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Voluntary action: Difference between revisions





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{{Short description|Conscious action implemented act free will}}
'''Voluntary action''' is an anticipated goal-orientated movement. This psychological concept is part of [[cognitive psychology]], philosophy, neurology, criminology, and many other fields. It is associated with consciousness and will. Voluntary action works with '''action effect'''. Action effect is when an individual has learned to associate a particular action with a particular outcome. Thus, voluntary action is demonstrated when one cognitively identifies the desired outcome and pairs it with the action it will take to achieve it. According to psychologist such as [[Edward C. Tolman|Tolman]] this concept is applicable to humans and animals alike. <ref>Hommel, B.(2003). Acquisition and control of voluntary action. In Roth, Gerhard [Ed]. Voluntary action: Brains, minds, and sociality. (pp. 34-48). New York, NY: Oxford University Press</ref> However, there are some criticisms to the theory of voluntary action. Psychologist Charles Nuckolls explains in his paper that voluntary action is based on the principle that we are in control of our own actions. He states that it is not known how we come to plan what actions will be executed.<ref>Nuckolls, C. (2004). Toward a cultural psychology of voluntary action beliefs. Anthropos, 99(2), 411-425</ref> example for voluntary action is talking.
'''Voluntary action''' is an anticipated goal-oriented movement. The concept of voluntary action arises in many areas of study, including [[cognitive psychology]], [[operant conditioning]], [[philosophy]], [[neurology]], [[criminology]], and others. Additionally, voluntary action has various meanings depending on the context in which it is used. For example, operant psychology uses the term to refer to the actions that are modifiable by their consequences. A more cognitive account may refer to voluntary action as involving the identification of a desired outcome together with the action necessary to achieve that outcome. Voluntary action is often associated with consciousness and will. For example, Psychologist Charles Nuckolls holds that we control our voluntary behavior, and that it is not known how we come to plan what actions will be executed.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Nuckolls, C. |year=2004|title=Toward a cultural psychology of voluntary action beliefs|journal= Anthropos|volume= 99|issue=2|pages=411–425|jstor=40466389}}</ref> Many psychologists, notably [[Edward C. Tolman|Tolman]], apply the concept of voluntary action to both animal and human behavior, raising the issue of [[animal consciousness]] and its role in voluntary action.<ref name=r1>Hommel, B.(2003). "Acquisition and control of voluntary action", pp. 34–48 in Roth, Gerhard (Ed.) ''Voluntary action: Brains, minds, and sociality''. New York, NY: Oxford University Press</ref>
 
== History: William James on voluntary action ==
The concept gainedof recognitionvoluntary when itaction was discussed by [[William James]]in his influential book ''[[The Principles of Psychology]]'' by [[William James]] in (1890). James states that, for somethingan act to be classified as a voluntary action, “the actit must be foreseen”. Thusforeseen, it isas oppositeopposed to [[involuntary action]]. Towhich highlightoccurs thewithout differenceforesight. between theJames twosuggests, James gives thefor example, of movement:that the idea of a particular movement is a voluntary action,; however, the movement itself, once the idea has been formed, is involuntary., provided the action itself require no further thought.<ref>James, W. (1890). ''The Principles of Psychology'', Vol 2. New York, NY: Holt & Co.</ref> This is true provided the action itself require no further thought. Voluntary action stemsarises from the factbecause humans and animals havewish desiresto andfulfill thedesires. wishIn order to fulfill them.these Todesires, dohumans this,and animals form [[goal]]s are developed and voluntary actionactions are undertookundertaken to achieve thethese goals. Some of the terms that James used to describe voluntary action – such as desire -– are now outdated, accordingand tohis [[cognitive psychology]] due its [[introspective]] experienceapproach butis theout generalof concepts are still held true.<ref>Hommelfavor, B.(2003). Acquisition andbut controlmanyofvoluntaryhis action.ideas are Instill Roth,find Gerharda [Ed].place Voluntaryin action: Brains, minds, andcurrent socialitythinking.<ref (pp. 34-48). New York, NY: Oxford University Press<name=r1/ref>
 
== References ==▼
{{reflist}}▼
 
== See also ==
* [[Involuntary action]]
* [[cognitiveCognitive psychology]]
* [[William James]]
* ''[[The Principles of Psychology]]''
 
▲== References ==
▲{{reflist}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Animal physiology]]
[[Category:Cognitive psychology]]
{{animal-physiology-stub}}

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