[[Pope John IX|John IX]]/Roman Synod
|April 898
|Role in the [[Cadaver Synod]]
|<ref name="m9"/>
|-
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|[[Pope John IX|John IX]]/Roman Synod
|April 898
|Role in the [[Cadaver Synod]]
|<ref name="m9"/>
|}
== 11th century ==
[[File:Francisco de Borja.jpg|thumb|right|[[Francisco de Borja]] died before learning of his excommunication.]]
{|
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|[[
|[[Pope Leo IX|Leo IX]]
|1049
|[[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]]/Roman synod of Letran
|March 3, 1078
|[[Simony]]
|Joined [[Antipope Clement III]]<ref>Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xi.htm
|-
|[[Richard Milhau]]
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|Joined allegiance of [[Antipope Clement III]]
|<ref>Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1078.htm Consistory of 1078 (V)]". Florida International University.</ref>
|}
== 12th century ==
{|class=wikitable
!width="10%"|Cardinal
!width="10%"|Elevating pope
!width="10%"|Date of elevation
!width="20%"|Excommunicating pope or council
!width="10%"|Date of excommunication
!width="20%"|Reason
!width="20%"|Notes
|-
|[[Antipope Anacletus II|Pietro Pierleoni]]
|[[Pope Paschal II|Paschal II]]
|ca.1112
|[[Pope Innocent II|Innocent II]]/[[Council of Reims]]
|October 18, 1131
|Election as Antipope Anacletus II
|<ref name="m12">Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xii.htm 12th Century (1099-1198)]". Florida International University.</ref>
|-
|[[Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)|Ottaviano de' Monticelli]]
|[[Pope Innocent II|Innocent II]]
|1138
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{|
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|[[Riccardo di Montecassino|Riccardo]]
|[[Pope Innocent IV|Innocent IV]] or [[Pope Alexander IV|Alexander IV]]
|Between 1252 and 1256
|[[Pope Alexander IV|Alexander IV]]
|April 10, 1259
|He participated in the coronation of [[Manfred of Sicily|Manfred Hohenstauf]]
|<ref name="m13">Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xiii.htm 13th Century (1198-1303)]". Florida International University.</ref><ref>Klaus Ganzer: ''Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelalter'', Max Niemeyer Verlag Tübingen 1963, pp. 169-171 no. 86.</ref>
|-
|[[Giacomo Colonna (cardinal)|Giacomo Colonna]]
|[[Pope Nicholas III|Nicholas III]]
|March 12, 1278
|[[Pope Boniface VIII|Boniface VIII]]
|May 10, 1297
|He corresponded secretly with [[Frederick III of Sicily]] and with [[Philip IV of France]]; and refused to surrender to the pope the fortresses that he possessed
|Rehabilitated by Benedict XI (1303–1304) and reinstated by Clement V on December 17, 1305<ref name="m13"/>
|-
|[[Pietro Colonna]]
|[[Pope Nicholas IV|Nicholas IV]]
|May 16, 1288
|[[Pope Boniface VIII|Boniface VIII]]
|May 10, 1297
|He corresponded secretly with [[Frederick III of Sicily]] and with [[Philip IV of France]]; and refused to surrender to the pope the fortresses that he possessed
|Rehabilitated by Benedict XI (1303–1304) and reinstated by Clement V on December 17, 1305<ref name="m13"/>
|}
== 15th century ==
{|class=wikitable
!width="10%"|Cardinal
!width="10%"|Elevating pope
!width="10%"|Date of elevation
!width="20%"|Excommunicating pope or council
!width="10%"|Date of excommunication
!width="20%"|Reason
!width="20%"|Notes
|-
|[[Louis Aleman]]
Line 167 ⟶ 208:
|[[Pope Eugene IV|Eugene IV]]
|December 11, 1440
|Role in the [[Council of
|Reconciled with Nicholas V<ref>Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1449-ii.htm Consistory of December 19, 1449 (IV)]". Florida International University.</ref>
|}
== 16th century ==
[[File:
{|
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|[[Francisco de Borja]]
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|[[Pope Julius II|Julius II]]
|October 24, 1511
|Role in the [[Fifth Council of the Lateran|Council of Pisa]]
|[[Cardinal-nephew]]; Died before his concillar colleagues reconciled<ref>Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1500-ii.htm Consistory of September 28, 1500 (IX)]". Florida International University.</ref>
|-
|[[Federico di Sanseverino]]
|[[Pope Innocent VIII|Innocent VIII]]
|March 9, 1489
|[[Pope Julius II|Julius II]]
|October 24, 1511
|Role in the Council of Pisa
|Reconciled with Leo X<ref name="mc16">Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xvi.htm Conclaves of the
|-
|[[Bernardino López de Carvajal]]
|[[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]]
|September 20, 1493
|[[Pope Julius II|Julius II]]
|October 24, 1511
|Role in the Council of Pisa
|Reconciled with Leo X<ref name="mc16"
|-
|[[Guillaume Briçonnet (Cardinal)|Guillaume Briçonnet]]
|[[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]]
|January 16, 1495
|[[Pope Julius II|Julius II]]
|October 24, 1511
|Role in the Council of Pisa
|Reconciled with Leo X<ref name="mc16"
|-
|[[René de Prie]]
|[[Pope Julius II|Julius II]]
|December 18, 1506
|[[Pope Julius II|Julius II]]
|October 24, 1511
|Role in the Council of Pisa
|Reconciled with Leo X<ref name="mc16"
|-
|[[Odet de Coligny]]
|[[Pope Clement VII|Clement VII]]
|7 November 1533
|[[Pope Pius IV|Pius IV]]
|31 March 1563
|Apostasy (conversion to Calvinism)
|Never ordained. Died in exile in England, buried in [[Canterbury Cathedral]]
|}
== 18th century ==
{|
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|[[Niccolò Coscia]]
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|[[Pope Clement XII|Clement XII]]
|May 9, 1733
|Financial irregularities
|Reconciled with Clement XII<ref>Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xviii.htm
|}
==
*[[List of people excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church]]
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:People excommunicated by the
[[Category:Lists of
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