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=== Koxinga and imperial Chinese rule ===
[[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] navalNaval and troop forces from Southern [[Fujian]] defeated the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] in [[1662]], subsequently expelling the Dutch government and military from the island. They were led by Lord [[Koxinga]] (Zheng Chenggong, 鄭成功), son of a ChineseSouthern [[Fujian]] pirate-merchant, and a Japanese samurai's daughter from Hirato, Kyushu. Following the fall of the [[Ming dynasty]], Koxinga retreated to Taiwan as a self-styled Ming loyalist, and established the [[Kingdom of Tungning]] (1662–1683). Koxinga established his capital at Tainan and he and his heirs, [[Zheng Jing]] (鄭經) who ruled from 1662-82 and his son [[Zheng Keshuang]] (鄭克塽), who served less than a year, continued to launch raids on the south-east coast of mainland China well into the Qing dynasty in an attempt to recover the mainland. Koxinga's attempt to solicit support from the Japanese Shogun was unsuccessful.<ref>Archive of Fukuoka Prefecture, Kyushu</ref>
In 1683, the [[Qing Dynasty]] defeated the Cheng holdout, and formally annexed Taiwan, placing it under the jurisdiction of [[Fujian]] province. Following the defeat of Koxinga's grandson by an armada led by Admiral [[Shi Lang]] from Southern [[Fujian]], Cheng's followers were expatriated to the farthest reaches of the Qing Empire. The [[Qing Dynasty]] government wrestled with its Taiwan policy to reduce piracy and vagrancy in the area, which led to a series of edicts to manage immigrationmigration and respect for aboriginal land rights. IllegalMigrants immigrantsmostly from Southern [[Fujian]] continued to enter Taiwan as renters of the large plots of aboriginal lands under contracts that usually involved marriage, while the border between taxpaying lands and "savage" lands migratedshifted easteastward, with some aborigines 'Sinicizing' while others retreated into the mountains. The bulk of Taiwan's population today claim descent from these immigrantsmigrants. During this time, there were a number of conflicts involving [[Han Chinese]] from different regions of ChinaSouthern [[Fujian]], and between HanSouthern [[Fujian]] Chinese and aborigines.
In 1887, the Qing government upgraded Taiwan's status from that of being a prefecture of Fujian to one of province itself, the 20th in the country, with its capital at Taipei. The move was accompanied by a modernization drive that included the building of the first railroad and the beginning of a postal service in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web| year=2006| title=Build History of Main Routes of Taiwan Railway | work=Taiwan Railway Administration | url=http://www.railway.gov.tw/n/n1_01.htm | accessdate=2006-03-06}}</ref>
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