Importing Wikidata short description: "Series of unmanned space missions by the United States in the 1960s" (Shortdesc helper)
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{{short description|
{{For|the U.S. Army training course|Ranger School}}
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| bottom_image_caption = Block II Ranger spacecraft
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[[Image:Ranger7 PIA02975.jpg|thumb|200px|right|First image of the Moon returned by a Ranger mission (Ranger 7 in 1964)]]The '''Ranger program''' was a series of [[
Ranger was originally designed, beginning in 1959, in three distinct phases, called "blocks". Each block had different mission objectives and progressively more advanced system design. The [[JPL]] mission designers planned multiple launches in each block, to maximize the engineering experience and scientific value of the mission and to assure at least one successful flight. Total research, development, launch, and support costs for the Ranger series of spacecraft (Rangers 1 through 9) was approximately $170 million (equivalent to ${{format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|170000000|1965}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US-GDP}}).{{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}}
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[[File:Program Ranger organization.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Program Ranger Organization Chart]]
Each of the block III Ranger spacecraft had six cameras on board. The cameras were fundamentally the same with differences in exposure times, fields of view, lenses, and scan rates. The camera system was divided into two channels, P (partial) and F (full). Each channel was self-contained with separate power supplies, timers, and transmitters. The F-channel had two cameras: the wide-angle A-camera and the narrow angle B-camera. The P-channel had four cameras: P1 and P2 (narrow angle) and P3 and P4 (wide angle). The final F-channel image was taken between 2.5 and 5 seconds before impact (altitude about {{convert|5
{{cite
| author = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] - Malling, L. R.
| title = Planetary photography- Television camera for a geological survey of the planet Mars
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<ref>
{{cite
| author = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] - Malling, L. R.
| title = Space astronomy and the slow-scan vidicon system
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<ref>
{{cite
| author = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] - Malling, L. R.
| title = Digital television camera control system Patent
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<ref>
{{cite
| author = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] - Malling, L. R.
| title = Reduced bandwidth video communication system utilizing sampling techniques Patent
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| format = PDF
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The Ranger program manager for the first six spacecraft was [[James Burke (space engineer)|James D. Burke]].<ref name="ranger2">{{cite web
The camera preamplifiers of the Ranger program used [[Nuvistor]]s.<ref>Nuvistor Valves by Stef Niewiadomski. <!--http://www.r-type.org/articles/art-150.htm--></ref>
==Mission list==
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===Block 2 missions===
[[
*[[Ranger 3]], launched 26 January 1962, lunar probe, spacecraft failed, missed Moon
*[[Ranger 4]], launched 23 April 1962, lunar probe, spacecraft failed, Moon impact
*[[Ranger 5]], launched 18 October 1962, lunar probe, spacecraft failed, missed Moon
Block 2 of the Ranger project launched three spacecraft to the Moon in 1962, carrying a TV camera, a radiation detector, and a seismometer in a separate capsule slowed by a rocket motor and packaged to survive its low-speed impact on the Moon's surface. The craft weighed 331 kg. The three missions together demonstrated good performance of the Atlas/Agena B launch vehicle and the adequacy of the spacecraft design, but unfortunately not both on the same attempt. [[Ranger 3]] had problems with both the launch vehicle and the spacecraft, missed the Moon by about 36,800 km, and has orbited the Sun ever since. [[Ranger 4]] had a perfect launch, but the spacecraft was completely disabled. The project team tracked the seismometer capsule to impact just out of sight on the [[Far side (Moon)|lunar far side]], validating the communications and navigation system. [[Ranger 5]] missed the Moon and was disabled. No significant science information was gleaned from these missions
Around the end of Block 2, it was discovered that a type of diode used in previous missions produced problematic gold-plate flaking in the conditions of space. This may have been responsible for some of the failures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-480/ch8.htm|title=ch8
===Block 3 missions===
[[Image:Ranger 6789.svg|thumb|250px|right|Ranger block III spacecraft diagram. (NASA)]]
*[[Ranger 6]], launched 30 January 1964, lunar probe, Moon impact, cameras failed
*[[Ranger 7]]
**Launched 28 July 1964
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**{{coord|12.83|S|2.37|W|globe:moon_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Ranger 9}} - [[Alphonsus crater]]
Ranger's Block 3 embodied four launches in 1964-65. These spacecraft boasted a television instrument designed to observe the lunar surface during the approach; as the spacecraft neared the Moon,
The next three Rangers, with a redesigned television, were completely successful. [[Ranger 7]] photographed its way down to target in a lunar plain, soon named [[Mare Cognitum]], south of the crater [[Copernicus (lunar crater)|Copernicus]]. It sent more than 4,300 pictures from six cameras to waiting scientists and engineers. The new images revealed that craters caused by impact were the dominant features of the Moon's surface, even in the seemingly smooth and empty plains. Great craters were marked by small ones, and the small with tiny impact pockmarks, as far down in size as could be discerned—about {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=off|sp=us}}. The light-colored streaks radiating from Copernicus and a few other large craters turned out to be chains and nets of small craters and debris blasted out in the primary impacts.
In February 1965, [[Ranger 8]] swept an oblique course over the south of [[Oceanus Procellarum]] and [[Mare Nubium]], to crash in [[Mare Tranquillitatis]] about {{convert|70|km|mi|sp=us}} distant from where [[Apollo 11]] would land 4½ years later. It
==See also==
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*[https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4210/pages/Cover.htm Lunar Impact: A History of Project Ranger (HTML)]
Both links lead to a whole book on the program. For the HTML one, scroll down to see the table of contents link.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151201201709/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Ranger Ranger Program Page] by [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov NASA's Solar System Exploration]
*[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/ranger/ranger.html Exploring the Moon: The Ranger Program]
*[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/ranger/ Ranger Photography of the Moon] Lunar and Planetary Institute
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