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[[File:Pacifastacus leniusculus 01 by-dpc.jpg|thumb|left|A signal crayfish in Spain]]
From 1907, [[crayfish plague]], an infectious disease caused by the [[water mould]] ''Aphanomyces astaci'', damaged stocks of the native European crayfish ''[[Astacus astacus]]''. Since the signal crayfish occupied a similar [[ecological niche]] in its native range, it was imported in the 1960s to [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] to allow recreational and commercial crayfish capture.<ref name="Nobanis">{{cite web|author1=Trond Taugbøl|author2=Stein I. Johnsen|name-list-style=amp|year=2006|title=Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – ''Pacifastacus leniusculus''|work=Online Database of the North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species|publisher=NOBANIS – European Network on Invasive Species|url=http://www.nobanis.org/files/factsheets/Pacifastacus_leniusculus.pdf|access-date=August 28, 2010}}</ref> At the time, the signal crayfish was not recognized as a [[Asymptomatic carrier|carrier]] of the crayfish plague.<ref name="Nobanis"/> All American species carry the infection, but it is only lethal to individuals that are already stressed; to European species, the infection is rapidly fatal.<ref name="Summer">{{cite book|editor=Norman Maclean|year=2010|title=Silent Summer: The State of Wildlife in Britain and Ireland|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|chapter=Other invertebrates|pages=556–575|author1=[[Richard Chadd]]|author2=Brian Eversham|isbn=9781139788694}}</ref>
The signal crayfish is now the most widespread alien crayfish in Europe, occurring in 25 countries, from [[Finland]] to [[Great Britain]] and from [[Spain]] to [[Greece]].<ref name="Nobanis"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Silva, S.|author2=Outón, P.|author3=Nachón, D. J.|author4=Gómez-Sande, P.|author5=Sánchez-Hernández, J.|author6=Vieira-Lanero, R.|author7=Cobo, F.|year=2017|title=New data on the introduction of the invasive signal crayfish ''Pacifastacus leniusculus'' (Dana, 1852) (Crustacea, Decapoda) and ectosymbiont branchiobdellidans (Annelida, Clitellata) in NW Iberian Peninsula|journal=Nova Acta Científica Compostelana (Bioloxía)|volume=24|pages=63–68|issn=2340-0021|url=http://www.usc.es/revistas/index.php/nacc/article/view/3970/4199}}</ref> It was first introduced to Great Britain in 1976,<ref name="Brit-Eco-Soc">{{ cite web | url=http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/crayfish-trapping-fails-to-control-invasive-species/ | title=Crayfish 'trapping' fails to control invasive species | date=13 October 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Daniel-Chadwick-et-al-2020">{{ Cite journal | url=http://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.13758 | title=A novel 'triple drawdown' method highlights deficiencies in invasive alien crayfish survey and control techniques Daniel D. A. Chadwick Eleri G. Pritchard Paul Bradley Carl D. Sayer Michael A. Chadwick Lawrence J. B. Eagle Jan C. Axmacher 12 October 2020 Journal of Applied Ecology DOI 10.1111/1365-2664.13758 | date=12 October 2020 | doi=10.1111/1365-2664.13758 | s2cid=225116874 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and is now widespread across the British mainland as far north as the [[Moray Firth]]. It has also been observed on the [[Isle of Man]], but not in [[Ireland]],<ref name="Summer"/> the last European country to have no alien crayfish.
In both Sweden and Finland (where crayfish are eaten), the catch of signal crayfish exceeds that of ''A. astacus'' (European/noble crayfish). The former is sold at roughly half the price compared to the latter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/ans/erss/highrisk/Pacifastacus-leniusculus-ERSS-revision-June2015.pdf|title=Signal Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|date=February 2011}}</ref>
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