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Opponents of students using mobile phones during school believe that mobile phones are the main source of declining mental health among adolescents, hampering social development and enabling cyberbullying.
Different countries across the world have had to respond to the increasing presence of mobile devices in schools and weigh the potential harms and benefits all while maintaining their privacy laws. To prevent distractions caused by mobile phones, many schools have implemented policies that restrict students from using their phones during school hours. The company [[Yondr]], for example, pioneered the concept of phone-free schools with a lockable pouch product that students place their phones in at the start of each school day, allowing them to experience the focus, creativity, and relief that comes from a phone-free learning environment. Some administrators have attempted [[Mobile phone jammer|cell phone jamming]] to monitor and restrict phone usage, with the goal of reducing distractions and preventing unproductive use. However, these methods of regulation raise concerns about privacy violation and abuse of power, as well as being illegal in certain jurisdictions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/larrymagid/2016/04/14/straddling-the-line-between-spying-and-protecting-students/#1cc212097df9|title=School Software Walks The Line Between Safety Monitor And 'Parent Over Shoulder'|last=Magid|first=Larry|date=April 14, 2016|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/how-schools-are-tracking-students-using-their-mobile-phones-20170714-gxb6qq.html|title=How schools are tracking students using their mobile phones|last=Cook|first=Henrietta|date=July 16, 2017|work=[[The Age]]|access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref>
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'''Pros'''
An increase in access to technology could develop workplace skills such as rapid searching, browsing, assessing quality, and synthesizing vast quantities of information.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |
Surveys from leading tech experts suggest that there will be both positives and negatives associated with allowing mobile phones in the classroom. Specifically 55% of those surveyed agree that there will be learning behavior changes that generally produce positive outcomes such as improved problem solving abilities. While potential issues such as the need for instant gratification were acknowledged, many were optimistic that the negatives could be overcome. Classrooms adapting to the changes in technology was identified as one of the key steps in avoiding negative consequences in the classroom. One researcher at Fast Future, David Saer, stated that the desire for instantaneous content can be seen as a new perspective on timetables rather than a lack of patience.<ref name=":3" />
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In 2017, Dr. James Derounian conducted a study involving a hundred participants at the [[University of Gloucestershire]]. His study revealed that 45% of students believe that the use of phones in classrooms supports their education. One of the most commonly mentioned ways that phones provided such academic support was digital access to textbooks. The ability to access scholarly material on mobile devices allowed students to engage more deeply with the information presented. Still, Derounian mentioned that there could be "an element of social desirability conveyed in the student views given."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Derounian |first=James Garo |date=December 17, 2017 |title=Mobiles in class? |url=http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/5261/1/5261%20-%20Derounian%20-%202018%20-%20Mobiles%20in%20class.pdf |journal=[[Active Learning in Higher Education]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=142–153 |doi=10.1177/1469787417745214 |s2cid=149127592}}</ref>
'''Cons'''
'''Cons'''A 2015 study published in the journal ''[[Computers in Human Behavior]]'' demonstrated that among undergraduate students total usage of mobile phones, measured in number of minutes per day and not limited to school time, was "a significant and negative predictor of college students' academic performance, objectively measured as cumulative [[Grading in education|GPA]]."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lepp|first1=Andrew|last2=Barkley|first2=Jacob E|last3=Karpinski|first3=Aryn C.|date=February 19, 2015|title=The Relationship Between Cell Phone Use and Academic Performance in a Sample of U.S. College Students|journal=[[SAGE Open]]|volume=5|issue=1|pages=215824401557316|doi=10.1177/2158244015573169|doi-access=free}}</ref> Moreover, the abundant use of mobile technology among young people largely explains the inadequate use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in both personal and school environments. Consequently, actions have been taken that contribute to more responsible use of this type of technology in students' personal, school, and social lives.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rodríguez-Gómez|first1=David|last2=Castro|first2=Diego|last3=Meneses|first3=Julio|date=July 1, 2018|title=Problematic uses of ICTs among young people in their personal and school life|journal= Comunicar|volume=26|issue=56|pages=91–100|doi=10.3916/c56-2018-09|url=http://eprints.rclis.org/33057/1/c5609en.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref>▼
▲
In 2015, Dakota Lawson and Bruce B. Henderson performed a study to examine the relationship between mobile phone use in class and information comprehension. The study involved 120 students from an introductory psychology course, mostly first-year students. The result showed that students who were [[texting]] in the class had significantly lower test scores even when the material that was presented was simple: mobile phone use in class impairs students' comprehension and performance. This study was performed after several similar studies in the past and corroborated their results.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lawson |first1=Dakota |last2=Henderson |first2=Bruce B. |date=3 July 2015 |title=The Costs of Texting in the Classroom |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24760523 |journal=[[College Teaching]] |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=119–124 |doi=10.1080/87567555.2015.1019826 |issn=8756-7555 |s2cid=141577071}}</ref>▼
▲In 2015, Dakota Lawson and Bruce B. Henderson performed a study to examine the relationship between mobile phone use in class and information comprehension. The study involved 120 students from an introductory psychology course, mostly first-year students. The result showed that students who were [[texting]] in the class had significantly lower test scores even when the material that was presented was simple: mobile phone use in class impairs students' comprehension and performance. This study was performed after several similar studies in the past and corroborated their results.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lawson |first1=Dakota |last2=Henderson |first2=Bruce B. |date=3 July 2015 |title=The Costs of Texting in the Classroom |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24760523 |journal=[[College Teaching]] |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=119–124 |doi=10.1080/87567555.2015.1019826 |jstor=24760523 |issn=8756-7555 |s2cid=141577071}}</ref>
Furthermore, researchers [[Julia Irwin]] and Natasha Gupta of [[Macquarie University]] performed an experiment in 2016 testing the effect of [[Facebook]]-related distractions in the classroom. The researchers found that students who were interested in the subject material and the way it was presented were less likely to be distracted by Facebook. However, the students with access to phones still performed poorer than students that were not allowed access to cell phones during the lecture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=Natasha|last2=Irwin|first2=Julia D.|date=February 2016|title=In-class distractions: The role of Facebook and the primary learning task|doi=10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.022|journal=[[Computers in Human Behavior]]|volume=55B|pages=1165–1178|s2cid=17980743 }}</ref>
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A 2017 collective study, published by ''[[Applied Cognitive Psychology]]'', indicated that college students retained less knowledge when allowed to use or possess a cell phone during lectures. During the experiment, students who were not allowed access to a cell phone tested better than those who had access to cell phones.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Seungyeon|last2=Kim|first2=Myeong W.|last3=McDonough|first3=Ian M.|last4=Mendoza|first4=Jessica S.|last5=Kim|first5=Min Sung|date=April 17, 2017|title=The Effects of Cell Phone Use and Emotion-regulation Style on College Students' Learning|journal=Applied Cognitive Psychology|volume=31|issue=3|pages=360–366|doi=10.1002/acp.3323}}</ref>
It is argued that, in the classroom, phones can be a constant disruption and may be used inappropriately, such as by [[Academic dishonesty|cheating on tests]], taking inappropriate photographs,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Essex |first=Nathan L. |title=The 200 Most Frequently Asked Legal Questions for Educators |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-62087-520-9 |pages=64–66}}</ref> and playing mobile games. Phones would also be a distraction, taking away attention that should be going to the teacher. In 2023, the United States surgeon general issued an advisory warning that social media can carry a profound risk of harm to the mental health and well-being of children and adolescents.<ref>{{Cite news |
Research taken from the National College Health Assessment shows that almost twice as many undergraduate students were diagnosed with anxiety and depression between 2008 and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Publications and Reports |url=https://www.acha.org/NCHA/ACHA-NCHA_Data/Publications_and_Reports/NCHA/Data/Publications_and_Reports.aspx?hkey=d5fb767c-d15d-4efc-8c41-3546d92032c5 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.acha.org}}</ref> In his book, ''[[The Anxious Generation]],'' Social Psychologist Dr. Jonathan Haidt proposes that a combination of overprotective parents and increased cell phone use are both causes for the increase in mental illness, especially amongst younger generations.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Haidt |first=Jonathan |title=The Anxious Generation: How the Great Rewiring of Childhood Is Causing an Epidemic of Mental Illness |publisher=Penguin Random House |year=2024}}</ref> His work details how young students are not being properly prepared for the social and emotional dangers of social media and how these relationships are not as fulfilling as real world encounters.<ref name=":02" />
An article by Emma Henderson, a journalist for the [[United Kingdom]] (UK) publication ''[[The Independent]]'', describes [[Phantom vibration syndrome|phantom vibrations]] caused by "learned bodily behavior," where the part of the body to which the phone is closest becomes very sensitive. As a result, even the slightest vibrations can cause a person to believe that the phone has vibrated when, in reality, it has not. These are known as ''phantom vibrations''. Nine out of ten people claimed to have felt these phantom vibrations in their pockets, raising serious concerns about the overuse of cell phones and the resulting dependency that people develop. Therefore, breaking the habit of frequently checking one's phone can not only be beneficial for students but also convey more respect towards the professors and teachers whose lectures are constantly interrupted by cellular distractions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/phantom-vibration-syndrome-up-to-90-per-cent-of-people-suffer-phenomenon-while-mobile-phone-is-in-a6804631.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/phantom-vibration-syndrome-up-to-90-per-cent-of-people-suffer-phenomenon-while-mobile-phone-is-in-a6804631.html |archive-date=2022-05-15 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=PHANTOM VIBRATION SYNDROME: UP TO 90 PER CENT OF PEOPLE SUFFER PHENOMENON WHILE MOBILE PHONE IS IN POCKET|last=Henderson|first=Emma|date=January 10, 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref>
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=== China ===
Ever since November 2018, all primary and secondary schools in [[China]]'s Shandong province have banned the use of mobile phones in classrooms.<ref>{{cite news |title=China bans mobile phones in classrooms |url=https://www.asiaone.com/china/china-bans-mobile-phones-classrooms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013120408/http://www.asiaone.com/china/china-bans-mobile-phones-classrooms |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 13, 2018 |accessdate=17 February 2020 |work=AsiaOne |date=10 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> In February 2021, China announced that children would be banned from using mobile phones in schools unless they have written parental consent.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-02 |title=China bans children from using mobile phones at school |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55902778 |access-date=2023-04-25}}</ref>
=== France ===
Mobile phones have been prohibited for students from 3 to 15 years of age, since September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/31/europe/france-smartphones-school-ban-intl/index.html|title=France bans smartphones from schools|author=Rory Smith|website=CNN|date=31 July 2018 |access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> In December 2017, the French [[Ministry of National Education (France)|minister of education]] [[Jean-Michel Blanquer]] issued a directive banning the use of smartphones in schools by children up to the age of 15.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20171211-france-schools-mobile-phones-ban-education-macron-blanquet|title=French schools to have choirs, but no mobile phones|date=2017-12-11|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>
=== Greece ===
It is completely allowed by law to use mobile phones by students in school as long as their work is done first. This includes calls, texting, or any kind of camera use. Students must switch off their mobile phones or set to silent mode and keep them in their bags until their work is done and then they can use them when they please.<ref name="Law 2472/1997 Government Gazette 50 A’/10.04.1997">{{cite journal|url=https://www.dpa.gr/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/APDPX/ENGLISH_INDEX/LEGAL%20FRAMEWORK/LAW%202472-97-NOV2013-EN.PDF |title=Law 2472/1997 Government Gazette 50 A'/10.04.1997 |publisher=Hellenic Data Protection Authority (HDPA)}} Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal Data {{in lang|en}}</ref><ref name="Law 3471/2006 Government Gazette 133 A’/28.06.2006">{{cite journal|url=http://www.adae.gr/fileadmin/docs/nomoi/LAW_3471-2006-EN.pdf |title=Law 3471/2006 Government Gazette 133 A'/28.06.2006 |publisher=Hellenic Authority for Communication Security and Privacy (ADAE)}} Protection of personal data and privacy in the electronic telecommunications sector and amendment of law 2472/1997 {{in lang|en}}</ref><ref name="Greece cyber security laws and regulations">{{cite news|url=https://iclg.com/practice-areas/cybersecurity-laws-and-regulations/greece |title=Greece cyber security laws and regulations|publisher=Global Legal Group (ICLG) UK, The International Corporate Legal Guides and International Business Reports |last1=Giannakakis |first1=Ioannis |last2=Vitoratos |first2=Stefanos |date=October 10, 2019|access-date=January 1, 2020}} Contributing firm: G+P Law Firm Athens, Greece, www.gplawfirm.eu {{in lang|en}}</ref>
However, after UNESCO's recommendation to ban the use of mobile devices in educational institutions,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/health/2023/07/26/unesco-calls-for-schools-around-the-world-to-ban-smartphones-in-the-classroom| website=Euronews|language=en| title=UNESCO calls for a global smartphone ban in schools| date=26 July 2023}}</ref> regulations governing Greek elementary and middle schools have been strengthened. As a result, students are now prohibited from bringing mobile phones onto campus.
===Malaysia===
For schools under the [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Malaysian Ministry of Education]], it is a disciplinary offence for students to bring their phones to school as well as to the [[dormitories]] of [[boarding schools]].<ref name="msia">{{cite web|url=https://www.moe.gov.my/images/pekeliling/2009/circularfile_file_000297.pdf|title=SURAT PEKELILING IKHTISAS BIL. 2/2009: PENGUATKUASAAN LARANGAN MEMBAWA DAN MENGGUNA TELEFON BIMBIT OLEH MURID DI SEKOLAH|date=2009-03-25|access-date=2022-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822152757/https://www.moe.gov.my/images/pekeliling/2009/circularfile_file_000297.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-22|language=ms|trans-title=PROFESSIONAL CIRCULAR LETTER NO. 2/2009: ENFORCEMENT OF THE PROHIBITION ON THE BRINGING AND USING OF MOBILE PHONES BY STUDENTS IN SCHOOL}}</ref> Students are expected to use the school's [[public phones]] or borrow a teacher's mobile phone in the case of an emergency.<ref name="msia" /> Phones brought to school will be confiscated and the parents of the students who brought the phones will be notified to retrieve the phones.<ref name="msia" /> If the student is a first-time offender, a warning will be issued. The student and their parents will also have to sign a letter of undertaking ({{lang-ms|text=surat aku janji|translation=I promise letter}}) in which the student promises not to bring their phone to school again.<ref name="msia" /> If the student is a repeating offender, they will be restricted from using school or dormitory facilities or will be excluded from school programs or activities.<ref name="msia" />
=== Netherlands ===
In December 2023, Dutch [[Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)|education minister]] [[Robbert Dijkgraaf]] imposed a ban on mobile phones, [[iPad]]s and smart devices at secondary schools, which came into effect in January 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dutch school phone ban to come into force next month |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/12/16/dutch-school-phone-ban-to-come-into-force-next-month |work=[[EuroNews]] |date=16 December 2023 |access-date=18 May 2024 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503123227/https://www.euronews.com/2023/12/16/dutch-school-phone-ban-to-come-into-force-next-month|archive-date=3 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
===New Zealand===
In late November 2023, the newly-formed [[Sixth National Government of New Zealand|Sixth National Government]] confirmed that it would ban cellphone use in schools as part of its 100-day plan. <ref>{{cite news |title=Government confirms its 100-day plan |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/503534/government-confirms-its-100-day-plan |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201180731/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/503534/government-confirms-its-100-day-plan |archive-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The governing [[New Zealand National Party|National Party]] said that banning cellphone use during school hours would help improve students' academic performance and outcomes. They also cited citing schools and parents' concern that cellphone use was affecting students' health and social interaction.<ref name="What you need to know">{{cite news |last1=Clent |first1=Danielle |title=School cellphone ban: What you need to know |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/515550/school-cellphone-ban-what-you-need-to-know |access-date=3 May 2024 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501095148/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/515550/school-cellphone-ban-what-you-need-to-know |archive-date=1 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Government's cellphone ban came into effect on 30 April 2024, the first day of the second term of the 2024 school year. Secondary Principals' Association of New Zealand (SPANZ) president and [[Papatoetoe High School]] principal Vaughan Couillau confirmed that several schools had voluntarily instituted local cellphone bans during the first term to prepare students for the official nation-wide ban.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burns |first1=Adam |title=School phone ban: How effective will it be? |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/515423/school-phone-ban-how-effective-will-it-be |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=[[RNZ]] |date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428204944/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/515423/school-phone-ban-how-effective-will-it-be |archive-date=28 April 2024}}</ref> In addition to classtime, the ban extends to school breaks with the purpose of encouraging socialisation among children and young people.<ref name="What you need to know" /> Special exceptions from the cellphone ban include health reasons (eg. monitoring a student's [[insulin]] levels), helping students with disabilities or learning support needs (eg. impaired communications), a teacher requiring them for special educational tasks and purposes (eg. class assignments) and a principal deciding that they are needed for personal circumstances (eg. the student is a teenage parent).
<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rutherford |first1=Karen |title=Ban on phones in New Zealand schools kicks in on Monday |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2024/04/ban-on-phones-in-new-zealand-schools-kicks-in-on-monday.html |access-date=3 May 2024 |work=[[Newshub]] |date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427184934/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2024/04/ban-on-phones-in-new-zealand-schools-kicks-in-on-monday.html |archive-date=27 April 2024}}</ref>
=== Turkmenistan ===
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==Mobile phone applications for the classroom==
Cellphone [[Mobile app|applications]] have been created to support the use of phones in school environments. As of February 2018, about 80,000 applications are available for teacher use.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetechedvocate.org/13-best-apps-high-school-students/|title=13 of the Best Apps for High School Students|date=2018-02-06|website=The Tech Edvocate|language=en|access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Loveless |first=Becton |date=2022-03-10 |title=35 of the BEST Educational Apps for Teachers (Updated 2024) |url=https://www.educationcorner.com/35-incredible-classroom-apps/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Education Corner |language=en-US}}</ref> A variety of messaging apps provide communication for student-to-student relationships as well as teacher-to-student communication. Some popular apps for both students, teachers, and parents are [[Remind]] and [[ClassDojo]]. About 72% of top-selling education apps on [[iOS]] are for [[preschool]]ers and [[elementary school]] students.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/technology-in-the-classroom_b_2456450|title=Technology in the Classroom: The Good and Bad|date=2013-01-17|website=[[HuffPost]]|language=en|access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref> Additionally, there are a wide variety of ways middle and high school students can use mobile phones such as sharing documents, taking pictures, and having easier access to information.
A specific app that teachers can use is called [[Moodle]] which is an online course management system that can make content more accessible to students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=eLSE Conference Proceedings - Site |url=https://proceedings.elseconference.eu/index.php?paper=b85d15e42511f4c95c64dcc88f4e9d42 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=proceedings.elseconference.eu |language=en}}</ref> These apps offer many different services such as language translation, scheduled reminders and messages to parents.
The app Remind is another way for teachers to communicate with parents and school administration. This app not only allows teachers to send out scheduled text messages to parents but also provides a class blog for teachers to share upcoming due dates, tests and quizzes, and other class information.
Another app that allows students to communicate with one another is [[GroupMe]]. GroupMe allows students to communicate in a group-chat format through [[Wi-Fi]] instead of using cellular data. Even some college-aged students use this app for sharing course information.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/app-reviews/groupme|title=GroupMe - App Review|date=2016-03-16|website=www.commonsensemedia.org|language=en|access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref>
[[Mentimeter]] is a tool that allows teachers to develop interactive slides which promote engagement from students. While it is not the only tool that performs this function, a study conducted in 2022 showed that it is more digitally accessible than several of its counterparts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Koob |first1=Amanda Rybin |last2=Oliva |first2=Kathia Salomé Ibacache |last3=Williamson |first3=Michael |last4=Lamont-Manfre |first4=Marisha |last5=Hugen |first5=Addison |last6=Dickerson |first6=Amelia |date=2022-12-19 |title=Tech Tools in Pandemic-Transformed Information Literacy Instruction: Pushing for Digital Accessibility |url=https://ital.corejournals.org/index.php/ital/article/view/15383 |journal=Information Technology and Libraries |language=en |volume=41 |issue=4 |doi=10.6017/ital.v41i4.15383 |issn=2163-5226}}</ref> The blind participants of this study used several digital tools such as [[Kahoot!|Kahoot]] in conjunction with various screen readers to identify any issues the tools had; issues were then categorized from minor to severe in terms of usability. In addition to [[Mentimeter]] being identified as one of the most digitally accessible, [[Kahoot!|Kahoot]] and [[Poll Everywhere]] were labeled as mostly accessible with some exceptions for specific features.
==See also==
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