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|image_size =
|alt = church choir singing by candlelight
|caption = A service of Nine Lessons in 2010 at [[St. George's School
|status =
|genre = Religious service/[[Anglican church music]]
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}}
'''Nine Lessons and Carols''', also known as the '''Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols''' and '''Service of Nine Lessons and Carols''', is a service of [[Christian worship]] traditionally celebrated on or near [[Christmas Eve]] in England. The story of the [[fall of man|fall of humanity]], the [[Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament|promise of the Messiah]], and the [[nativity of Jesus|birth of Jesus]] is told in nine short [[Bible]] readings or [[Lection|lessons]] from Genesis, the prophetic books and the Gospels, interspersed with the singing of [[Christmas carol]]s, [[hymn]]s and [[choir]] [[anthem]]s.
==History==
[[File:Edward Benson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Edward White Benson]], credited with devising the service of Nine Lessons and Carols in 1880]]
[[File:Order of Service for Nine Lessons and Carols 1880.JPG|thumb|upright|Order of Service for the first Nine Lessons and Carols in 1880 on display in [[Truro Cathedral]]]]
Although the tradition of Nine Lessons and Carols is popularly associated with [[King's College, Cambridge]], its origins are attributed to [[Truro Cathedral]] in [[Cornwall]]. Up to the late 19th century, the singing of Christmas carols was normally performed by singers visiting people's houses, and carols — generally considered to be secular in content — had been excluded from Christian worship. In the [[Victorian era]], the rising popularity of [[hymnody]] encouraged church musicians to introduce carols into worship. An 1875 book of carols, ''Carols for Use in Church During Christmas and Epiphany'' by Richard Chope and [[Sabine Baring-Gould]], was an influential publication. At around this time, the composer and organist [[John Stainer]] was compiling a collection, ''Christmas Carols New and Old'', and during Christmas 1878 he introduced carols into the service of [[Choral Evensong]] at [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in London.{{sfn|Dibble|2017|p=399}} Other cathedrals also began to adopt carols at [[Christmastide]] that year and the ''[[Royal Cornwall Gazette]]'' reported that the choir of Truro Cathedral would sing a service of carols at 10:00 pm on Christmas Eve:
{{
Two years later, the Right Rev. [[Edward White Benson]], at that time [[Bishop of Truro]], conducted the first formal service of "Nine Lessons and Carols" on [[Christmas Eve]] (24 December) 1880. Benson, concerned at the excessive consumption of alcohol in Cornish [[pub]]s during the [[festive season]], sought a means of attracting revellers out of the pubs and into church by offering a religious celebration of Christmas. The idea for a service consisting of Christmas music interspersed with Bible readings was proposed by the [[succentor]] of the cathedral, the Rev. [[Somerset Walpole|George Walpole]] (who later became [[Bishop of Edinburgh]]). The cathedral — a [[Gothic Revival architecture|Victorian gothic]] building — was still under construction, and services were being held in a temporary wooden structure which served as a [[pro-cathedral]]. The first Nine Lessons and Carols service took place there at 10:00 p.m. on Christmas Eve and was attended by over 400 people.<ref>{{citation|author=Alex Webb|title=Choir that sings to the world|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1703517.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=24 December 2001}}.</ref><ref name="guardian-truro">{{cite web |last1=Gray |first1=Christopher |title=How Truro created Christmas musical history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2013/nov/29/truro-nine-lessons-carols-christmas-history |website=The Guardian |access-date=9 May 2019 |date=29 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="trurocathedral-ninelessons">{{cite web |title=Nine Lessons and Carols |url=https://www.trurocathedral.org.uk/history/nine-lessons-and-carols |website=www.trurocathedral.org.uk}}</ref>
Benson's son, [[A. C. Benson]], later recalled:
{{
Bishop Benson was appointed [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in 1883, and the Nine Lessons service began to gain in popularity across the [[Church of England]] and the wider [[Anglican Communion]], as well as [[Catholic Church in England and Wales|Roman Catholic]] churches in [[England
In 1916, a service of Nine Lessons and Carols was held at [[Brown University]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]; the institution celebrated the 100th anniversary of its Lessons and Carols in 2016.<ref name="brown.edu">{{cite web |title=100th Annual Service of Lessons and Carols {{!}} Office of the Chaplains and Religious Life |url=https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/spiritual-life/chaplains/upcoming-events/100th-annual-service-lessons-and-carols |website=www.brown.edu |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>
Notably in 1918, the Rev. [[Eric Milner-White]] the new [[Dean (education)|
In North America, the Lessons and Carols tradition spread to other US and Canadian institutions. In 1928, organist and choirmaster Twining Lynes, introduced the service to [[Groton School]] in [[Groton, Massachusetts]], after being inspired by services in England.<ref name="groton">{{cite web |title=Spiritual Life at Groton |url=https://www.groton.org/student-life/spiritual-life |website=Groton School |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>
In Canada, the Festival of Nine Lessons and carols is done multilingually at [[Bishop's College School]], [[
In December 2013, Truro Cathedral staged a reconstruction of Bishop Benson's original 1880 Nine Lessons with Carols Service which was attended by a congregation of over 1,500 people.<ref name="trurocathedral-ninelessons" />
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The King's College service was immensely successful, and the following year Milner-White made some changes to Benson's original format, notably introducing the tradition of opening the service with a solo treble singing "[[Once in Royal David's City]]". This was then followed by a [[bidding prayer]] penned by Milner-White himself, and re-ordering the lessons.<ref name="McGrath">{{cite book |last1=McGrath |first1=Alister E. |title=Christianity: An Introduction |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781405108997 |page=293 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v26doW8jIyYC&q=Edward%20White%20Benson%20nine%20lessons%20archbishop%20of%20canterbury&pg=PT234 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In the Chapel: Carols |url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/archive-centre/online-resources/online-exhibitions/in-the-chapel-carols |website=King's College Cambridge |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="guardian-truro" /> The choir had 16 [[boy soprano|trebles]] as specified in statutes laid down by [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]], and until 1927 the men's voices were provided by [[choral scholar]]s and [[lay clerk]]s. Today, 14 [[undergraduate]]s from the choir sing the men's parts.<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/>
===Broadcasting of the service===
The popularity of the service was established when the service began to be broadcast by the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] in 1928, and, except for 1930, has been broadcast every year since. During the 1930s the service reached a worldwide audience when the BBC began broadcasting the service on its [[BBC World Service|Overseas Service]]. Even throughout the [[Second World War]], despite the [[stained glass]] having been removed from the chapel and the lack of heating, the broadcasts continued. For security reasons, the name "King's" was not mentioned during wartime broadcasts.<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/>
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[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 009.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[The Adoration of the Magi]]'' (1634) by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], which hangs behind the [[Altar#In Western Christian churches|altar]] in [[King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]]]
Since the Second World War, it has been estimated that each year there are millions of listeners worldwide who listen to the service live on the [[BBC World Service]]. Domestically, the service is broadcast live on [[BBC Radio 4]], and a recorded broadcast is made on Christmas Day on [[BBC Radio 3]].<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/> In the US, a 1954 service was put into the [[National Recording Registry]] by the [[Library of Congress]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news | first=Natasha | last=Metzler | title=New National Recording Registry entries announced | date=9 June 2009 | publisher=Associated Press, San
In 2020, during the [[COVID-19
===Order of service===
The format of the
The
*Organ preludes
::*"Fantasia in C, BK 25" – music by [[William Byrd]] (c. 1540−1623)
:*[[Processional hymn|Processional Hymn]]: "[[Once in Royal David's City]]" – words by [[Cecil Frances Alexander]]; melody by [[Henry Gauntlett]]; harmonised by Henry Gauntlett and A. H. Mann; [[descant]] by [[Stephen Cleobury]].▼
::*'La vierge et l'enfant' from『[[La Nativité du Seigneur]]』– music by Olivier Messaien (1908−1992)
*[[Bidding-prayer|Bidding Prayer]]▼
::*
::*'Les anges'
:
::*
▲:*[[Processional hymn
*'''Second Lesson from Genesis 22: 15–18''' (read by a choral scholar)▼
:*Carol: "
*'''
:*Carol: "
▲*'''Second
:*Carol: "Illuminare Jerusalem" – words, 16th century Scots, modernised by Eleanor Parker; music by [[Judith Weir]]
*'''
:*Carol: "
:*Hymn: "[[O Little Town of Bethlehem]]" – words by [[Phillips Brooks]] (1835−1893); melody ('Forest Green'), English traditional; arranged by [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] (1872−1958); descant by [[Thomas Armstrong (musician)|Thomas Armstrong]] (1898−1994)
*'''
:*Carol: "
:*Carol: "
*'''
:*Carol: "
:*Carol: "
*'''
:*Carol: "[[
:*Hymn: "[[
*'''
:*Carol: "
*'''
:*Carol: "The Christ-Child lay on Mary's lap" – words, 'A Christmas Carol' by [[G. K. Chesterton]] (1874−1936); music by [[John Rutter]] (written in memory of Stephen Cleobury)
▲*'''Ninth Lesson from the [[Gospel of John]] 1: 1–14''' (read by the [[Provost (education)|Provost]] of the college)
:*
*'''Ninth lesson from the [[Gospel of John]] 1: 1–14''' (read by the [[Provost (education)|Provost]] of King's College)
*[[Collect]] and Blessing▼
:*Hymn: "[[
:*Hymn: "[[Hark! The Herald Angels Sing]]" – words by [[Charles Wesley]] (1707−1788), et al.; melody ('Mendelssohn') by [[Felix Mendelssohn|Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy]] (1809−1847); descant by David Willcocks
*Organ voluntaries
::*"[[In Dulci Jubilo]], BWV 729" – music by Johann Sebastian Bach
::*'Dieu parmi nous' from『La Nativité du Seigneur』– music by Olivier Messaien
===Commissioned carols and organ postludes===
{{See also|List of carols at the Nine Lessons and Carols, King's College Chapel}}
The table below shows the new carols commissioned by King's College, Cambridge, since 1983.
<!--Please arrange in chronological order. Thanks.-->
{| class="wikitable" style="max-width: 1000px;"
|-
!width=60px|Year
!width=|
!width=|
|- valign=top
|align=center|1983
|In Wintertime{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}<br />(When Thou
|Words: [[Betty Askwith]]<br />Music: [[Lennox Berkeley]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1984
|One Star,
|Words: [[George Mackay Brown]]<br />Music: [[Peter Maxwell Davies]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1985
|Illuminare Jerusalem<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2001">{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2001|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2001/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2001|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209052818/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2001/|archive-date=9 December 2007}}.</ref>
|Words:
|- valign=top
|align=center|1986
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|- valign=top
|align=center|1988
|The Birthday of
|Words: After [[Henry Vaughan]]<br />Music: [[Peter Sculthorpe]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1989
|Carol of St. Steven{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: Adapted from
|- valign=top
|align=center|1990
|Богородице Дево, радуйся<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2007|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/assets/7/7c/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols_2007.pdf|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2007|access-date=24 December 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607220420/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/assets/7/7c/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols_2007.pdf|archive-date=7 June 2011}}.</ref><br />(Rejoice, O Virgin Mary)
|Words:
|- valign=top
|align=center|1991
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|align=center|1992
|Swetë Jesu{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: Anonymous, 13th
|- valign=top
|align=center|1993
|Christo Paremus Cantica{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: Anonymous, 15th
|- valign=top
|align=center|1994
|The Angels{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}<br />(Should you
|Words: [[John V. Taylor]]<br />Music: [[Jonathan Harvey (composer)|Jonathan Harvey]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1995
|Seinte Marie Moder Milde{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words:
|- valign=top
|align=center|1996
|Pilgrim Jesus{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}<br />(Iesus! Christus! In the
|Words: [[Kevin Crossley-Holland]]<br />Music: [[Stephen Paulus]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1997
|The Fayrfax Carol<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 1997|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1997/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=1997|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928142402/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1997/|archive-date=28 September 2006}}.</ref>
|Words: Anonymous, [[Tudor period|
|- valign=top
|align=center|1998
|Winter Solstice Carol<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 1998|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1998/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=1998|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813171723/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1998/|archive-date=13 August 2007}}.</ref>
|
|- valign=top
|align=center|1999
Line 188 ⟶ 197:
|align=center|2000
|[[The Three Kings (Dove)|The Three Kings]]<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2000|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2000/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2000|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808233206/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2000/|archive-date=8 August 2007}}.</ref>
|Words:
|- valign=top
|align=center|2001
|Spring in Winter<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2001"/>
|Words:
|- valign=top
|align=center|2002
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|- valign=top
|align=center|2004
|God
|Words: [[Angelus Silesius]]<br />Music: [[Judith Bingham]]
|- valign=top
|
|
|Words: 19th century<br />Music: [[John Tavener]]
|- valign=top
|'''Organ postlude''': Improvisation on "[[Adeste Fideles]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2005"/>▼
|
|[[Francis Pott (composer)|Francis Pott]]▼
|- valign=top▼
▲|rowspan=2 align=center|2006
▲|'''Carol''': Misere' Nobis<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2006">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2006|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2006/NineLessonsCarols2006.pdf|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2006|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204013517/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2006/NineLessonsCarols2006.pdf|archive-date=4 February 2007}}.</ref><br />(Jesu of a Maiden Thou wast Born)
▲|Words: a version of a medieval English carol<br />Music: [[Mark-Anthony Turnage]]
|- valign=top▼
|'''Organ postlude''': Recessional on "[[In the Bleak Midwinter]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2006"/>▼
|[[Lionel Steuart Fothringham]]▼
|- valign=top
|
|
|Words: [[Richard Watson Gilder]]<br />Music: [[Brett Dean]]
|- valign=top▼
|'''Organ postlude''': Sortie on "[[In Dulci Jubilo]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007"/>▼
|[[David Briggs (musician)|David Briggs]]▼
|- valign=top
|align=center|2008
|Mary<br />
(The Night When She First Gave Birth)<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2008">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2008|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/chapel/festival-nine-lessons-2008.pdf|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2008|access-date=25 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105081101/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/chapel/festival-nine-lessons-2008.pdf|archive-date=5 November 2010|url-status=dead}}. For the songs sung in earlier years, see "[[List of carols performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]".</ref>
|Words: [[Bertolt Brecht]], translated by [[Michael Hamburger]]<br />Music: [[Dominic Muldowney]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2009
|The Christ Child<ref name="OUP Choral News Oct 2009">{{citation|title=OUP Choral News E-mail October 2009|date=9 October 2009}}.</ref>
|Words: [[
|- valign=top
|align=center|2010
|Christmas Carol (Offerings
|Words: [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]], translated by Hanni-Mari
|- valign=top
|align=center|2011
|Christmas
|Words: [[Christina Rossetti]]<br />Music: [[Tansy Davies]]<ref>{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons & Carols, Order of Service, 2011|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/files/services/festival-nine-lessons-2011.pdf|access-date=25 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131002742/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/files/services/festival-nine-lessons-2011.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2012|url-status=dead}}.</ref>
|- valign=top
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|- valign=top
|align=center|2013
|Hear the
|Words: [[William Blake]]<br />Music: [[Thea Musgrave]]<ref>{{citation|title=Commissioned carol sets Blake poem to music|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2013/blake-carol.html|access-date=5 December 2013}}.</ref>
|- valign=top
Line 262:
|align=center|2016
|This Endernight
|Words: Anonymous
|- valign=top
|align=center|2017
Line 270:
|align=center|2018
|O Mercy Divine
|Words: [[Charles Wesley]]<ref>http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/chapel/9lc_order_of_service_2018.pdf|
|-
|align=center|2019
|The Angel Gabriel
|Words: [[Sabine Baring-Gould]]<br />Music: [[Philip Moore (organist)|Philip Moore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2019/kings-commissions-new-carol-christmas-eve|title = King's commissions a new carol for Christmas Eve}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|2020
|''No new commission''<ref>Interview with Daniel Hyde > 'The Irregular Christmas'; [[BBC Music Magazine]], Christmas 2020, p 35</ref>
|-
|align=center|2021
|There is no Rose
|Words:
|-
|align=center|2022
|Angelus ad Virginem
|Words: Mediaeval<br />Music: [[Matthew Martin (composer)|Matthew Martin]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christmas Religious Programming on the BBC 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2022/bbc.com/mediacentre/2022/christmas-religious-programming/ |access-date=2022-11-29 }}</ref>
|-
|align=center|2023
|The Cradle
|Words: Anonymous, 17th century Austrian, translated by [[Robert Graves]]<br />Music: [[Cheryl Frances-Hoad]]<ref>[https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2023/kings-commissions-new-carol-christmas-eve King's College, Cambridge, "King's commissions a new carol for Christmas Eve"], 28 November 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.</ref>
|}
Organ postludes have also been commissioned in certain years, as shown in the table below.
<!--Please arrange in chronological order. Thanks.-->
{| class="wikitable" style="max-width: 1000px;"
|-
!width=60px|Year
!width=|Title of postlude
!width=|Composer
▲|- valign=top
|align=center|2005
▲|
▲|[[Francis Pott (composer)|Francis Pott]]
▲|- valign=top
|align=center|2006
▲|
▲|[[Lionel Steuart Fothringham]]
▲|- valign=top
|align=center|2007
▲|[[David Briggs (musician)|David Briggs]]
|}
===Attendance at the service
==See also==
Line 303 ⟶ 332:
===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Dibble|first=Jeremy |editor=Rowan Strong|title=The Oxford History of Anglicanism, Volume III: Partisan Anglicanism and its Global Expansion 1829-c. 1914|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5an_DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA399|volume=
{{refend}}
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==External links==
{{Commons category|Nine Lessons and Carols}}
*[
{{Christmas}}
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[[Category:Anglican liturgy]]
[[Category:Anglican church music]]
[[Category:Church music]]
[[Category:Christmas carols]]
[[Category:Christmas in England]]
|