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African and Asian nations frequently report on noteworthy confiscations of pangolins and pangolin parts. When a Chinese boat ran into a [[coral reef]] in the Philippines in 2013, officials discovered it to be carrying 10 tonnes of frozen pangolins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/15/chinese-vessel-philippine-reef-illegal-pangolin-meat|title=Chinese vessel on Philippine coral reef caught with illegal pangolin meat|last=Carrington|first=Damian|date=2013-04-15|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=2018-07-11|archive-date=2013-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416213335/http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/apr/15/chinese-vessel-philippine-reef-illegal-pangolin-meat|url-status=live}}</ref> |
African and Asian nations frequently report on noteworthy confiscations of pangolins and pangolin parts. When a Chinese boat ran into a [[coral reef]] in the Philippines in 2013, officials discovered it to be carrying 10 tonnes of frozen pangolins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/15/chinese-vessel-philippine-reef-illegal-pangolin-meat|title=Chinese vessel on Philippine coral reef caught with illegal pangolin meat|last=Carrington|first=Damian|date=2013-04-15|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=2018-07-11|archive-date=2013-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416213335/http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/apr/15/chinese-vessel-philippine-reef-illegal-pangolin-meat|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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During the [[COVID-19 pandemic|2019-20 coronavirus pandemic]], [[nucleic acid sequence]]s of [[virus]]es taken from pangolins had initially been found to be a 99% match with [[SARS-CoV-2]], the virus which causes [[COVID-19]].<ref name="Cyranoski-2020">{{Cite journal|last=Cyranoski|first=David|date=2020-02-07|title=Did pangolins spread the China coronavirus to people?|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00364-2|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00364-2|pmid=33547428|s2cid=212825975|access-date=2020-03-22|archive-date=2020-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207163538/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00364-2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref |
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic|2019-20 coronavirus pandemic]], [[nucleic acid sequence]]s of [[virus]]es taken from pangolins had initially been found to be a 99% match with [[SARS-CoV-2]], the virus which causes [[COVID-19]].<ref name="Cyranoski-2020">{{Cite journal|last=Cyranoski|first=David|date=2020-02-07|title=Did pangolins spread the China coronavirus to people?|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00364-2|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00364-2|pmid=33547428|s2cid=212825975|access-date=2020-03-22|archive-date=2020-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207163538/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00364-2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=P.|last2=Chen|first2=W.|last3=Chen|first3=J.-P.|year=2019|title=Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica)|journal=Viruses|volume=11|issue=11|page=979|doi=10.3390/v11110979|pmid=31652964|pmc=6893680|doi-access=free}}</ref> The virus was believed to have originated in [[bat]]s, and that pangolins were an intermediate host prior to infecting humans. The illicit Chinese trade of pangolins was suggested as a [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]] for human transmission.<ref name="Cyranoski-2020" /><ref name="Live">{{cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/first-case-coronavirus-found.html|title=1st known case of coronavirus traced back to November in China|last1=Bryner|first1=Jeanna|date=March 15, 2020|publisher=[[LiveScience]]|access-date=March 15, 2020|archive-date=March 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314150202/https://www.livescience.com/first-case-coronavirus-found.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, pangolins were eventually ruled out as the definitive source of (SARS-CoV-2), after it emerged that the 99% match did not actually refer to the entire [[genome]], but to a specific site known as the receptor-binding domain (RBD).<ref name="Nature-coronavirus-mystery">{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00548-w|title=Mystery deepens over animal source of coronavirus|date=26 February 2020|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00548-w|access-date=28 February 2020|last1=Cyranoski|first1=David|volume=579|issue=7797|pages=18–19|pmid=32127703|bibcode=2020Natur.579...18C|s2cid=211836524|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401110822/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00548-w|url-status=live|doi-access=}}</ref> A whole-genome comparison found that the pangolin and human viruses share only up to 92% of their [[nucleic acid]] sequence, while at least 99.8% is needed for a conclusive match.<ref name="Nature-coronavirus-mystery" /> Ecologists worried that the early speculation about pangolins being the source may have led to mass slaughters, endangering the animals further.<ref name="Nature-coronavirus-mystery" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/civet-cat-slaughter-to-fight-sars|title=Civet Cat Slaughter To Fight SARS|date=11 January 2004|publisher=[[CBS News]]|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228180339/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/civet-cat-slaughter-to-fight-sars/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Asia== |
==Asia== |
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Governments and non-governmental organizations have undertaken a variety of conservation efforts, with varying activities and degrees of success in different parts of the world. The IUCN's [[IUCN Species Survival Commission|Species Survival Commission]] formed a Pangolin Specialist Group in 2012, comprising 100 experts from 25 countries, hosted by the [[Zoological Society of London]].<ref name="iucnextinction" /> It also coordinated an annual [[awareness day]], World Pangolin Day, on February 15, starting in 2014.<ref name="cnnchangethelist" /> |
Governments and non-governmental organizations have undertaken a variety of conservation efforts, with varying activities and degrees of success in different parts of the world. The IUCN's [[IUCN Species Survival Commission|Species Survival Commission]] formed a Pangolin Specialist Group in 2012, comprising 100 experts from 25 countries, hosted by the [[Zoological Society of London]].<ref name="iucnextinction" /> It also coordinated an annual [[awareness day]], World Pangolin Day, on February 15, starting in 2014.<ref name="cnnchangethelist" /> |
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Public awareness and support for conservation efforts can be important to their success. According to Annette Olsson, technical advisor at [[Conservation International]], one of the problems the pangolin faces is that, unlike more well-known endangered animals like [[elephant]]s, [[rhinoceros]]es, [[panda]]s, or [[tiger]]s, "It's not huge and not very charismatic. It's small and weird and just disappearing."<ref name="nytimes30march2015" /> Legal measures focus on curbing poaching and the supply side of the market, while media attention and public awareness can be crucial to the success to animal conservation efforts by affecting demand. According to CNN's John D. Sutter, "the pangolin needs international celebrity to survive, and the CITES vote is a critical step toward achieving that celebrity."<ref name="cnn28september2016" /> In some part due to lack of attention, pangolin conservation has not been a significant recipient of funding from governments or [[non-governmental organization|NGOs]].<ref name="cnnchangethelist" /> |
Public awareness and support for conservation efforts can be important to their success. According to Annette Olsson, technical advisor at [[Conservation International]], one of the problems the pangolin faces is that, unlike more well-known endangered animals like [[elephant]]s, [[rhinoceros]]es, [[panda]]s, or [[tiger]]s, "It's not huge and not very charismatic. It's small and weird and just disappearing."<ref name="nytimes30march2015" /> Legal measures focus on curbing poaching and the supply side of the market, while media attention and public awareness can be crucial to the success to animal conservation efforts by affecting demand. According to CNN's John D. Sutter, "the pangolin needs international celebrity to survive, and the CITES vote is a critical step toward achieving that celebrity."<ref name="cnn28september2016" /> In some part due to lack of attention, pangolin conservation has not been a significant recipient of funding from governments or [[non-governmental organization|NGOs]].<ref name="cnnchangethelist" />[[File:Weston Library Opening by John Cairns 20.3.15-139 David Attenborough.jpg|thumb|upright|[[David Attenborough]] has advocated for the protection of pangolins.]]On 17 February 2017, a day before World Pangolin Day, officials in [[Cameroon]] burned 3 tonnes of confiscated pangolin scales, representing up to 10,000 animals. The Cameroonian government had confiscated more than 8 tonnes of pangolin scales since 2013.<ref name=awf/> This conservation strategy is similar to the increasingly common [[destruction of ivory|destroying confiscated ivory]] to deter poaching and generate public outrage or action. As with ivory, there is an opportunity cost to destroying the material, trading awareness via public spectacle for the money which could be gained by reselling what was confiscated.<ref name=cnnchangethelist/> |
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Declining numbers of pangolin population also has detrimental effects on the ecosystem. The pangolins diet consists mainly of ants and termites in which they help with stabilizing forest pest destruction and controls forest termite disasters<ref name=":0" />. When foraging for their food by digging through the ground, pangolins actually help aerate the soil and assists in the process of decomposing organic matter. Additionally, though some pangolins species sleep in trees, others sleep in burrows they dig underground. But, pangolins frequently abandon their burrows which allows other animals to use it for themselves, helping out the rest of the animal kingdom.[[File:Weston Library Opening by John Cairns 20.3.15-139 David Attenborough.jpg|thumb|upright|[[David Attenborough]] has advocated for the protection of pangolins.]]On 17 February 2017, a day before World Pangolin Day, officials in [[Cameroon]] burned 3 tonnes of confiscated pangolin scales, representing up to 10,000 animals. The Cameroonian government had confiscated more than 8 tonnes of pangolin scales since 2013.<ref name=awf/> This conservation strategy is similar to the increasingly common [[destruction of ivory|destroying confiscated ivory]] to deter poaching and generate public outrage or action. As with ivory, there is an opportunity cost to destroying the material, trading awareness via public spectacle for the money which could be gained by reselling what was confiscated.<ref name=cnnchangethelist/> |
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In Vietnam, one of the countries in which the pangolin trade is most active, activists have access to only two centers able to take care of pangolins, and together they can only keep 50 animals in total.<ref name=nytimes30march2015a/> ''CNN'' characterized Vietnamese activists as having "vastly inadequate support."<ref name=cnnchangethelist/> |
In Vietnam, one of the countries in which the pangolin trade is most active, activists have access to only two centers able to take care of pangolins, and together they can only keep 50 animals in total.<ref name=nytimes30march2015a/> ''CNN'' characterized Vietnamese activists as having "vastly inadequate support."<ref name=cnnchangethelist/> |
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