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In 1876, [[Robert Koch]] (1843–1910) established that microorganisms can cause disease. He found that the blood of cattle that were infected with [[anthrax]] always had large numbers of ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]''. Koch found that he could transmit anthrax from one animal to another by taking a small sample of blood from the infected animal and injecting it into a healthy one, and this caused the healthy animal to become sick. He also found that he could grow the bacteria in a nutrient broth, then inject it into a healthy animal, and cause illness. Based on these experiments, he devised criteria for establishing a causal link between a microorganism and a disease and these are now known as [[Koch's postulates]].<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905] Nobelprize.org Accessed 22 November 2006.</ref> Although these postulates cannot be applied in all cases, they do retain historical importance to the development of scientific thought and are still being used today.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=O'Brien, S. |author2=Goedert, J. | title=HIV causes AIDS: Koch's postulates fulfilled | journal=Curr Opin Immunol | volume=8 | issue=5 | pages=613–18 | year=1996 | pmid=8902385 | doi=10.1016/S0952-7915(96)80075-6|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1260157 }}</ref>
The discovery of microorganisms such as ''
The work of Pasteur and Koch did not accurately reflect the true diversity of the microbial world because of their exclusive focus on microorganisms having direct medical relevance. It was not until the work of [[Martinus Beijerinck]] and [[Sergei Winogradsky]] late in the nineteenth century that the true breadth of microbiology was revealed.<ref name=Brock>{{cite book | editor1=Madigan, M. |editor2=Martinko, J. | title=Brock Biology of Microorganisms | edition=13th | publisher=Pearson Education | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-321-73551-5 |page=1096}}</ref> Beijerinck made two major contributions to microbiology: the discovery of [[virus]]es and the development of [[enrichment culture]] techniques.<ref>{{cite web | author=Johnson, J. | title=Martinus Willem Beijerinck | work=APSnet| publisher=American Phytopathological Society | url=http://apsnet.org/education/feature/TMV/intro.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620173433/http://apsnet.org/education/feature/TMV/intro.html | archive-date=2010-06-20 | year=2001 |orig-year=1998 | access-date=2 May 2010}} Retrieved from Internet Archive 12 January 2014.</ref> While his work on the [[tobacco mosaic virus]] established the basic principles of virology, it was his development of enrichment culturing that had the most immediate impact on microbiology by allowing for the cultivation of a wide range of microbes with wildly different physiologies. Winogradsky was the first to develop the concept of [[chemolithotrophy]] and to thereby reveal the essential role played by microorganisms in geochemical processes.<ref>{{cite book | author=Paustian, T. | author2=Roberts, G. | chapter=Beijerinck and Winogradsky Initiate the Field of Environmental Microbiology | title=Through the Microscope: A Look at All Things Small | at=§ 1–14 | edition=3rd | year=2009 | publisher=Textbook Consortia | chapter-url=http://www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=32 | access-date=3 October 2017 | archive-date=14 September 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914000327/http://www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=32 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was responsible for the first isolation and description of both [[nitrifying bacteria|nitrifying]] and [[nitrogen-fixing bacteria]].<ref name=Brock /> French-Canadian microbiologist [[Felix d'Herelle]] co-discovered [[bacteriophage]]s and was one of the earliest applied microbiologists.<ref name =Keen>{{cite journal |author=Keen, E. C. |title=Felix d'Herelle and Our Microbial Future |journal=Future Microbiology |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=1337–1339 |year=2012 |pmid=23231482|doi=10.2217/fmb.12.115}}</ref>
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[[File:Plasmodium.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[eukaryotic]] [[parasite]] ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' (spiky blue shapes), a causative agent of [[malaria]], in human [[blood]]]]
Microorganisms are the causative agents ([[pathogen]]s) in many [[Infection|infectious diseases]]. The organisms involved include [[pathogenic bacteria]], causing diseases such as [[bubonic plague|plague]], [[tuberculosis]] and [[anthrax]]; [[protozoa]]n [[parasite]]s, causing diseases such as [[malaria]], [[African trypanosomiasis|sleeping sickness]], [[dysentery]] and [[toxoplasmosis]]; and also fungi causing diseases such as [[ringworm]], [[candidiasis]] or [[histoplasmosis]]. However, other diseases such as [[influenza]], [[yellow fever]] or [[AIDS]] are caused by [[pathogenic viruses]], which are not usually classified as living organisms and are not, therefore, microorganisms by the strict definition. No clear examples of archaean pathogens are known,<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Eckburg, P. |author2=Lepp, P. |author3=Relman, D. |title=Archaea and Their Potential Role in Human Disease |journal=[[Infect Immun]] |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=591–6 |year=2003 |pmid=12540534 | doi=10.1128/IAI.71.2.591-596.2003 |pmc=145348}}</ref> although a relationship has been proposed between the presence of some archaean methanogens and human [[periodontal disease]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Lepp, P. |author2=Brinig, M. |author3=Ouverney, C. |author4=Palm, K. |author5=Armitage, G. |author6=Relman, D. |title=Methanogenic Archaea and human periodontal disease | doi= 10.1073/pnas.0308766101 | journal=[[Proc Natl Acad Sci USA]] |volume=101 |issue=16 |pages=6176–81 |year=2004 |pmid=15067114 |pmc=395942|bibcode=2004PNAS..101.6176L |doi-access=free }}</ref> Numerous microbial pathogens are capable of sexual processes that appear to facilitate their survival in their infected host.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE | date = Jan 2018 | title = Sex in microbial pathogens | journal = Infect Genet Evol | volume = 57 | pages = 8–25 | doi = 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.024 | pmid = 29111273 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2018InfGE..57....8B }}</ref>
=== Hygiene ===
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* [[Petri dish]]
* [[Staining]]
* [[Budapest Treaty]] (Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure)
{{colend}}
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