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{{short description|Soyuz spacecraft emergency crew rescue systems}}
In the event of catastrophic failure, the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz spacecraft]] has a series of automated and semi-automated abort modes to rescue the crew. The abort systems have been refined since the first manned flights and all abort scenarios for the [[Soyuz TMA-M]] are expected to be survivable for the crew.<ref name = "spaceflight 101">{{cite web|title=Soyuz TMA-M – Spacecraft & Satellites|url=http://spaceflight101.com/spacecraft/soyuz-tma-m/|website=spaceflight101.com|accessdate=28 April 2016}}</ref>▼
[[File:Jsc2006e11326.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Upper section of Soyuz TMA-8 during assembly|The capsule and escape system of the [[Soyuz TMA-8]] mission during assembly]]
▲In the event of catastrophic failure, the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz spacecraft]] has a series of automated and semi-automated abort modes (Rus. Система аварийного спасения (САС)) (literally - System for Emergency Rescue (SER)) to rescue the crew. The abort systems have been refined since the first
==Launch
The Soyuz abort systems are especially complicated because of the modular design of the vehicle; only the middle
===Jettisonable
[[File:Soyuz launch pad abort sequence.svg|thumb|right|alt=image showing stages of Soyuz pad abort, refer to caption|The Soyuz pad abort procedure. The Image shows from left to right: 1) The firing of the SAS carrying the
The primary abort system for use early in the flight is the Jettisonable Emergency Escape Head Section, known by its Russian abbreviation OGB SAS or just SAS. It is a [[launch escape system]] designed by a team from [[OKB|OKB-1]] under [[Sergei Korolev]]'s leadership.<ref name = zak>{{cite web|last1=Zak|first1=Anatoly|title=Emergency escape system of the Soyuz spacecraft|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_sas.html|website=www.russianspaceweb.com|
The SAS can be used to separate the Soyuz capsule from the launch vehicle up to about two anda half minutes into powered flight. The launch escape system can be triggered by onboard computers or by radio communication from ground crews. The
Beginning with the [[Apollo-Soyuz Test Project]], the Soyuz spacecraft also has a secondary set of four rocket motors at the top of the fairing that can propel the escape head section away from the rocket during the period between the jettisoning of the SAS at T+115s until fairing deployment at T+157s. In contrast to the SAS these rockets only move the escape head section a small distance away from the rocket, as at these altitudes there is enough time for the landing system to deploy.<ref name="hall & shayler"/>
===Other Abort Procedures===▼
In early Soyuz models there were two abort modes in the time ranging from the ejection of the launch escape system until orbit. One called for separation of only the upper two modules and a controlled descent and could be initiated before about t+522s, the other separated all three and underwent a ballistic descent after t+522.<ref name = 'hall & shayler'>{{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=Rex|last2=Shayler|first2=David J.|title=Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft|date=2003|publisher=Praxis Publishing Ltd.|location=Chichester, UK|isbn=1-85233-657-9|page=70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbGchpi1HP8C&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=3 May 2016}}</ref>▼
Unlike the [[space shuttle abort modes|space shuttle]], Soyuz cannot abort-to-orbit because its third stage has only a single engine and does not carry the reserve fuel necessary to achieve orbit with reduced thrust at a lower stage.<ref name = 'hall & shayler'/>▼
▲In early Soyuz models, there were two abort modes in the time ranging from the ejection of the launch escape system until orbit. One called for separation of only the upper two modules and a controlled descent and could be initiated before about
▲Unlike the [[
==Reliability==
An analysis of the overall reliability of the Soyuz capsule was published in the years leading up to the [[retirement of the Space Shuttle]] in 2010 by individuals from [[Johnson Space Center|NASA JSC]] and the [[ARES
Following a malfunction in the central thrust chamber of the launch escape system when it was routinely jettisoned during the 2009 [[Soyuz TMA-15]]
==Soyuz abort history==
Soyuz has experienced three launch aborts and one in-orbit abort. All crew members survived the aborts.
*[[Soyuz 7K-T No.39|Soyuz 18a]], launched 5 April 1975, failed to separate the second and third stages which triggered an automated abort system. The engines on the service module were used to separate the crew from the launch vehicle.<ref name="shayler" >{{cite book | title= Disasters and Accidents in Manned Space Flight | last= Shayler | first= David | year= 2000 | page= 159 | publisher= Springer Praxis| isbn= 1-85233-225-5}}</ref>▼
===Launch aborts===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 150px" | Launch date
! scope="col" style="width: 100px" | Mission
! Cause of failure
|-
▲
|-
|-
| 11 October 2018 || [[Soyuz MS-10]] || The [[Soyuz-FG]] rocket experienced an anomaly during staging, when one of the boosters hit the core stage and damaged the second stage. The launch escape system pulled the spacecraft free of the rocket.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bodner |first1=Matthew |title=Soyuz investigators {{sic|hone|hide=y}} in on booster separation, promise conclusions Oct. 20 |url=https://spacenews.com/soyuz-investigators-hone-in-on-booster-separation-promise-conclusions-oct-20/ |work=Space News |date=12 October 2018}}</ref>
|}
===In-orbit aborts===
*The [[Igla docking system]] suffered an engine failure on [[Soyuz 33]] on 10 April, 1979. After consideration by ground crews, the mission was aborted by firing the back up engines and initiating a ballistic reentry.<ref name=newkirk>{{cite book | last = Newkirk | first = Dennis | title = Almanac of Soviet Manned Space Flight | year = 1990 | isbn = 0-87201-848-2 | publisher = Gulf Publishing Company | location = Houston, Texas}}</ref>▼
{| class="wikitable"
▲*On 26 September 1983 [[Soyuz 7K-ST No.16L|Soyuz T-10-1]] caught fire and the crew was saved by firing its launch escape system. It is, to date, the only successful manned [[pad abort test|pad abort]].<ref name="JANE">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/aerospace/civil/news/jsd/jsd030203_3_n.shtml|title=A brief history of space accidents|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group|Jane's Transport Business News]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030204073904/http://www.janes.com/aerospace/civil/news/jsd/jsd030203_3_n.shtml|date=February 3, 2003|archivedate=2003-02-04|accessdate=2007-10-20}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 150px" | Launch date
! scope="col" style="width: 100px" | Mission
! Cause of failure
|-
| 10 April 1979
| [[Soyuz 33]]
▲
|}
==See also==
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[[Category:Soyuz program]]
[[Category:Abort modes]]
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