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[[File:Electoral systems
{{Electoral systems}}
'''Mixed-member proportional representation''' ('''MMP''' or '''MMPR''') is a [[mixed electoral system]]
Seats in the legislature are filled first by the successful constituency candidates, and second, by party candidates based on the percentage of nationwide or region-wide votes that each party received.<ref name="AceMmp">{{cite web|last1=ACE Project Electoral Knowledge Network|title=Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)|url=http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd03/esd03a/default|access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="ShugartMixMember">{{cite book|last1=Shugart|first1=Matthew|last2=Wattenberg|first2=Martin P.|title=Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Best of Both Worlds?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_ufahHi7DoC|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2001|isbn=9780191528972}}</ref><ref name="BochslerTerritory">{{cite book|first1=Daniel|last1=Bochsler|title=Territory and Electoral Rules in Post-Communist Democracies|chapter=Chapter 5, How Party Systems Develop in Mixed Electoral Systems|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkCBDAAAQBAJ|date=May 13, 2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230281424}}</ref> The constituency representatives are usually elected using [[first-past-the-post voting]] (FPTP). The nationwide or regional party representatives are, in most jurisdictions, drawn from published [[electoral list|party lists]], similar to [[party-list proportional representation]]. To gain a nationwide representative, parties may be required to achieve a minimum number of constituency seats, a minimum percentage of the nationwide party vote, or both.▼
MMP differs from [[parallel voting]] in that the nationwide seats are allocated to [[political party|political parties]] in a compensatory manner in order to achieve [[proportional representation|proportional election results]]. Under MMP, two parties that each receive 25% of the votes end up with about 25% of the seats, even if one party wins more constituency seats than the other. Depending on the exact system implemented in a country and the results of a particular election, the proportionality of an election may vary.<ref name="Linhart Raabe Statsch pp. 21–40">{{cite journal | last1=Linhart | first1=Eric | last2=Raabe | first2=Johannes | last3=Statsch | first3=Patrick | title=Mixed-member proportional electoral systems – the best of both worlds? | journal=Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=29 | issue=1 | date=2018-03-01 | issn=1745-7289 | doi=10.1080/17457289.2018.1443464 | pages=21–40| s2cid=149188878 }}</ref> [[Overhang seat]]s may reduce the proportionality of the system, although this can be compensated for by allocating additional party list seats to cover any proportionality gap.<ref name="Golosov 2013 p.
▲Seats in the legislature are filled first by the successful constituency candidates, and second, by party candidates based on the percentage of nationwide or region-wide votes that each party received.<ref name=AceMmp>{{cite web|last1=ACE Project Electoral Knowledge Network|title=Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)|url=http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd03/esd03a/default|access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=ShugartMixMember>{{cite book|last1=Shugart|first1=Matthew|last2=Wattenberg|first2=Martin P.|title=Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Best of Both Worlds?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_ufahHi7DoC|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2001|isbn=9780191528972}}</ref><ref name=BochslerTerritory>{{cite book|first1=Daniel|last1=Bochsler|title=Territory and Electoral Rules in Post-Communist Democracies|chapter=Chapter 5, How Party Systems Develop in Mixed Electoral Systems|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkCBDAAAQBAJ|date=May 13, 2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230281424}}</ref>
MMP was first used to elect representatives to the [[Germany|German]] [[Bundestag]], and has been adopted by
== Other names ==
In [[Germany]], where it is used on the federal level and in most states, MMP is known as ''personalized proportional representation'' ({{lang-de|personalisiertes Verhältniswahlrecht}}). This version of MMP produced very [[Proportional representation|proportional]] election results by a number of additional compensatory seats, known as [[leveling seat]]s. Germany recently modified their system to not allow overhang seats in a way that not all local districts are guaranteed to elect the plurality winner, thereby eliminating the need for leveling seats also: However due to this revision, the system is no longer considered to be MMP in the sense of a mixed member system combining [[Proportional representation|proportional]] and [[majoritarian representation]], but a personalized/localized version of PR. As it retains the individual candidate vote in a clearly distinct fashion from [[Open list|open-list]] systems, it may still be considered mixed-member proportional in the sense of a proportional system having two kinds of MP: one (may be) elected by personal (candidate) votes, one elected by (closed list) votes.
▲MMP differs from [[parallel voting]] in that the nationwide seats are allocated to [[political party|political parties]] in a compensatory manner in order to achieve [[proportional representation|proportional election results]]. Under MMP, two parties that each receive 25% of the votes end up with about 25% of the seats, even if one party wins more constituency seats than the other. Depending on the exact system implemented in a country and the results of a particular election, the proportionality of an election may vary.<ref name="Linhart Raabe Statsch pp. 21–40">{{cite journal | last1=Linhart | first1=Eric | last2=Raabe | first2=Johannes | last3=Statsch | first3=Patrick | title=Mixed-member proportional electoral systems – the best of both worlds? | journal=Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=29 | issue=1 | date=2018-03-01 | issn=1745-7289 | doi=10.1080/17457289.2018.1443464 | pages=21–40| s2cid=149188878 }}</ref> [[Overhang seat]]s may reduce the proportionality of the system, although this can be compensated for by allocating additional party list seats to cover any proportionality gap.<ref name="Golosov 2013 p. ">{{cite journal | last=Golosov | first=Grigorii V. | title=The Case for Mixed Single Vote Electoral Systems | journal=The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies | volume=38 | issue=3 | date=2013-10-01 | issn=0278-839X | url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3109814051/the-case-for-mixed-single-vote-electoral-systems | access-date=2020-11-16 }}</ref>
▲MMP was first used to elect representatives to the [[Germany|German]] [[Bundestag]], and has been adopted by [[South Korea]], [[New Zealand]], and others. In [[Germany]], where it is used on the federal level and in most states, MMP is known as ''personalized proportional representation'' ({{lang-de|personalisiertes Verhältniswahlrecht}}).
In the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Quebec]], where an MMP model was studied in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fairvote.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Quebec-Chief-Electoral-Officers-Report-English.pdf|access-date=24 October 2017|date=December 2007|title=Characteristics of a compensatory mixed member voting system: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer|publisher=Le Directeur général des élections du Québec|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115170755/http://www.fairvote.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Quebec-Chief-Electoral-Officers-Report-English.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2018}}</ref> it is called the ''compensatory mixed-member'' voting system ({{Lang|fr|système mixte avec compensation}} or SMAC). In the [[United Kingdom]] the [[Semi-proportional representation|semi-proportional]] implementation of MMP used in Scotland, Wales, and the London Assembly is referred to as the [[additional member system]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Electoral Reform and Voting Systems|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/electoral-reform-and-voting-systems|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-date=8 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408184539/http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/electoral-reform-and-voting-systems|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Additional-member system: Politics">{{cite web|title=Additional-member system: Politics|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/additional-member-system|access-date=24 March 2016|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> ▼
▲In the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Quebec]], where an MMP model was studied in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fairvote.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Quebec-Chief-Electoral-Officers-Report-English.pdf|access-date=24 October 2017|date=December 2007|title=Characteristics of a compensatory mixed member voting system: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer|publisher=Le Directeur général des élections du Québec|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115170755/http://www.fairvote.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Quebec-Chief-Electoral-Officers-Report-English.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2018}}</ref> it is called the ''compensatory mixed-member'' voting system ({{Lang|fr|système mixte avec compensation}} or SMAC). In the [[United Kingdom]] the [[Semi-proportional representation|semi-proportional]] implementation of MMP used in Scotland, Wales, and the London Assembly is referred to as the [[additional member system]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Electoral Reform and Voting Systems|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/electoral-reform-and-voting-systems|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-date=8 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408184539/http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/electoral-reform-and-voting-systems|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Additional-member system: Politics">{{cite web|title=Additional-member system: Politics|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/additional-member-system|access-date=24 March 2016|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>
== Procedures ==
[[File:German Federal Election 2021 - Results by Constituency & Regional Seats.svg|250px|thumb|right|Results of the [[2021 German federal election]]. The image shows both the seats directly won by constituency representatives and those gained via party lists. For example, the FDP (yellow) did not win a single constituency; all its 92 MPs were elected on party lists.]]
[[File:Bundestagswahl 05 stimmzett.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Ballot for [[Würzburg (electoral district)|electoral district 252, Würzburg]], for the [[2005 German federal election]]. Constituency vote on left, party list vote on right.]]In MMP, the voter casts two votes: one for a constituency representative and one for a party. In the [[Mixed single vote#Proportional systems|original variant]] used in Germany, citizens gave only one vote, so that voting for a representative automatically meant also voting for the representative's party, which is still used in some MMP elections today. Most of Germany changed to the two-vote variant to make local members of parliament (MPs) more personally accountable. Voters can thus vote for the local person they prefer for local MP without regard for party affiliation, since the partisan make-up of the legislature is determined only by the party vote. In the [[2017 New Zealand general election|2017 New Zealand election]], 27.33% of voters split their vote (voted for a local candidate of a different party than their party vote) compared to 31.64% in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2017/statistics/split-votes-index.html|title=2017 Split Voting Statistics|website=electionresults.govt.nz}}</ref>
In each constituency, the representative is chosen using a [[Voting system#Single-winner methods|single winner method]], typically [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] (that is, the candidate with the most votes, by plurality, wins).
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In [[Baden-Württemberg]], there are no lists; they use the "best near-winner" method in a four-region model, where the regional members are the local candidates of the under-represented party in that region who received the most votes in their local constituency without being elected in it ([[Zweitmandat]], literally "second mandate").
The Scandinavian countries have a long history of using both multi-member districts (members elected through party-list PR) and nationally-based compensatory top-up seats using the same method as MMP, however because the local MPs are also elected using PR, these systems are not usually considered MMP as they are not [[Mixed electoral system|mixed systems]].
=== Apportionment methods===
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In most German states, and in the federal [[Bundestag]] since 2013, the other parties receive extra seats (leveling seats) to create full proportionality. For example, the provincial parliament (''[[Landtag]]'') of North Rhine Westphalia has, instead of the usual 50% compensatory seats, only 29% unless more are needed to balance overhangs. If a party wins more local seats than its proportion of the total vote justifies, the size of the ''Landtag'' increases so that the total outcome is fully proportional to the votes, with other parties receiving additional list seats to achieve proportionality. The leveling seats are added to the normal number of seats for the duration of the electoral period. In the German state of [[Bavaria]], the constituency vote and party vote are combined to determine the distribution of seats.
===Threshold===
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==Countries using MMP==
▲[[File:Electoral systems map mmp and mixed compensatory.svg|thumb|209x209px|Use of MMP, AMS and other mixed compensatory systems: MMP used on the national level (purple), AMS used in some regional elections (Lavender), other mixed compensatory systems (Dark magenta), former use (lighter shades of purple and dark magenta)]]
=== Current and former use ===
{| class="wikitable"
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!Legislative body
!Use
!Number of votes (personal and list)
!Notes
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|style="background:#b2b2b2" |[[Parliament of Albania|Parliament]] (Kuvendi)
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |2001–2005
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |Two votes
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |MMP was used from 2001 to [[2005 Albanian parliamentary election|2005]] (after having used [[parallel voting]] in the 1996 and 1997 elections).{{sfnm |1a1=Gallagher |1y=2011 |1p=185 |2a1=Gallagher |2y=2014 |2p=18}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Lublin|first=David|title=Albania|url=http://www.electionpassport.com/electoral-systems/albania/|access-date=24 March 2016|website=Election Passport|publisher=American University}}</ref>
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|[[Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|1994–present
|Two votes▼
|Ballots use a [[double simultaneous vote]] with the presidential election{{sfnm |1a1=Mayorga |1y=1997 |2a1=Mayorga |2y=2001 |2p=194}}
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Ethiopia}}''' '''[[Elections in Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]'''
|'''{{Flagicon|Tigray}}''' '''[[Tigray Region|Tigray]]''' State Council
|2020
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|The General Election was supposed to be held in [[Ethiopia]] on 29 August 2020, but they were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 March 2020|title=NEBE Says Impossible To Hold Election As Per Scheduled Due To COVID-19|work=fanabc.com|url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/nebe-says-impossible-to-hold-election-as-per-scheduled-due-to-covid-19/|access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> But the government of [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] dismissed the postponement and decided to create its own electoral commission and hold a regional election. On August 6, 2020, the State Council of [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] decided to amend its constitution and change the electoral system to MMP, this will affect the upcoming regional elections. The amendment increases the number of seats in the council from 152 to 190 (+38), 80% of the seats will be filled with first-past-the-post voting and the rest 20% by proportional voting.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 August 2020|title=ባይቶ ትግራይ፡ ሕገመንግስታዊ ምምሕያሽ ብምግባር 38 መናብር ወሲኹ|work=bbc.com|url=https://www.bbc.com/tigrinya/news-53679868/|access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref> This Tigray National Regional States law is annulled by [[House of Federation]] which is empowered to interpret the constitution for violation of the provisions of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.<ref>Toward an End to Ethiopia’s Federal-Tigray Feud https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/ethiopia/b160-toward-end-ethiopias-federal-tigray-feud</ref>
|-
| rowspan="
|
|Two votes
|Referred to as personalized proportional representation (see [[electoral system of Germany]])
▲|Two votes
|-
|[[State parliaments of Germany|State parliaments]], except
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* '''{{Flagicon|Hamburg}}''' [[Hamburg]]
* '''{{Flagicon|Saarland}}''' [[Saarland]]
|''varies by state''
|''varies by state''
|[[Bavaria]] uniquely uses an [[Open list|open-list]] system for its party-list seats. [[Baden-Württemberg]] uses [[Zweitmandat|MMP without lists]].
|-
|2019–present
|Two votes
|Originally used a hybrid system with 253 single-member constituency seats, 17 supplementary seats (a la [[parallel voting]]) and 30 compensatory seats elected using the [[additional-member system]] variant of MMP. Now uses a straightforward AMS system with all proportional seats being compensatory since 2024.
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Lesotho}} [[Elections in Lesotho|Lesotho]]'''
|[[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly]]
|2002–present
|Single vote ([[Mixed single vote|MSV]])
|Initially used two vote version, changed to the single vote version in 2012 due to the use of [[Mixed-member proportional representation#Splitting parties|decoy lists]].
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|[[New Zealand House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
|1994–present
|Two votes
|Following a long [[Electoral reform in New Zealand|electoral reform process]], beginning with the [[Royal Commission on the Electoral System]] in 1985 and ending with the [[1993 New Zealand voting method referendum|1993 referendum on the voting system]]. It was first used in an [[1996 New Zealand general election|election in 1996]]. The system's use was [[2011 New Zealand voting system referendum|reviewed by referendum]] in November 2011, with the majority (56.17%) voting to keep it. In [[2020 New Zealand general election|2020 general election]], the Labour Party won 65 out of 120 seats, becoming the first party under MMP to receive a majority.
|-
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |'''{{Flagicon|Romania}}''' '''[[Elections in Romania|Romania]]''' (formerly)
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |[[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |2008–2012
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |Single vote ([[Mixed single vote|MSV]])
| style="background:#b2b2b2" |Local candidates who did not win at least 50% of votes in their districts did not get a direct mandate, but these seats were added to the list seats allocated proportionally.
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|Local elections in all [[Municipalities of South Africa|municipalities]] designated as metropolitan, district/county council (DC) or local/borough council(LC)<ref>{{cite news|title=Election Types|url=https://www.elections.org.za/content/Elections/Election-types/|access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|-
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |'''{{Flagicon|Thailand}}''' '''[[Elections in Thailand|Thailand]]''' (formerly)
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |[[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives]]
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |2019
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |Single vote ([[Mixed single vote|MSV]])
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |Referred to as "mixed-member apportionment", uses a [[mixed single vote]] for both the constituency and the party list. The 350 constituency seats are won by [[first-past-the-post voting]] as in previous elections. However, the 150 party-list seats serve a [[Mixed electoral system#Compensatory/non-compensatory seat allocation|compensatory]] function, and are allocated so as to give each party a total number of seats proportional to the nationwide number of votes they received (top-up).<ref>{{cite news|author1=Bangkok Pundit|date=10 February 2016|title=The effects of Thailand's proposed electoral system|work=Asian Correspondent|url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/02/the-effects-of-thailands-proposed-electoral-system/|access-date=24 March 2019|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605025006/https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/02/the-effects-of-thailands-proposed-electoral-system/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kendall|first1=Dave|date=6 January 2019|title=Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives|work=Bangkok Post|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/1605898/explainer-new-rules-for-the-house-of-representatives|access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Bangkok Pundit|date=10 February 2016|title=The effects of Thailand's proposed electoral system|work=Asian Correspondent|url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/02/the-effects-of-thailands-proposed-electoral-system/|access-date=29 March 2019|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605025006/https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/02/the-effects-of-thailands-proposed-electoral-system/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kendall|first1=Dave|date=6 January 2019|title=Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives|work=Bangkok Post|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/1605898/explainer-new-rules-for-the-house-of-representatives|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref> The next elections are again set to be held under parallel voting due to a change in the constitution.<ref>{{Cite web|title=With Eye to Next Election, Thai Government Tweaks Voting Rules|url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/with-eye-to-next-election-thai-government-tweaks-election-rules/}}</ref>
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| rowspan="3" |'''{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}}''' '''[[Elections in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]'''
|'''{{Flagicon|Scotland}}''' '''[[Elections in Scotland|Scotland]]''' - [[Scottish Parliament]]
|1999–present
| rowspan="3" |Two votes<ref name="ers-ams-explainer">{{cite web |title=Additional Member System |url=https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/additional-member-system/ |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=www.electoral-reform.org.uk}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |Modified version of MMP referred to as the [[additional-member system]], with the number of constituency seats a party won being taken into account when calculating proportional seats, which in Scotland and Wales is divided into regions. In Wales, starting in 2026, the additional member system will be replaced by a [[closed-list]] [[party-list proportional representation|proportional representation]] system following the approval of the [[Senedd Reform Bill]].
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Wales}}''' '''[[Elections in Wales|Wales]]''' - [[Senedd (Welsh Parliament)]]
|1999–2026
|-
|Local elections in
* '''{{Flagicon|London}}''' [[London]] ([[London Assembly|Assembly]])
|2000–present
|-
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |'''{{Flagicon|Venezuela}}''' '''[[Elections in Venezuela|Venezuela]]''' (formerly)
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |[[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]]
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |?–2009{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |Two votes
|style="background:#b2b2b2" |The link between list and constituency representatives was removed in 2009, which changed the system to parallel voting.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
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==== Costa Rica ====
Currently Costa Rica was debating the switch from the current [[closed party list]] [[proportional representation]] system to a mixed member proportional representation based on the [[Elections in Germany#Election system|German model]]. The bill presented by the Citizen Power Now movement and endorsed by the majority of parliamentary groups would create two types of deputies; 42 elected proportionally by lists presented by the political parties and would be called "national" deputies, while another 42 deputies would be elected directly by population-based [[electoral district]]s on a [[First pass the post]] basis.<ref name=poder>{{cite news|last1=Ramírez|first1=Alexander|title=Grupo propone aumentar a 84 el número de diputados|url=https://www.crhoy.com/nacionales/grupo-propone-aumentar-a-84-el-numero-de-diputados/|agency=CRHoy|date= 2016}}</ref> As the bill requires a constitutional reform it would require a two-thirds majority of votes, however as of 2019 the caucuses of the four main parties support the reform.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carmona |first1=Fiorella |title=Congreso se acerca al cambio en sistema de elección de diputados |url=https://www.pulsocr.com/congreso-se-acerca-al-cambio-en-sistema-de-eleccion-de-diputados/ |access-date=28 March 2019 |agency=Revista Pulso |date=29 March 2019}}</ref>
==== European Union (European Parliament) ====
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|-
!
!single vote systems (MSV)
!dual vote systems
|-
! rowspan="4" |Seat linkage
| rowspan="4" |'''[[Mixed single vote#Proportional systems|mixed single vote, top-up versions]]
* '''single vote MMP'''
* '''single vote AMS (Bolivia, Lesotho)'''
| |||