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{{short description|Prominent lunar impact crater}}{{use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox Lunar crater
| name = Tycho
| image = Tycho LRO.png
| image_size =
| caption = Tycho seen by [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] (rotate display if you see a [[crater illusion]] due to the atypical position of the light source). [[NASA]]
| coordinates = {{coord|43.31|S|11.36|W|globe:moon_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| diameter = 8685 km (53.4  miles)
| depth = {{convert|4.7|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Margot99">{{cite journal |last1=Margot |first1=Jean-Luc |last2=Campbell |first2=Donald B. |last3=Jurgens |first3=Raymond F. |last4=Slade |first4=Martin A. |title=The topography of Tycho Crater |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets |date=25 May 1999 |volume=104 |issue=E5 |pages=11875–11882 |doi=10.1029/1998JE900047|bibcode=1999JGR...10411875M }}</ref>
| depth = 4.8 km (2.98 miles)
| colong = 12
| eponym = [[Tycho Brahe]]
}}
[[Image:Lage des Mondkraters Tycho.jpg|thumb|right|Location of Tycho as seen from the [[Northern Hemisphere]]]]
[[File:Tycho.stl|thumb|3D model of Tycho crater]]
 
'''Tycho''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|aɪ|k|oʊ}}) is a prominent [[Lunar craters|lunar impact]] [[impact crater|crater]] located in the southern lunar highlands, named after the Danish astronomer [[Tycho Brahe]] (1546–1601).<ref name=gpn>{{gpn|6163}}, accessed 19 February 2019</ref> It is estimated to be 108 million years old.<ref name="lro">{{cite web |title=The floor of Tycho crater |series=[[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc-20100114-tycho.html |titledate=The3 FloorAugust of2017 Tycho Crater|publisheraccess-date=Lunar1 ReconnaissanceJuly Orbiter,2018 NASA|archive-date=330 AugustMarch 2017 |accessdatearchive-url=1https://web.archive.org/web/20170330203111/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc-20100114-tycho.html July|url-status=dead 2018}}</ref>
 
To the south of Tycho is the crater [[Street (crater)|Street]], to the east is [[Pictet (crater)|Pictet]], and to the north-northeast is [[Sasserides (crater)|Sasserides]]. The surface around Tycho is replete with craters of various sizes, many overlapping still older craters. Some of the smaller craters are secondary craters formed from larger chunks of [[ejecta]] from Tycho.
It is one of the [[Moon|Moon's]] brightest craters,<ref name=lro/> with a diameter of {{cvt|85|km}} and a depth of {{cvt|4800|m}}.<ref>{{cite webnews |last=Wood |first=Charles A. |date=2006-08-01 |title=Tycho: The metropolitan crater of the Moon |magazine=[[Sky & Telescope]] |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/celestial-objects-to-watch/tycho-the-metropolitan-crater-of-the-moon/ |titleaccess-date=Tycho:2018-06-19}}</ref> Theand Metropolitana Craterdepthofthe Moon - Sky & Telescope {{cvt|publisher=Skyandtelescope.com 4700|date=2006-08-01m}}.<ref |accessdatename=2018-06-19}}Margot99></ref>
 
==Age and description==
Tycho is a relatively young crater, with an estimated age of 108 &nbsp;million years ([[Annum|Ma]]), based on analysis of samples of the crater ray recovered during the {{nobr|[[Apollo 17]]}} mission.<ref name=lro/> This age initially suggested that the impactor may have been a member of the [[Baptistina family]] of asteroids, but as the composition of the impactor is unknown this remained conjecture.<ref>
{{cite news
| date=September 5, 2007
| title=Breakup event in the main asteroid belt likely caused dinosaur extinction 65 million years ago
| publisher=[[Physorg]]
| url=http://www.physorg.com/news108218928.html
| access-date=2007-09-06
| accessdate=2007-09-06 }}</ref> However, this possibility was ruled out by the [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]] in 2011, as it was discovered that the Baptistina family was produced much later than expected, having formed approximately 80 million years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.universetoday.com/89050/did-asteroid-baptistina-kill-the-dinosaurs-think-other-wise/#more-89050|work=[[Universe Today]]|title=Did Asteroid Baptistina Kill the Dinosaurs? Think Other WISE|last=Plotner|first=Tammy|date=2015-12-24}}</ref>▼
}}▼
</ref>
▲ | accessdate=2007-09-06 }}</ref> However, this possibility was ruled out by the [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]] in 2011, as it was discovered that the Baptistina family was produced much later than expected, having formed approximately 80 million years ago.<ref>{{cite webnews |last=Plotner |first=Tammy |date=2015-12-24 |title=Did asteroid Baptistina kill the dinosaurs? Think other-WISE |website=[[Universe Today]] |url=https://www.universetoday.com/89050/did-asteroid-baptistina-kill-the-dinosaurs-think-other-wise/#more-89050|work=[[Universe Today]]|title=Did Asteroid Baptistina Kill the Dinosaurs? Think Other WISE|last=Plotner|first=Tammy|date=2015-12-24}}</ref>
 
The crater is sharply defined, unlike older craters that have been degraded by subsequent impacts. The interior has a high [[albedo feature|albedo]] that is prominent when the Sun is overhead, and the crater is surrounded by a distinctive [[ray system]] forming long spokes that reach as long as 1,500 &nbsp;kilometers. Sections of these rays can be observed even when Tycho is illuminated only by [[planetshine|earthlight]]. Due to its prominent rays, Tycho is mapped as part of the [[Copernican period|Copernican System]].<ref>The{{cite geologicreport history|author1=McCauley, ofJohn theF. Moon|author2=Trask, 1987,Newell [[DonaldJ. Wilhelms|Wilhelms,year=1987 Don|title=The E.]];Geologic withHistory sectionsof bythe McCauley,Moon John|editor-link=Donald F.;Wilhelms Trask|editor=Wilhelms, Newell JD.E. |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] |series=Professional Paper: |volume=1348. |at=Plate &nbsp;11: Copernican Systemsystem ([|url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1348 online])}}</ref>
 
[[Image:Tycho Crater.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The large [[ray system]] centered on Tycho]]
Line 35 ⟶ 40:
Infrared observations of the lunar surface during an eclipse have demonstrated that Tycho cools at a slower rate than other parts of the surface, making the crater a "hot spot". This effect is caused by the difference in materials that cover the crater.
 
[[Image:Tycho Crater Panorama.jpg|thumb|Panoramic view of the lunar surface taken by {{nobr|[[Surveyor 7]],}} which landed about {{convert|29|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the rim of Tycho]]
 
The rim of this crater was chosen as the target of the {{nobr|[[Surveyor 7]]}} mission. The robotic spacecraft safely touched down north of the crater in January &nbsp;1968. The craft performed chemical measurements of the surface, finding a composition different from the maria. From this, one of the main components of the highlands was theorized to be [[anorthosite]], an [[aluminium]]-rich mineral. The crater was also imaged in great detail by {{nobr|[[Lunar Orbiter 5]].}}
 
From the 1950s through the 1990s, NASA aerodynamicist Dean Chapman and others advanced the lunar origin theory of [[tektite]]s. Chapman used complex orbital computer models and extensive wind tunnel tests to support the theory that the so-called Australasian tektites originated from the Rosse ejecta ray of Tycho. Until the Rosse ray is sampled, a lunar origin for these tektites cannot be ruled out.
 
This crater was drawn on lunar maps as early as 1645, when [[Antonius Maria Schyrleus de Rheita|A.M.S. de&nbsp;Rheita]] depicted the bright ray system.
 
== Names ==
Tycho is named after the Danish astronomer [[Tycho Brahe]].<ref name=gpn/> Like many of the craters on the Moon's near side, it was given its name by the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] astronomer [[Giovanni Battista Riccioli|GiovanniG.B. Riccioli]], whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized.{{sfn|Whitaker|2003|pp=61}}<ref>[[:commons:File:Riccioli1651MoonMap.jpg|Riccioli map of the Moon (1651)]]</ref> Earlier lunar cartographers had given the feature different names. [[Pierre Gassendi]] named it Umbilicus Lunaris ('the [[navel]] of the Moon').{{sfn|Whitaker|2003|pp=33}} [[Michael van Langren|van&nbsp;Langren]]'s 1645 map calls it "Vladislai IV" after [[Władysław IV Vasa]], [[King of Poland]].{{sfn|Whitaker|2003|pp=198}}<ref>[[:commons:File:Langrenus map of the Moon 1645.jpg|LangrenusLangren's map of the Moon (1645)]]</ref> And [[Johannes Hevelius]] named it 'Mons Sinai' after [[Mount Sinai]].<ref>[[:commons:File:Hevelius Map of the Moon 1647.jpg|Hevelius map of the Moon (1647)]]</ref>▼
 
▲Tycho is named after the Danish astronomer [[Tycho Brahe]].<ref name=gpn/> Like many of the craters on the Moon's near side, it was given its name by the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] astronomer [[Giovanni Battista Riccioli|Giovanni Riccioli]], whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized.{{sfn|Whitaker|2003|pp=61}}<ref>[[:commons:File:Riccioli1651MoonMap.jpg|Riccioli map of the Moon (1651)]]</ref> Earlier lunar cartographers had given the feature different names. [[Pierre Gassendi]] named it Umbilicus Lunaris ('the [[navel]] of the Moon').{{sfn|Whitaker|2003|pp=33}} [[Michael van Langren]]'s 1645 map calls it "Vladislai IV" after [[Władysław IV Vasa]], [[King of Poland]].{{sfn|Whitaker|2003|pp=198}}<ref>[[:commons:File:Langrenus map of the Moon 1645.jpg|Langrenus map of the Moon (1645)]]</ref> And [[Johannes Hevelius]] named it 'Mons Sinai' after [[Mount Sinai]].<ref>[[:commons:File:Hevelius Map of the Moon 1647.jpg|Hevelius map of the Moon (1647)]]</ref>
 
== Satellite craters ==
Line 139 ⟶ 143:
 
== Fictional references ==
* There is a chapter entitled "Tycho" in Jules Verne's ''[[Around the Moon]]'' (''[[Around the Moon|''Autour de la Lune]]'']], 1870) which describes the crater and its ray system.▼
 
* In [[Robert A. Heinlein|R.A. Heinlein]]'s 1940 short story "[[Blowups Happen]]", a character hypothesizesspeculates that Tycho may have been the location of a sentient race's main atomic power plant, in a past time when the Moon was still habitable—and that the plant exploded, causing the craters, the rays spreading from Tycho, and the death of all life on the Moon.▼
▲There is a chapter entitled "Tycho" in Jules Verne's ''[[Around the Moon]]'' (''[[Around the Moon|Autour de la Lune]]'', 1870) which describes the crater and its ray system.
 
* [[Clifford Simak|C.D. Simak]] set ahis 1961 novelette ''[[The Trouble with Tycho]]'', at the lunar crater. He also postulated that the crater's rays were composed of volcanic glass ([[tektites]]) akin to a theory postulated by NASA researchers Dean Chapman and John O'Keefe in the 1970s.▼
Tycho was the location of the [[Tycho Magnetic Anomaly]] (TMA-1), and subsequent excavation of an alien monolith, in [[2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)|''2001: A Space Odyssey'']], the seminal science-fiction film by [[Stanley Kubrick]] and book by [[Arthur C. Clarke]].▼
 
* In [[Robert A. Heinlein|Heinlein]]'s 1966 book ''[[The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress]]'', Tycho is the location of the lunar habitat named "Tycho Under".▼
It also serves as the location of "Tycho City" in ''[[Star Trek: First Contact]]''; a lunar metropolis by the 24th century.▼
 
▲* Tycho was the location of the [[Tycho Magnetic Anomaly]] (TMA-1), and subsequent excavation of an alien monolith, in [[2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)|''2001: A Space Odyssey'']], the seminal 1968 science-fiction film by [[Stanley Kubrick]] and book by [[Arthur C. Clarke]].
In the film ''[[Can't Buy Me Love (film)|Can't Buy Me Love]]'', Cindy notices Tycho while looking through a telescope on her final "contractual" date with Ronny in the Airplane Graveyard.▼
 
▲* In the 1987 film ''[[Can't Buy Me Love (film)|Can't Buy Me Love]]'', Cindy notices Tycho while looking through a telescope on her final "contractual" date with Ronny in the Airplane Graveyard.
▲In [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s book ''[[The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress]]'', Tycho is the location of the lunar habitat "Tycho Under".
 
▲* It also serves as the location of "Tycho City" in the 1996 film ''[[Star Trek: First Contact]]''; a lunar metropolis by the 24th &nbsp;century.
In [[Jack Williamson]]'s novel ''[[Terraforming Earth]]'', the crater is utilized for "Tycho Base", a self-sustaining, robot-controlled installation aimed at restoring life to the (dead) planet Earth after an asteroid sterilizes the biosphere.▼
 
▲* In [[Jack Williamson]]'s 2001 novel ''[[Terraforming Earth]]'', the crater is utilized for "Tycho Base", a self-sustaining, robot-controlled installation aimed at restoring life to the (dead) planet Earth after an asteroid sterilizes the biosphere.
▲In Heinlein's short story "[[Blowups Happen]]", a character hypothesizes that Tycho may have been the location of a sentient race's main atomic power plant, in a past time when the Moon was still habitable—and that the plant exploded, causing the craters, the rays spreading from Tycho, and the death of all life on the Moon.
 
* In the 2019 film ''[[Ad Astra (film)|''Ad Astra]]'']], the moonMoon base is situated in the Tycho crater. This is RoysRoy's first stop on his journey to Mars.▼
▲[[Clifford Simak]] set a novelette ''[[The Trouble with Tycho]]'', at the lunar crater. He also postulated that the crater's rays were composed of volcanic glass ([[tektites]]) akin to a theory postulated by NASA researchers Dean Chapman and John O'Keefe in the 1970s.
 
* Crater Tycho figures prominently in the [[Matthew Looney]] and [[Maria Looney]] series of children's books set on the Moon, authored by [[Jerome Beatty]].
 
* In [[Roger Macbride Allen]]|R.M. Allen's]] ''Hunted Earth'' series of novels, the Naked'naked Purplespurples' own a former penal colony in or around Tycho crater known as "Tycho Purple Penal" (see ''[[The Ring of Charon]]'').
 
* Tycho is referenced in the band [[Cojum Dip]]'s song, Waltz in E&nbsp;Major, Op.&nbsp;15 "Moon Waltz".
In [[The Expanse (novel series)]] and [[The Expanse (TV series)]] "Tycho" is the name of a company known for its large-scale building projects all around the solar system. The company has their own space station named "Tycho Station".
 
* Tycho is referenced in the 2022 game ''[[Horizon Forbidden West]]'' as the site of a Helium-3 mine.
▲In the film ''[[Ad Astra (film)|Ad Astra]]'' the moon base is situated in the Tycho crater. This is Roys first stop on his journey to Mars.
 
==Gallery==
Line 171 ⟶ 176:
File:Tycho crater floor 5125 h2.jpg|[[Lunar Orbiter 5]] image of the northeastern crater floor, showing irregular surface of cracked impact melt. Illumination is from lower right.
File:AS15-95-12997 contast enhanced.jpg|Tycho was not photographed up-close during the Apollo program, but [[Apollo 15]] captured this distant oblique view.
File:Radar_Image_of_Tycho_Crater_from_Jean-Luc_Margot%27s_PhD_work.png|Radar image of Tycho Crater.
</gallery>
 
Line 179 ⟶ 185:
 
==References==
{{reflist|25em}}
 
{{refbegin}}▼
----
 
▲{{refbegin|25em|small=y}}
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| title = [[NASA]] Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature▼
| first2 = E. A.
| author-link2publisher = Ewen Whitaker[[NASA]]
| dateid = 1982RP-10972
}}
▲ | title = [[NASA]] Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature
| publisher = NASA RP-1097
▲ }}
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| last1 = Bussey | first1 = B. | author1-link = Ben Bussey
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| publisher = Tudor Publishers
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}}
* {{cite web
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| publisher = [[Jonathan's Space Report]]
| accessdateaccess-date = 2007-10-24
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{{refend}}
 
==External links==
{{commons category|Tycho (lunar crater)}}
* {{cite web |title=Tycho |website=Moon Wiki |url=https://the-moon.us/wiki/Tycho}}
* [http://the-moon.wikispaces.com/Tycho Tycho at The Moon Wiki]
* {{cite AV media |author=Doran, Seán |title=Sunset on Tycho |website=[[flickr]] |medium=artificial video |quote=based on [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter|LRO]] data |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/38721495941/ Video]|url-access=subscription}}. byFor Seánmore, Doransee of{{cite sunsetAV onmedia Tycho,|title=album based|website=[[flickr]] on|medium=artificial LROimages data (see [|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157686992929766/with/35498090194/ album]|url-access=subscription}} for more)
* {{APOD |date=8 November 2003|title=Eclipsed Moon in Infrared}}
* {{APOD |date=5 March 2005|title=Tycho and Copernicus: Lunar Ray Craters}}
* {{APOD |date=34 January 2013|title=Sunrise at Tycho}}
* {{APOD |date=May 67, 2018|title=The Unusual Boulder at Tycho's Peak}}
 
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