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{{Short description|Pneumonic plague outbreak in 1910–1911}}
[[File:Picture of Manchurian Plague victims in 1910 -1911.jpg|thumb|Victims of the Manchurian plague,
The '''Manchurian plague''' was a [[pneumonic plague]] that occurred mainly in [[Manchuria]] in 1910–1911. It killed 60,000 people, stimulating a multinational medical response and the wearing of the first [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE).
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{{See also|Third plague pandemic}}The plague is thought to have originated from a [[tarbagan marmot]] infected with bacterial pneumonia. Tarbagan marmots were hunted for their fur in Manchuria. It was an [[Airborne disease|airborne spread disease]] and was incredibly deadly, with a near 100 percent mortality rate. Its spread was magnified by marmot hunters gathering in the bitter winter months, and the eventual travel of migrant workers during the [[Chinese New Year]]. Russia and Japan both had economic interests in the region and needed to cooperate with Chinese authorities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://disasterhistory.org/the-manchurian-plague-1910-11|title=Manchurian plague, 1910-11|last=Meiklejohn|first=Iain|website=Disaster History|language=en-GB|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref>
The [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]-trained doctor [[Wu Lien-teh]] led Chinese efforts to end the plague, and promoted [[quarantine]] and the wearing of [[cloth face mask]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yu-lin|first=Wu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iC3CgAAQBAJ|title=Memories Of Dr Wu Lien-teh, Plague Fighter|date=1995|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4632-82-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90479846/the-untold-origin-story-of-the-n95-mask|title=The untold origin story of the N95 mask|last=Wilson|first=Mark|date=2020-03-24|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> He also convened the International Plague Conference in [[Shenyang|Mukden]] in April 1911, the first major event of its kind that brought together an international team of scientists concerned with [[disease control]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/qyumt3z3|title=Inaugural address delivered at the opening of the International Plague Conference, Mukden, April 4th, 1911|date=1911|website=Wellcome Collection|language=en|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=World History Connected {{!}} Vol. 14 No. 3 {{!}} Michael Corsi: Identities in Crisis: Representations of Other and Self in Manchuria during the Plague Years of 1910-1911|url=https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/14.3/corsi.html|access-date=2020-12-17|website=worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu}}</ref>
The Chinese government also sought the support of foreign doctors, a number of whom died as a consequence of the disease.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gamsa|first1=Mark|date=2006|title=The Epidemic of Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria 1910-1911|journal=Past & Present
In the end, the death toll reached some 60,000 lives. The hardest hit cities included [[Changchun]], [[Harbin]], and Mukden. Although the disease was largely confined to Manchuria, cases were found elsewhere in cities such as [[Beijing]] and [[Tianjin]].<ref name=":0"/>
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== Significance ==
[[File:Plague Workers Mukden, Manchuria, 1882-ca. 1936 (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS8-045).jpg|thumb|Plague workers in [[personal protective equipment]]]]
The Manchurian plague is believed to have highlighted the importance of a multinational medical response, setting precedents for organizations such as the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Summers|first=William C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=360HZKQiHcIC|title=The Great Manchurian Plague of 1910–1911: The Geopolitics of an Epidemic Disease|date=2012|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-18319-1}}</ref> Wu Lien-teh's widespread promotion of [[Cloth face mask|cloth plague mask]]-wearing by doctors, nurses, patients, contacts, and (to the degree that it was possible) the population at large was the first time such an epidemic containment measure had been attempted.<ref name=guard/> The event was also influential in establishing the use of [[personal protective equipment]] to stop the spread of disease, and is credited for the origins of the modern [[hazmat suit]].<ref name=guard>{{cite news |last1=Kale |first1=Sirin |title='They can cost £63k': how the hazmat suit came to represent disease, danger – and hope |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/26/hazmat-suit-disease-deadly-viruses-danger-symbol-heroic |access-date=23 April 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=26 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lynteris |first1=Christos |title=Plague Masks: The Visual Emergence of Anti-Epidemic Personal Protection Equipment |journal=Medical Anthropology |date=18 August 2018 |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=442–457 |doi=10.1080/01459740.2017.1423072 |doi-access=free |pmid=30427733 |issn=0145-9740|hdl=10023/16472 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Parallels have also been made between the management and control of the Manchurian plague and other outbreaks of infectious disease such as the [[Western African Ebola virus epidemic|Ebola epidemic in West Africa (2013–2016)]]<ref>{{cite
== References ==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Manchurian plague}}
[[Category:1910 in China]]
[[Category:1911 in China]]
[[Category:1910 disease outbreaks]]
[[Category:1911 disease outbreaks]]
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[[Category:History of Manchuria]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:Plague (disease)]]
[[Category:1910 disasters in Asia]]
[[Category:1911 disasters in Asia]]
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