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{{use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2018}}
[[File: Ngarrindjeri Nation Flag.svg|250px|thumb|Ngarrindjeri Flagflag]]
[[File:LowerLakes2004.jpg|thumb|250px|Ngarrindjeri culture is centred around the lower lakes of the [[Murray River]].]]
The '''Ngarrindjeri''' people are the traditional [[Aboriginal Australian]] people of the lower [[Murray River]], eastern [[Fleurieu Peninsula]], and [[the Coorong]] of the southern-central area of the state of [[South Australia]]. The term ''Ngarrindjeri'' means "belonging to men",{{sfn|Tindale|1974}} and refers to a "tribal constellation". The Ngarrindjeri actually comprised several distinct if closely related tribal groups, including the [[Jarildekald people|Jarildekald]], [[Tanganekald people|Tanganekald]], [[Meintangk people|Meintangk]] and [[Ramindjeri]],{{sfn|Berndt|Berndt|Stanton|1993|p=xvii}} who began to form a unified [[cultural bloc]] after remnants of each separate community congregated at [[Raukkan, South Australia]] (formerly Point McLeay Mission).
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==History==
[[File:Ngarrindjeriland.png|thumb|right|250px|Approximate historical extent of Ngarrindjeri territory.]]
 
===Pre-contact history===
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==Language==
{{main|Ngarrindjeri language}}
The first linguistic study of [[Ngarrindjeri language|Ngarrindjeri dialects]] was conducted by the Lutheran [[missionary]] H.A.E. Meyer in 1843.{{sfn|Meyer|1843|pp=1–121}} He collected 1750 words, mainly from the Ramindjeri dialect at [[Encounter Bay, South Australia|Encounter Bay]]. Taplin gathered many more words from several dialects, including Yaraldi and Portawalun, from the people who congregated around the Port[[Point MacLeay mission]] (now Raukkan) on [[Lake Alexandrina, South Australia|Lake Alexandrina]], and his dictionary had 1668 English entries. Other linguistic data gleaned since has enabled the compilation of a modern Ngarrindjeri dictionary containing 3,700 items.{{sfn|Hobson|2010|pp=395–396}} It is now classified, together with Yaralde, as one of the five languages of the [[Lower Murray languages|Lower Murray Areal group]].{{sfn|Dixon|2002|p=xxxvi}}
 
==Culture==
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==Nutrition==
The people were sustained by the flora and fauna for [[bush tucker|food]] and [[bush medicine]]. Before colonisation, there were extensive [[swamp]]s and [[woodland]]s on the Fleurieu Peninsula, which provided habitat and food sources for a range of birds, fish, and other animals, including [[snake-necked turtle]]s, [[cherax|yabbies]], [[rakali]], ducks and [[black swan]]s. Flora included the native [[Orchidaceae|orchid]] ([[leek orchid]]), [[Hibbertia|guinea flower]] and [[swamp wattle]] (Wirilda).<ref name=salleh2021>{{cite web | last=Salleh | first=Anna | title=Indigenous knowledge project could help save endangered Fleurieu Peninsula wetlands | website=ABC News|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=27 May 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2021-05-28/indigenous-knowledge-values-relearnt-from-elders-and-scientists/100152406 | access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>
 
The Ngarrindjeri were well known to Europeans for their cooking skills and the efficiency of their camp ovens, the remains of which can still be found throughout the River Murray area. Some species of fish, birds and other animals considered easily caught were reserved by law for the elderly and infirm, an indication of the abundance of food in Ngarrindjeri lands.{{sfn|Jenkin|1979|pp=14–15}} In the early years of the colony, Ngarrindjeri would volunteer to catch fish for the "white fellow men".{{sfn|Jenkin|1979|p=284}}
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Clan Namemame
! Location
! Native word / English meaning
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| ''turi/tettituri''. [[Eurasian coot|coot]]
|-
| ''Pankindjeri''{{efn|Taplin wrote ''parkindjeri'', corrected by Brown. {{harv|Brown|1918|p=251}}}}
| [[Coorong, South Australia|Coorong]] east of [[Lake Albert (South Australia)|Lake Albert]]
| (deep water)
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==Notable people==
[[File:David Unaipon.jpg|thumb|250px|Inventor and writer David Unaipon was a Ngarrindjeri man]]
===Major "Moogy" Sumner===
Uncle Major Moogy Sumner {{post-nominals|country=AUS|AM}} (born 1948)<ref name=env/> is a widely respected Ngarrindjeri and [[Kaurna]] elder,<ref>{{cite web | title=Adelaide Film Festival 2023 throws spotlight on SA made films | website=SAFC | date=20 October 2023 | url=https://www.safilm.com.au/latest-news/adelaide-film-festival-2023/ | access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref> dancer, cultural ambassador,<ref name=env/> and activist.<ref>{{facebook|moogysumner|Major "Moogy" Sumner}}</ref> Born on [[Point McLeay]] mission on the shore of [[Lake Alexandrina (South Australia)| Lake Alexandrina]], Uncle Moogy mostly works to further Ngarrindjeri culture. Apart from traditional dance and song, cultural advice, he creates and advises on various traditional arts and crafts, including [[wood carving]], and combat methods that employ traditional shields, clubs, [[boomerang]]s, and spears.<ref name=env>{{cite web | title=Major 'Moogy Sumner AM | website=SA Environment Awards | date=1 August 2018 | url=https://www.saenvironmentawards.org.au/major_moogy_sumner_am | access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>
 
Uncle Moogy often performs [[Welcomes to Country]] at various major events. He danced and spoke at the launch of the [[South Australian Voice to Parliament]] in in [[Adelaide]] March 2023,<ref>{{cite web | title=South Australia becomes first state to enact Indigenous voice to parliament | website= [[The Guardian]] | date=26 March 2023 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/mar/26/south-australia-becomes-first-state-to-enact-indigenous-voice-to-parliament | access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref> and performed the Welcome at the launch of the Yes campaign for the [[Indigenous Voice to Parliament]] in a northern suburb of the same city in August 2023.<ref>{{cite web | last=Butler | first=Josh | last2=Shepherd | first2=Tory | title=Thrilled supporters pack out rousing yes campaign launch in Adelaide’s outer suburbs | website= [[The Guardian]] | date=30 August 2023 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/aug/30/indigenous-voice-to-parliament-yes-campaign-launch-adelaide | access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>
 
He also engages in [[environmental activism]], with particular reference to the [[Murray-Darling basin]]. In November 2023, he was part of a delegation who went to Canberra to lobby the government on the issue of river health.<ref>{{cite web | title=Yesterday I was part of a delegation which came to Canberra...|author= Major Moogy Sumner| website=Facebook | url=https://www.facebook.com/moogysumner/posts/pfbid0NxKWqukhqU8ncbMnBEL3eD9giVRB2mYNKs9hjyaTbhVNTkT6R4gB687vBJtYfB7Gl | access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>
 
He was made a [[Member of the Order of Australia]] in the [[Australia Day honours]] in 2014, "For significant service to the Indigenous community of South Australia through contributions to health, social welfare, youth and cultural heritage organisations".<ref>{{cite web | title= Mr Major L Sumner | website=Australian Honours Search Facility | publisher= Australian Government. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1148987 | access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>
 
In 2021 won the [[Premier of South Australia]]'s [[NAIDOC Award]].<ref name=2021naidoc>{{cite web | last=Strathearn | first=Peri | title=Ngarrindjeri elder Major 'Moogy' Sumner wins NAIDOC Week award | website=Murray Bridge News | date=6 July 2021 | url=https://www.murraybridge.news/p/ngarrindjeri-elder-major-moogy-sumner | access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref> In the same year, he was inducted into the SA Environment Hall of Fame.<ref name=env/><ref>{{cite web | last=Morse | first=Callan | title=An ambassador for people and defender of Country, Major “Moogy” Sumner honoured at SA Environment Awards | website=National Indigenous Times | date=4 October 2022 | url=https://nit.com.au/04-10-2022/4023/an-ambassador-for-people-and-defender-of-country-major-moogy-sumner-honoured-at-sa-environment-awards | access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>
 
In 2023, the [[Adelaide Film Festival]] bestowed him with the [[Bettison & James Award]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Bettison & James Award | website=Adelaide Film Festival | date=13 November 2023 | url=https://adelaidefilmfestival.org/event/talk-bettison-james-award/ | access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>
 
===Other notable Ngarrindjeri people===
* [[Ian Abdulla]] (1947–2011), artist
* [[Poltpalingada Booboorowie]] (Tommy Walker), a popular Adelaide personality in the 1890s.
* [[Harry Hewitt]], early Australian rules footballer and cricketer.
* [[Ruby Hunter]], musician.
* [[Doreen Kartinyeri]] (1935–2007), elder and historian
* [[Natascha McNamara]], academic and activist
* [[Moogy Sumner]] {{post-nominals|country=AUS|AM}}, elder, dancer, environmental activist
* [[David Unaipon]], inventor and author, featured on the Australian [[Australian fifty-dollar note|$50 note]]
* [[James Unaipon]], first Aboriginal deacon
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* ''kondoli'' (whale){{sfn|Bell|1998|p=xiii}}
* ''korni/korne'' (man){{sfn|Bell|1998|p=xiii}}
* ''kringkari, gringari'' (whitemanwhite man){{sfn|Bell|1998|p=xiii}}
* ''muldarpi/mularpi'' (travelling spirit of sorcerers and strangers){{sfn|Bell|1998|p=xiii}}
* ''yanun'' (speak, talk){{sfn|Bell|1998|p=xiv}}
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==External links==
*{{official website|https://www.aigi.com.au/resource/ngarrindjeri-regional-authority/|Ngarrindjeri Regional Authority}}
 
{{Aboriginal South Australians}}

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarrindjeri"
  




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