List of female scientists before the 20th century

This is a historical list, intended to deal with the time period where it is believed that women working in science were rare. For this reason, this list ends with the 20th century.

Hypatia by Julia Cameron

Aemilia (c. 300 CE–363 CE), Gallo-Roman physician
Aglaonike (2nd century BCE), woman astronomer in Ancient Greece
Agnodike (4th century BCE), first woman physician to practice legally in Athens^[1]^: 2
Andromache (mid-6th century), Egyptian physician^[2]^: 39
Arete of Cyrene (5th–4th centuries BCE), Greek natural and moral philosopher
Artemisia of Caria (c. 300 BCE), botanist
Aspasia the Physician (fl. 1st century CE), Greek physician
Aurelia Alexandria Zosime, Ancient Roman physician^[3]
Chun Yuyan (1st century BCE), Chinese obstetrician and gynecologist
Cleopatra the Alchemist (c. 3rd century CE), wrote the alchemical book, Chrysopoeia, or "gold-making"^[4]^: 99^[5]
Damo (6th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher
Diotima of Mantinea (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist, ancient Greece
Eccello of Lucania (5th or 4th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher^[2]^: 396
Echecratia the Philiasian (5th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher^[2]^: 397
Elephantis (1st century BCE), Greek physician
Enheduanna (c. 2285–2250 BCE), Sumerian/Akkadian astronomer and poet
Fabiola (died 399 CE), Roman physician
Fang (first century BCE), Chinese chemist
Favilla (2nd century), Roman physician^[2]^: 436
Gargi Vachaknavi (7th century BCE), Indian philosopher
Gu Bao (4th century), Chinese physician
Hypatia (370–415 CE), mathematician and astronomer, Egypt^[1]^: 137
Laïs (c. 1st/2nd century BCE), midwife^[2]^: 735^[6]
Lais of Corinth, Ancient Greek physician^[3]
Leoparda (4th century CE), gynecologist
Macrina (4th century CE), Greek physician and nun^[2]^: 828
Marcella (4th century CE), Roman healer^[2]^: 841
Mary the Jewess (1st or 2nd century CE), alchemist^[4]^: 128
Melissa (3rd century BCE), Greek philosopher
Metrodora (c. 200–400 CE), Greek physician and author
Minucia Asste, Ancient Roman physician ^[3]
Myia (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher
Nicerata (c. 5th century), physician and healer
Occello of Lucania (4th or 5th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher and mathematician^[2]^: 957
Olympias of Thebes (1st century BCE), Greek midwife^[2]^: 962
Origenia (2nd century CE), Greek healer^[2]^: 965
Pao Ku Ko (3rd century CE), Chinese chemist
Paphnutia the Virgin (c. 300), Egyptian alchemist^[2]^: 978
Paula (347–404 CE), Roman healer^[2]^: 990
Perictione (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher, mother of Plato
Panthea, Ancient Greek physician, wife and colleague of Glycon^[3]
Philinna of Thessaly, Ancient Greek physician^[3]
Peseshet, Egyptian physician (Fourth Dynasty)
Pulcheria (5th century CE), healer^[2]^: 1059
Pythias of Assos (4th century BCE), marine zoologist
Restituta (1st century), Ancient Roman physician ^[3]
Salpe (1st century BCE), Greek midwife
Sotira (1st century BCE), Greek physician^[2]^{: 1217–18}
Tapputi-Belatekallim (First mentioned in a clay tablet dating to 2000 BCE), Babylonian perfumer, the first person in history recorded as using a chemical process^[7]
Terentia Prima, Ancient Roman physician^[3]
Theano (6th century BCE), philosopher, mathematician and physician
Thelka, Iranian^[2]^: 1278
Theosebeia (4th century CE), healer^[2]^: 1278
Yi Jia (2nd century BCE), Chinese physician

Herrad of Landsbert

Abella (14th century), Italian physician^[8]

Adelle of the Saracens (12th century), Italian physician

Adelmota of Carrara (14th century), Italian physician

Rufaida Al-Aslamia (7th century), Muslim nurse

Maesta Antonia (1386–1408), Florentine physician^[8]

Ameline la Miresse (fl. 1313–1325), French physician^[8]

Jeanne d'Ausshure (d. 1366), French surgeon^[8]

Brunetta de Siena (fl. 15th century), Italian-Jewish physician^[8]

Hildegard of Bingen (1099–1179), German natural philosopher^[1]^: 126

Sibyl of Benevento, Napolitan physician specializing in the plague buboes^[8]

Gentile Budrioli (?-1498), Italian astrologer and herbalist

Constanza, Italian surgeon,^[9] mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.^[10]

Denice (fl. 1292), French barber-surgeon^[8]

Demud (fl. ca. 13th century), German physician^[11]

Dobrodeia of Kiev (fl. 1122), Byzantine physician

Dorotea Bucca (fl. 1390), Italian professor of medicine^[8]

Constance Calenda (15th century), Italian surgeon specializing in diseases of the eye^[12]^[9]

Virdimura of Catania (fl. 1376), Jewish-Sicilian physician^[8]

Caterina of Florence (fl. 1400s), Florentine physician^[8]

Jeanne de Cusey (fl. 1438), French barber-surgeon^[8]

Antonia Daniello (fl. 1400), Florentine-Jewish physician^[8]

Clarice di Durisio (15th century), Italian physician

Fava of Manosque (fl. 1322), French-Jewish physician^[8]

Jacobina Félicie (fl. 1322), Italian physician

Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra (15th century), Catalan physician ^[13]

Maria Gallicia (fl. 1309), licensed surgeon^[8]

Bellayne Gallipapa (fl. 1380), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician^[8]

Dolcich Gallipapa (fl. 1384), Leyda, Spanish-Jewish physician^[8]

Na Pla Gallipapa (fl. 1387), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician^[8]

Sarah de St Giles (fl. 1326), French-Jewish physician and medical teacher^[8]

Alessandra Giliani (fl. 1318), Italian anatomist

Rebecca de Guarna (fl. 1200), Italian physician^[12]^[9]

Magistra Hersend (fl. 1249–1259), French surgeon

Maria Incarnata, Italian surgeon,^[9] mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.^[10]

Isabiau la Mergesse (fl. 1292), French-Jewish physician^[8]

Floreta La-Noga (fl. 1374), Aragonese physician^[8]

Helvidis (fl. 1176), French physician^[8]

Keng Hsien-Seng (10th century), Chinese chemist

Li Shao Yun (11th century), Chinese chemist

Stephanie de Lyon (fl. 1265), French physician^[8]

Guillemette du Luys (fl. 1479), French royal surgeon^[8]

Thomasia de Mattio, Italian physician,^[9] mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.^[10]

Margherita di Napoli (late 14th century), Napolitan oculist active in Frankfurt-am-Main^[8]

Mercuriade (14th century), Italian physician and surgeon^[12]

Gilette de Narbonne (fl. 1300), French physician^[8]

Isabella da Ocre, Napolitan surgeon^[8]

Francisca da Romana, Napolitan physician^[8]

Dame Péronelle (1292–1319), French herbalist

Peretta Peronne, also called Perretta Petone (fl. 1411), French surgeon^[8]

Lauretta Ponte da Saracena Calabria, Napolitan physician

Trota of Salerno (fl. 1090), Italian physician^[8]

Marguerite Saluzzi (fl. 1460), Napolitan licensed herbalist physician^[8]

Sara de Sancto Aegidio (fl. 1326), French physician

Juana Sarrovia (fl. 1384), Barcelona, Spanish physician^[8]

Shen Yu Hsiu (15th century), Chinese chemist

Sun Pu-Eh (12th century), Chinese chemist

Raymunda da Taberna, licensed Napolitan surgeon^[8]

Théophanie (fl. 1291), French barber surgeon^[8]

Trotta da Toya (f. 1307), Napolitan physician^[8]

Polisena da Troya (fl. 1335), licensed Napolitan surgeon^[8]

Margarita da Venosa (fl. 1333), licensed Napolitan surgeon,^[8] who studied at the University of Salerno^[14] She was considered a noteworthy practitioner and counted Ladislaus, king of Naples, as a patient.^[10]

Francisca di Vestis (fl. 1308), Napolian physician^[8]

Zhang Xiaoniang (11th century), Chinese physician

Sophie Brahe portrait

Maria Andreae (1550–1632), German pharmacist

Marie de Brimeu (1550–1605), Flemish botanist

Sophia Brahe (1556–1643), Danish astronomer and chemist

Isabella Cortese (fl. 1561), Italian alchemist

Helena Magenbuch (1523–1597), German pharmacist

Loredana Marcello (died 1572), Venetian botanist

Elizabeth Moulthorne (fl. 1593), English barber-surgeon^[15]

Tarquinia Molza (1542–1617), Italian natural philosopher

Catherine de Parthenay (1554–1631), French mathematician

Elinor Sneshell (fl. 1593), English surgeon

Agatha Streicher (1520–1581), German physician

Caterina Vitale (1566–1619), Maltese pharmacist and chemist^[16]

Tan Yunxian (1461–1554), Chinese physician

Margaret Cavendish

Anna Åkerhjelm (1647–1693), Swedish traveler and archaeologist

Ann Baynard (1672–1697), British Natural philosopher

Aphra Behn (1640–1689), British translator of an astronomical work

Martine Bertereau (1600–fl.1642), French mineralogist

Agnes Block (1629–1704), Dutch horticulturalist

Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine (1618–1680), German natural philosopher

Louise Bourgeois Boursier (1563–1636), French obstetrician

Titia Brongersma (1650–1700), Frisian archaeologist, poet

Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673), natural philosopher

Marie Crous (fl. 1640), French mathematician

Maria Cunitz (1610–1664), Silesian astronomer

Jeanne Dumée (1660–1706), French astronomer

Maria Clara Eimmart (1676–1707), German astronomer

Marie Fouquet (1590–1681), French medical writer

Eleanor Glanville (1654–1709), English entomologist

Elisabeth Hevelius (1647–1693), Polish astronomer

Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), naturalist^[1]^: 206

Marie Meurdrac (c. 1610–1680), French chemist and alchemist

Elena Cornaro Piscopia (1646–1684), Italian mathematician and the first female PhD

Marguerite de la Sablière (c. 1640–1693), French natural philosopher

Jane Sharp (fl. 1671), British obstetrician

Justine Siegemund (1636–1705), German obstetrician

Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort (1630–1715), English botanist

Elizabeth Walker (1623–1690), British pharmacist

Geneviève Charlotte d'Arconville

Portrait of Émilie du ChâteletbyMaurice Quentin de La Tour

Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), Italian mathematician^[1]^: 1

Geneviève Charlotte d'Arconville (1720–1805), French anatomist

Madeleine-Françoise Calais (circa 1713– fl. 1740) French dentist.

Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen (1751–1827), German astronomer

Maria Angela Ardinghelli (1728–1825), Italian mathematician and physicist

Sarah Sophia Banks (1744–1818), British natural history collector

Giuseppa Barbapiccola (c. 1702–1740), natural philosopher, translator

Jeanne Baret (1740–1807), French circumnavigator and botanist

Laura Bassi (1711–1778), Italian physicist^[1]^: 20

Marie Marguerite Bihéron (1719–1795), French anatomist

Celia Grillo Borromeo (1684–1777), Italian natural philosopher

Jacoba van den Brande (1735–1794), Dutch founder of first all-female science academy

Maria Christina Bruhn (1732–1808), Swedish inventor

Margaret Bryan (c. 1760–1815), British natural philosopher

Elsa Beata Bunge (1734–1819), Swedish botanist

Lydia Byam (fl. 1797–1800), naturalist

María Andrea Casamayor (1700–1780), Spanish mathematician

Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749), French mathematician and physicist^[1]^: 52

Maria Medina Coeli (1764–1846), Italian physician

Jane Colden (1724–1766), American biologist

Rosalie de Constant (1758–1834), Swiss naturalist

Angélique du Coudray (1712–1794), French midwife

Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician

Catharina Helena Dörrien (1717 – 1795), German botanist

Eva Ekeblad (1724–1786), Swedish agronomist

Hannah English Williams (died 1722), collector of natural history in the American British Colonies

Dorothea Erxleben (1715–1762), German physician

Charlotta Frölich (1698–1770), Swedish agronomist and historian

Elizabeth Fulhame (fl. 1794), British chemist

Lucia Galeazzi Galvani (1743–1788), Italian physician

Sophie Germain (1776–1831), elasticity theory, number theory^[1]^: 105

Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi (1760–1830), Italian botanist

Catherine Littlefield Greene (1755–1814), American inventor

Salomée Halpir (1718-fl. 1763), Lithuanian oculist

Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German-British astronomer^[1]^: 124

Catherine Jérémie (1664–1744), French-Canadian botanist

Christine Kirch (1696–1782), German astronomer

Margaretha Kirch (1703–1744), German astronomer

Maria Margarethe Kirch (1670–1720), German astronomer^[1]^: 157

Marie Lachapelle (1769–1821), French midwife

Marie-Jeanne de Lalande (1760–1832), French astronomer

Marie Paulze Lavoisier (1758–1836), French chemist and illustrator

Nicole-Reine Lepaute (1723–1792), French astronomer

Elisabeth Christina von Linné (1743–1782), Swedish botanist

Martha Daniell Logan (1704–1779), American horticulturalist

Eliza Lucas (1722–1793), American agronomist and indigo dye pioneer

Maria Lullin (1750–1831), Swiss entomologist

Catharine Macaulay (1731–1791), British social scientist

Anna Morandi Manzolini (1716–1774), Italian physician and anatomist

Marie Le Masson Le Golft (1750–1826), French naturalist

Sybilla Masters (1675–1720), patent for a corn mill

Lady Anne Monson (1726–1776), English botanist

Maria Petraccini (1759–1791), Italian anatomist and physician

Zaffira Peretti (fl. 1780), Italian anatomist and physician

Claudine Picardet (1735–1820) French chemist, mineralogist and meteorologist

Louise du Pierry (1746–1807), French astronomer

Marie Anne Victoire Pigeon (1724–1767), French mathematician

Faustina Pignatelli (1705–1785), Italian physicist

Anna Barbara Reinhart (1730–1796), Swiss mathematician

Cristina Roccati (1732–1797), Italian physics teacher

Jane Squire (bap. 1686 – 1743), English mathematician

Clotilde Tambroni (1758–1817), Italian philologist and linguistic

Petronella Johanna de Timmerman (1723–1786), Dutch scientist

Wang Zhenyi (1768–1797), Chinese astronomer

Anthropology

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Maria Czaplicka (1884–1921), Polish cultural anthropologist
Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838–1923), American ethnologist
Johanna Mestorf (1828–1909), German prehistoric archaeologist
Margaret Murray (1863–1963), British anthropologist
Clémence Royer (1830–1902), French anthropologist
Ellen Churchill Semple (1863–1932), American geographer
Praskovja Uvarova (1840–1924), Russian archaeologist

Archeology

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Cornelia Horsford (1861– c. 1941), American archaeologist
Lady Hester Stanhope (1776–1839), British archaeologist
Zsófia Torma (1832–1899), Hungarian archaeologist, paleologist, anthropologist

Astronomy

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Annie Jump Cannon, 1922 Portrait

Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer
Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941), American astronomer^[1]^: 47
Agnes Mary Clerke (1842–1907), British astronomer
Florence Cushman (1860–1940), American astronomer
Williamina Fleming (1857–1911), Scottish/American astronomer^[1]^: 89
Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German astronomer active in England
Margaret Lindsay Murray Huggins (1848–1915), British astronomer
Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868–1921), American astronomer^[1]^: 170
Annie Russell Maunder (1868–1947), Irish astronomer
Antonia Caetana Maury (1866–1952), American astronomer^[1]^: 195
Maria Mitchell (1818–1889), American astronomer^[1]^: 209
Isis Pogson (1852–1945), British astronomer
Caterina Scarpellini (1808–1873), Italian astronomer
Sarah Frances Whiting (1846–1927), American astronomer and physicist^[17]
Mary Watson Whitney (1847–1921), American astronomer
Anna Winlock (1857–1904), American astronomer

Biology or natural history

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Mary Anning

Frances Acton (1793–1881), British botanist
Elizabeth Cary Agassiz (1822–1907), American natural historian
Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer
Mary Anning (1799–1847), British natural historian^[1]^: 9
Emily Arnesen (1876–1928), Norwegian zoologist
Anna Atkins (1799–1871), British botanist
Harriet Henrietta Beaufort (1778–1865), British botanist
Isabella Bird Bishop (1831–1904), British natural historian
Priscilla Susan Bury (1799–1872), English botanist
Albertina Carlsson (1848–1930), Swedish zoologist
Mary Agnes Meara Chase (1869–1963), American biologist
Cornelia Clapp (1849–1934), American zoologist
Anna Botsford Comstock (1854–1930), American natural historian
Clara Eaton Cummings (1855–1906), American botanist
Eunice P. Cutter (1819–1898), American author of anatomy textbooks
Lydia Maria Adams DeWitt (1859–1928), American pathologist
Mary Cynthia Dickerson (1866–1923), American herpetologist, museum curator and writer
Amalie Dietrich (1821–1891), German natural historian
Alice Eastwood (1859–1953), American biologist^[1]^: 77
Rosa Smith Eigenmann (1858–1947), American biologist
Olga Fedtschenko (1845–1921), Russian botanist
Maria Elizabeth Fernald (1839–1919), American entomologist
Elisabetta Fiorini Mazzanti (1799–1879), Italian botanist
Susanna Phelps Gage (1857–1915), American embryologist and comparative anatomist
Lilian Jane Gould (1861–1936), British biologist
Amelia Griffiths (1768–1858), British phycologist
Marian E. Hubbard (1868–1956), American zoologist
Agnes Ibbetson (1757–1823), English vegetable physiologist
Susan Hallowell (1835–1911), American botanist
Gabrielle Howard (1876–1930), British plant physiologist
Ellen Hutchins (1785–1815), Irish botanist
Ida Henrietta Hyde (1857–1945), American biologist^[1]^: 135
Maria Elizabetha Jacson (1755–1829), English botanist
Alice Johnson (1860–1940), English zoologist
Józefa Joteyko (1866–1928), physiologist, psychologist, pedagogist
Josephine Kablick (1787–1863), botanist
Helen Dean King (1869–1955), American biologist
Phoebe Lankester (1825–1900), British botanist
Marie-Anne Libert (1782–1865), Belgian botanist and mycologist
Friederike Lienig (1790–1855), German-Baltic entomologist
Elizabeth Eaton Morse (1864–1955), American mycologist/cryptogamist
Katharine Murray Lyell (1817–1915), British botanist
Helen Abbott Michael (1857–1904), American botanist and chemist
Olive Thorne Miller (1831–1918), American natural historian
Maria Gugelberg von Moos (1836–1918), Swiss botanist
Margaretta Morris (1797–1867), American entomologist
Mary Murtfeldt (1848–1913), American biologist
Eleanor Anne Ormerod (1828–1901), British biologist
Edith Marion Patch (1876–1954), American biologist
Maria Louisa Pike (d. 1892), American naturalist
Beatrix Potter (1866–1943), British mycologist
Mary Jane Rathbun (1860–1943), American marine biologist
Margaretta Riley (1804–1899), British botanic
Caroline Rosenberg (1810–1902), Danish botanist
Ethel Sargant (1863–1918), British biologist
Hazel Schmoll (1890–1990), American botanist working on plant life in Colorado
Lilian Sheldon (1862–1942), English zoologist
Alexandra Smirnoff (1838–1913), Finnish pomologist
Annie Lorrain Smith (1854–1937), British lichenologist and mycologist
Emilie Snethlage (1868–1929), German-Brazilian naturalist and ornithologist
Nettie Stevens (1861–1912), American geneticist^[1]^: 284
Jantina Tammes (1871–1947), Dutch botanist and geneticist
Charlotte De Bernier Taylor (1806–1863), American entomologist
Mary Treat (1830–1923), American naturalist
Anna Vickers (1852–1906), marine algologist
Jeanne Villepreux-Power (1794–1871), French marine biologist
Anna Maria Walker (c. 1778–1852), Scottish botanist
Elizabeth Andrew Warren (1786–1864), Cornish botanist
Mary Anne Whitby (1784–1850), English breeder of silkworms
Mary Pirie (1822–1885), Scottish botanist

Chemistry

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Ida Freund

Vera Bogdanovskaia (1868–1897), Russian chemist^[18]^: 64
Ida Freund (1863–1914), first woman to be a university chemistry lecturer in the United Kingdom^[18]^: 59–60
Louise Hammarström (1849–1917), Swedish chemist
Edith Humphrey (1875–1978), probably the first British woman to gain a doctorate in chemistry^[19]
Julia Lermontova (1846–1919), Russian chemist^[18]^: 61–64
Laura Linton (1853–1915), American chemist ^[18]^: 57–58
Rachel Lloyd (1839–1900), American chemist ^[18]^: 55–56
Adelaida Lukanina (1843–1908), Russian physician and chemist
Helen Abbott Michael (1857–1904), American botanist and chemist
Frances Micklethwait (1867–1950), British research chemist
Muriel Wheldale Onslow (1880–1932), British biochemist
Marie Pasteur (1826–1910), French chemist and bacteriologist
Mary Engle Pennington (1872–1952), American chemist
Agnes Pockels (1862–1935), German chemist
Vera Popova (1867–1896), Russian chemist
Anna Sundström (1785–1871), Swedish chemist
Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911), American industrial and environmental chemist^[1]^: 254^[18]^: 51–54
Margarete Traube (1856–1912), German-born chemist who lived in Italy
Anna Volkova (1800–1876), Russian chemist
Martha Annie Whiteley (1866–1956), English chemist and mathematician
Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova (died 1914), Russian chemist

Engineers

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Mary Dicas (fl. 1800–1815), maker of scientific instruments
Emily Roebling (1844–1903), American civil engineer

Geology

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Florence Bascom (1862–1945), American geologist^[1]^: 18
Etheldred Benett (1776–1845), British geologist
Mary Buckland (1797–1857), British paleontologist and marine biologist
Margaret Crosfield (1859–1952), British paleontologist and geologist
Maria Gordon (1896–1939), Scottish geologist
Mary Emilie Holmes (1850–1906), American geologist and educator
Charlotte Murchison (1788–1869), Scottish geologist
Elizabeth Philpot (1780–1857), British paleontologist

Inventors

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Tabitha Babbitt (1779–1853), American inventor and tool maker
Mary Brush (fl. 1815), American inventor
Martha Coston (1826–1904), American inventor
Ellen Eglin (1849–fl. 1890), American inventor
Caroline Eichler (1809–1843), German inventor, instrument maker and prostheses designer.
Hanna Hammarström (1829–1909), Swedish inventor
Mary Kies (1752–1837), American inventor
Margaret E. Knight (1838–1914), American inventor, first woman awarded a U.S. patent
Huang Lü (died 1829), Chinese optic inventor

Mathematics

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Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (Ada Lovelace)

Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891), Russian mathematician (partial differential equations, rotating solids, Abelian functions)^[1]^: 162
Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace (1815–1851), British mathematician^[1]^: 180
Emilie Martin (1869–1936), American mathematician
Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), British statistician and nurse
Emmy Noether (1882–1935), German mathematician

Microbiology

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Alice Catherine Evans (1881–1975), American microbiologist

Medicine

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Kadambini Ganguly

Rachel Alcock (1862–1939), British physiologist
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836–1917), British physician ^[1]^: 7
Hedda Andersson (1861–1950), Swedish physician
Lovisa Årberg (1801–1881), first woman doctor and surgeon in Sweden
Amalia Assur (1803–1889), Swedish dentist
Sara Josephine Baker (1873–1945), American doctor (child hygiene pioneer)
Chandramukhi Basu (1860–1944), Indian physician
Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910), American physician ^[1]^: 31
Emily Blackwell (1826–1910), American physician
Marie Boivin (1773–1841), French writer on obstetrics
Elizabeth D. A. Cohen (1820–1921), American physician, first female physician in the state of Louisiana
Rebecca Cole (1846–1922) American physician, by 1867 she was the second African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States
Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831–1895) American physician, by 1864 she was the first African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States
Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician
Marie Durocher (1809–1893), Brazilian obstetrician, midwife and physician
Enriqueta Favez (c. 1791–1856), Swiss physician and surgeon
Rosalie Fougelberg (1841–1911), Swedish dentist
Rupa Bai Furdoonji, Indian physician who was the world's first female anesthetist
Kadambini Ganguly (1861–1923), Indian physician
Johanna Hedén (1837–1912), Swedish midwife, feldsher and barber
Aletta Jacobs (1854–1929), Dutch physician
Maria Jansson (1788–1842), known as Kisamor, Swedish physician
Sophia Jex-Blake (1840–1912), British physician
Anandi Gopal Joshi (1865–1887), Indian physician
Mary Poonen Lukose (1886–1976), Indian gynecologist
Emmy Rappe (1835–1896), Swedish nurse
Martha Ripley (1843–1912), American physician and suffragist
Varvara Kashevarova Rudneva (1844–1899), Russian physician
Florence R. Sabin (1871–1953), American medical scientist
Ellen Sandelin (1862–1907), Swedish physician and teacher of physiology
Regina von Siebold (1771–1849), German physician and obstetrician
Charlotte von Siebold (1788–1859), German physician and gynecologist
Anna Stecksén (1870–1904), Swedish pathologist
Lucy Hobbs Taylor (1833–1910), American dentist
Isala Van Diest (1842–1916), first female medical doctor and female university graduate in Belgium
Catharine van Tussenbroek (1852–1925), Dutch gynecologist
Mary Walker (1832–1919), American surgeon
Karolina Widerström (1856–1949), Swedish physician
Thora Wigardh (1860–1933), Swedish physician
Marie Elisabeth Zakrzewska (1829–1902), Polish-American physician

Nuclear physics

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Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian, Swedish, nuclear physicist

Physics

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Hertha Marks Ayrton (1854–1923), British physicist^[1]^: 14
Mileva Einstein-Maric (1875–1948), Serbian/Swiss physicist
Margaret Eliza Maltby (1860–1944), American physicist
Mary Somerville (1780–1872), British physicist, polymath^[1]^: 280
Eunice Newton Foote (1819–1888), American inventor and physicist who first discovered rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels could impact climate ^[20]^[21]

Psychology

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Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930), American psychologist
Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847–1930), American psychologist^[1]^: 167
Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939), American psychologist
Anna Freud (1895–1982), Austrian-British psychoanalyst

Science education

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Jane Webb Loudon (1807–1858), Writer of introductory gardening books
Jane Marcet (1769–1858), Writer of introductory science books
Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884), American science educator
Josephine Silone Yates (died 1912), American chemistry professor

Sociology

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Jane Addams (1860–1935), American sociologist
Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935), American sociologist
Beatrice Webb (1858–1943), English sociologist and economist

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab Yount 2007

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2003-12-16). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135963439.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Nathan J. Barnes: Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women

^ ^a ^b Ogilvie 1986

^ Brown, James Campbell (1920). A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times. P. Blakiston's Son & Company. pp. 19–24.

^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.81–84. Irby-Massie, 'Women in Ancient Science', in Woman's power, man's game: essays on classical antiquity in honor of Joy K. King, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1993. p.366

^ Gabriele Kass-Simon; Patricia Farnes; Deborah Nash, eds. (1999). Women of science : righting the record (First Midland Book ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press. p. 301. ISBN 9780253208132.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400–1800

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Howard 2006

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zahm, J.A. (1913). Woman in Science.

^ Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science. New York: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 0415920388.

^ ^a ^b ^c Walsh 2008, p. 142

^ «Diccionari Biogràfic de Dones: Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra Archived 2016-08-08 at the Wayback Machine»

^ Howard, Sethanne (2007). "SCIENCE HAS NO GENDER: The History of Women in Science". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 93 (1): 1–15. ISSN 0043-0439. JSTOR 24536249.

^ Picard, Liza. Elizabeth's London (2003), Weidenfeld & Nicolson

^ Hoe, Susanna (2016). "Valletta". Malta: Women, History, Books and Places (PDF). Oxford: Women's History Press (a division of Holo Books). pp. 368–369. ISBN 9780957215351. OCLC 931704918. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2016.

^ "Sarah Whiting". CWP.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rayner-Canham & Rayner-Canham 2001

^ Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoff (23 Feb 2009). "Fight for Rights" (PDF). Chemistry World. 6 (3): 56–59.

^ Huddleston, Amara (17 July 2019). "Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer". climate.gov. Retrieved 6 March 2024.

^ Schwartz, John (21 April 2020). "Overlooked No More: Eunice Foote, Climate Scientist Lost to History". The New York Times.

List of female scientists before the 20th century

Contents

Antiquity

Middle Ages

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

Anthropology

Archeology

Astronomy

Biology or natural history

Chemistry

Engineers

Geology

Inventors

Mathematics

Microbiology

Medicine

Nuclear physics

Physics

Psychology

Science education

Sociology

See also

Notes

References

External links

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