Rhythm and blues (aka R&BorRnB) is a popular music genre combining jazz, gospel, and blues influences — first performed by African American artists.
| Rhythm and blues | |
|---|---|
| Stylistic origins | Jazz, blues, and gospel |
| Cultural origins | 1940s United States |
| Typical instruments | Guitar - Bass - Harmonica - Saxophone - Drum kit - Keyboard |
| Derivative forms | Rock and Roll - Soul music - Funk |
| Subgenres | |
| Doo wop | |
The term was coined as a musical marketing term in the United States in 1947 by Jerry WexleratBillboard magazine. [1] It replaced the term race music (which originally came from within the black community, but was deemed offensive in the more positive postwar world,[2]), and the Billboard category Harlem Hit Parade in June 1949. The term was initially used to identify the rocking style of music that combined the 12 bar blues format and boogie-woogie with a back beat, which later became a fundamental element of rock and roll. In 1948, RCA Victor was marketing black music under the name Blues and Rhythm. The words were reversed by Wexler of Atlantic Records, the leading label in the R&B field in the early years.[3]
InRock & Roll: An Unruly History (1995) Robert Palmer defines "rhythm and blues" as a catchall rubric used to refer to any music that was made by and for black Americans. In his 1981 book Deep Blues Palmer used "R&B" as a synonym for jump blues. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm and blues was an umbrella term invented for industry convenience, which embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts.
By the 1970s, rhythm and blues was being used as a blanket term to describe soul and funk. Today the acronym R&B is almost always used instead of the full rhythm and blues, and mainstream use of the term refers to a modern version of soul and funk-influenced pop music that originated as disco became less favorable.
In its first manifestation, rhythm and blues was one of the predecessors to rock and roll. It was strongly influenced by jazz, jump blues and black gospel music. It also influenced jazz in return. Rhythm and blues, blues, and gospel combined with bebop to create hard bop.
Several musicians recorded both jazz and rhythm and blues, such as the swing bandsofJay McShann, Tiny Bradshaw and Johnny Otis. Count Basie had a weekly live rhythm and blues broadcast from Harlem. Bebop icon Tadd Dameron arranged music for Bull Moose Jackson and spent two years as Jackson's pianist after establishing himself in bebop.
Most of the R&B studio musicians were jazz musicians, and many of the musicians on Charlie Mingus' breakthrough jazz recordings were R&B veterans. Lionel Hampton's big band of the early 1940s — which produced the classic recording Flying Home (tenor sax solo by Illinois Jacquet) — was the breeding ground for many of the bebop legends of the 1950s. Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson was a bebop saxophonist and a blues shouter.
The 1950s was the premier decade for classic rhythm and blues. Overlapping with other genres such as jazz and rock and roll, R&B developed regional variations. A strong, distinct style straddling the border with blues came out of New Orleans, and was based on a rolling piano style first made famous by Professor Longhair. In the late 1950s, Fats Domino hit the national charts with "Blueberry Hill" and "Ain't That a Shame". Other artists who popularized this Louisiana flavor of R&B included Clarence "Frogman" Henry, Frankie Ford, Irma Thomas, The Neville Brothers and Dr. John
The first rock and roll hits consisted of rhythm and blues songs like "Rocket 88" and "Shake, Rattle and Roll", which appeared on popular music charts as well as R&B charts. "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On", the first hit by Jerry Lee Lewis, was an R&Bcover song that reached number one on the pop, R&B and country and western charts.
By the early 1960s, rhythm and blues had taken on more gospel-influenced elements and emerged as soul music, pioneered by artists such as Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, and James Brown. The early and middle 1960s saw an uprise of young white bands whose music was labelled rhythm and blues (and sometimes blue-eyed soul) — such as The Yardbirds, The Rolling Stones, The Pretty Things, The Small Faces, The Animals, The Spencer Davis Group and The Who.