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==Classification and structure==
Microorganisms can be found almost anywhere on [[Earth]]. [[Bacteria]] and [[archaea]] are almost always microscopic, while a number of [[eukaryote]]s are also microscopic, including most [[Protista|protists]], some [[fungus|fungi]], as well as some [[micro-animal]]s and plants. [[Virus]]es are generally regarded as [[Non-cellular life|not living]] and therefore not considered to be microorganisms, although a subfield of [[microbiology]] is [[virology]], the study of viruses.<ref>{{Cite book |title=eLS|last=Lim|first=Daniel V. |date=2001 |publisher=John Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-01590-2 |doi=10.1038/npg.els.0000459|chapter = Microbiology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.highveld.com/microbiology/what-is-microbiology.html|title=What is Microbiology? |website=highveld.com |access-date=2017-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215180557/http://www.highveld.com/microbiology/what-is-microbiology.html |archive-date=2015-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cann |first=Alan |title=Principles of Molecular Virology |year=2011 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-384939-7 |edition=5}}</ref>
===Evolution===
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[[Extremophiles]] are microorganisms that have adapted so that they can survive and even thrive in [[extreme environment]]s that are normally fatal to most life-forms. [[Thermophile]]s and [[hyperthermophiles]] thrive in high [[temperature]]s. [[Psychrophile]]s thrive in extremely low temperatures. – Temperatures as high as {{convert|130|°C|°F}},<ref>[[Strain 121]], a [[Hyperthermophile|hyperthermophilic]] [[archaea]], has been shown to reproduce at {{convert|121|°C|°F}}, and survive at {{convert|130|°C|°F}}.[https://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr0384.htm]</ref> as low as {{convert|-17|°C|°F}}<ref>Some [[Psychrophiles|Psychrophilic]] bacteria can grow at {{convert|-17|°C|°F}}),[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/827063.stm] and can survive near [[absolute zero]]).{{cite web |title=Earth microbes on the Moon |url=https://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast01sep98_1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323224432/http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast01sep98_1.htm |archive-date=23 March 2010 |access-date=2009-07-20}}</ref> [[Halophile]]s such as ''[[Halobacterium salinarum]]'' (an archaean) thrive in high [[Salinity|salt conditions]], up to saturation.<ref>Dyall-Smith, Mike, [http://www.microbiol.unimelb.edu.au/people/dyallsmith/ ''HALOARCHAEA''], University of Melbourne. See also [[Haloarchaea]].</ref> [[Alkaliphile]]s thrive in an [[alkaline]] [[pH]] of about 8.5–11.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/185/2/461.pdf|title=''Bacillus alcalophilus'' can grow at up to pH 11.5|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|date=15 January 2003|volume=185|issue=2|pages=461–465|doi=10.1128/JB.185.2.461-465.2003|last1=Olsson|first1=Karen|last2=Keis|first2=Stefanie|last3=Morgan|first3=Hugh W.|last4=Dimroth|first4=Peter|last5=Cook|first5=Gregory M.|pmid=12511491|pmc=145327}}</ref> [[Acidophile]]s can thrive in a pH of 2.0 or less.<ref>[[Picrophilus]] can grow at pH −0.06.[http://www.rcn.montana.edu/resources/organisms/organisminfo.aspx?nav=11&tid=1298&did=1&nid=82076&lid=9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622184325/http://www.rcn.montana.edu/resources/organisms/organisminfo.aspx?nav=11&tid=1298&did=1&nid=82076&lid=9|date=22 June 2010}}</ref> [[Piezophile]]s thrive at very [[high pressure]]s: up to 1,000–2,000 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]], down to 0 atm as in a [[vacuum]] of [[Outer space|space]].{{efn|The [[Piezophile|piezophilic]] bacteria [[Halomonas salaria]] requires a pressure of 1,000 atm; [[nanobes]], a speculative organism, have been reportedly found in the earth's crust at 2,000 atm.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/index.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/nanobes/nanopaper.html | title=Microscopy-UK Home (Resources for the microscopy enthusiast and amateur, including free monthly e-zine, Micscape.) }}</ref>}} A few extremophiles such as ''[[Deinococcus radiodurans]]'' are [[radioresistance|radioresistant]],<ref>{{cite journal | volume=10 | issue=1 | pages=575–577 | last=Anderson | first=A. W. |author2=Nordan, H. C. |author3=Cain, R. F. |author4=Parrish, G. |author5=Duggan, D. | title=Studies on a radio-resistant micrococcus. I. Isolation, morphology, cultural characteristics, and resistance to gamma radiation | journal=Food Technol. | year=1956}}</ref> resisting [[Ionizing radiation|radiation]] exposure of up to 5k [[Gray (unit)|Gy]]. Extremophiles are significant in different ways. They extend terrestrial life into much of the Earth's [[hydrosphere]], [[Crust (geology)|crust]] and [[atmosphere]], their specific evolutionary adaptation mechanisms to their extreme environment can be exploited in [[biotechnology]], and their very existence under such extreme conditions increases the potential for [[extraterrestrial life]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cavicchioli, R. |title=Extremophiles and the search for extraterrestrial life |journal=Astrobiology |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=281–292 |year=2002 |pmid=12530238 |doi=10.1089/153110702762027862 |bibcode=2002AsBio...2..281C |url=http://somosbacteriasyvirus.com/extremophiles.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.472.3179 |access-date=26 October 2017 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426071811/https://somosbacteriasyvirus.com/extremophiles.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Plants and
{{Main |Soil biology}}
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Microorganisms are used in a [[Fermentation (food)|fermentation]] process to make [[yoghurt]], [[cheese]], [[curd]], [[kefir]], [[ayran]], [[fermented milk products|xynogala]], and other types of food. Fermentation cultures provide flavour and aroma, and inhibit undesirable organisms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/micro.html |title= Dairy Microbiology |access-date=9 October 2006 |publisher= University of Guelph}}</ref> They are used to [[leavening agent|leaven]] [[bread]], and to convert [[sugar]]s to [[ethanol|alcohol]] in [[wine]] and [[beer]]. Microorganisms are used in [[brewing]], [[wine making]], [[baking]], [[pickling]] and other [[food]]-making processes.<ref name="HuiMeunier-Goddik2004">{{cite book |author=Hui, Y.H. |author2=Meunier-Goddik, L. |author3=Josephsen, J. |author4=Nip, W.K. |author5=Stanfield, P.S. |title=Handbook of Food and Beverage Fermentation Technology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PC_O7u1NPZEC&pg=PA27 |year=2004 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8247-5122-7 |pages=27 and passim}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"▼
▲{| class="wikitable"
!scope="col"|Product
!scope="col"|Contribution of microorganisms
|-
!scope="row"|Cheese
|Growth of microorganisms contributes to ripening and flavor. The flavor and appearance of a particular cheese is due in large part to the microorganisms associated with it. ''[[Lactobacillus bulgaricus GLB44|Lactobacillus Bulgaricus]]'' is one of the microbes used in production of [[dairy product]]s
|-
!scope="row"|Alcoholic beverages
|yeast is used to convert sugar, grape juice, or malt-treated grain into alcohol. other microorganisms may also be used; a mold converts starch into sugar to make the Japanese rice wine, sake. ''[[Acetobacter aceti|Acetobacter Aceti]]'' a kind of bacterium is used in production of Alcoholic beverages
|-
!scope="row"|Vinegar
|Certain bacteria are used to convert alcohol into acetic acid, which gives vinegar its acid taste. ''[[Acetobacter aceti|Acetobacter Aceti]]'' is used on production of vinegar, which gives vinegar odor of alcohol and alcoholic taste
|-
!scope="row"|Citric acid
|Certain fungi are used to make citric acid, a common ingredient of soft drinks and other foods.
|-
!scope="row"|Vitamins
|Microorganisms are used to make vitamins, including C, B<sub>2</sub> , B<sub>12.</sub>
|-
!scope="row"|Antibiotics
|With only a few exceptions, microorganisms are used to make antibiotics. ''[[Penicillin]], [[Amoxicillin]], [[Tetracycline]], and [[Erythromycin]]''
|}
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[[File:Plasmodium.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[eukaryotic]] [[parasite]] ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' (spiky blue shapes), a causative agent of [[malaria]], in human [[blood]]]]
Microorganisms are the causative agents ([[pathogen]]s) in many [[Infection|infectious diseases]]. The organisms involved include [[pathogenic bacteria]], causing diseases such as [[bubonic plague|plague]], [[tuberculosis]] and [[anthrax]]; [[protozoa]]n [[parasite]]s, causing diseases such as [[malaria]], [[African trypanosomiasis|sleeping sickness]], [[dysentery]] and [[toxoplasmosis]]; and also fungi causing diseases such as [[ringworm]], [[candidiasis]] or [[histoplasmosis]]. However, other diseases such as [[influenza]], [[yellow fever]] or [[AIDS]] are caused by [[pathogenic viruses]], which are not usually classified as living organisms and are not, therefore, microorganisms by the strict definition. No clear examples of archaean pathogens are known,<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Eckburg, P. |author2=Lepp, P. |author3=Relman, D. |title=Archaea and Their Potential Role in Human Disease |journal=[[Infect Immun]] |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=591–6 |year=2003 |pmid=12540534 | doi=10.1128/IAI.71.2.591-596.2003 |pmc=145348}}</ref> although a relationship has been proposed between the presence of some archaean methanogens and human [[periodontal disease]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Lepp, P. |author2=Brinig, M. |author3=Ouverney, C. |author4=Palm, K. |author5=Armitage, G. |author6=Relman, D. |title=Methanogenic Archaea and human periodontal disease | doi= 10.1073/pnas.0308766101 | journal=[[Proc Natl Acad Sci USA]] |volume=101 |issue=16 |pages=6176–81 |year=2004 |pmid=15067114 |pmc=395942|bibcode=2004PNAS..101.6176L |doi-access=free }}</ref> Numerous microbial pathogens are capable of sexual processes that appear to facilitate their survival in their infected host.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE | date = Jan 2018 | title = Sex in microbial pathogens | journal = Infect Genet Evol | volume = 57 | pages = 8–25 | doi = 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.024 | pmid = 29111273 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2018InfGE..57....8B }}</ref>
=== Hygiene ===
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* [[Petri dish]]
* [[Staining]]
* [[Budapest Treaty]] (Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure)
{{colend}}
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