Béjaïa

The town is overlooked by the mountain Yemma Gouraya [fr], whose profile is said to resemble a sleeping woman.^[2] Other nearby scenic spots include the Aiguades beach and the Pic des Singes (Peak of the Monkeys); the latter site is a habitat for the endangered Barbary macaque, which prehistorically had a much broader distribution than at present.^[3] All three of these geographic features are located in the Gouraya National Park. The Soummam river runs past the town.

Under French rule, it was known under various European names, such as Budschaja in German, Bugia in Italian, and Bougie [buˈʒi] in French. The French and Italian versions, due to the town's wax trade, eventually acquired the metonymic meaning of "candle".^[4]

Béjaïa, like most cities along the coast of Algeria, has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa), with very warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters.

 Mauretania (27 BC–44 AD)
 Roman Empire (44–395)
 Western Roman Empire (395–430s)
 Vandal Kingdom (430s–534)
 Byzantine Empire (534–674)
 Umayyad Caliphate (674–685)
 Byzantine Empire (685–698)
 Umayyad Caliphate (698–700)
 Jarawa (700–702)
 Umayyad Caliphate (702–741)
 Berbers (741–771)
 Abbasid Caliphate (771–790s)
 Aghlabids (790s–909)
 Fatimid Caliphate (909–977)
 Zirid dynasty (977–1014)
 Hammadid dynasty (1014–1082)
 Almoravid dynasty (1082–1152)
 Almohad Caliphate (1152–1232)
 Hafsid dynasty (1232–1285)
  Emirate of Béjaïa (1285–1510)
  Hispanic Monarchy (1510–1555)
  Ottoman Empire, regency of Algiers (1555–1833)
  France, french Algeria (1833-1962)
  Algeria (1962–present)

According to Al-Bakri, the bay was first inhabited by Andalusians.^[7]

Béjaïa stands on the site of the ancient city of Saldae, a minor port in Carthaginian and Roman times, in an area at first inhabited by Numidian Berbers and founded as a colony for old soldiers by Emperor Augustus. It was an important town and a bishopric in the province of Mauretania Caesariensis, and later Sitifensis.

In the fifth century, Saldae became the capital of the short-lived Vandal Kingdom of the Germanic Vandals, which lasted for a century until about 533 with the Byzantine conquest, which established an African prefecture and later the Exarchate of Carthage.

After the 7th-century Muslim conquest, it was refounded as "Béjaïa"; the Hammadid dynasty made it their capital, and it became an important port and centre of culture.

The Casbah of Béjaïa^[8] or in French Casbah de Béjaïa [fr] was built by the Almohad Caliphate under the reign of governor Abd al-Mu'min in the middle of the 12th century (around 1154), then rebuilt by the Spaniards when the city was taken in 1510. It was then modified by the Ottomans and the French. The Casbah of Béjaïa played a role in the transmission of knowledge in the Middle Ages, the more or less long stays of scientific and literary personalities, versed in all fields of knowledge. No

According to Muhammad al-Idrisi, the port was, in the 11th century, a market place between Mediterranean merchant ships and caravans coming from the Sahara desert. Christian merchants settled funduqs (orkhans) in Bejaïa. The Italian city of Pisa was closely tied to Béjaïa, where it built one of its two permanent consulates in the African continent.^[7]

The son of a Pisan merchant (and probably consul), posthumously known as Fibonacci (c. 1170 – c. 1250), there learned about mathematics (which he called "Modus Indorum") and Hindu-Arabic numerals. He introduced modern mathematics into medieval Europe.^[9] A mathematical-historical analysis of Fibonacci's context and proximity to Béjaïa, an important exporter of wax in his time, has suggested that it was actually the bee-keepers of Béjaïa and the knowledge of the bee ancestries that truly inspired the Fibonacci sequence rather than the rabbit reproduction model as presented in his famous book Liber Abaci.^[10]

In 1315, Ramon Llull was stoned at Béjaïa,^[11][12] where, a few years before, Peter Armengaudius (Peter Armengol) is reputed to have been hanged.^[12][13]

After a Spanish occupation (1510–55), the city was taken by the Ottoman Empire in the Capture of Béjaïa in 1555. For nearly three centuries, Béjaïa was a stronghold of the Barbary pirates. The city consisted of Arabic-speaking Moors, Moriscos and Jews increased by Jewish refugees from Spain. Berber peoples lived not in the city but the surrounding villages and travelled to the city occasionally for markets.

City landmarks include a 16th-century mosque and a fortress built by the Spanish in 1545.

A picture of the Orientalist painter Maurice Boitel, who painted in the city for a while, can be found in the museum of Béjaïa.

It was captured by the French in 1833 and became a part of colonial Algeria. Most of the time it was the seat ('sous-préfecture') of an arrondissement (mid 20th century, 513,000 inhabitants, of whom 20,000 'Bougiates' in the city itself) in the Département of Constantine, until Bougie was promoted to département itself in 1957.

During World War II, Operation Torch landed forces in North Africa, including a battalion of the British Royal West Kent Regiment at Béjaïa on 11 November 1942.

That same day, at 4:40 PM, a German Luftwaffe air raid struck Béjaïa with thirty Ju 88 bombers and torpedo planes. The transports Awatea and Cathay were sunk and the monitor HMS Roberts was damaged. The following day, the anti-aircraft ship SSTynwald was torpedoed and sank, while the transport Karanja was bombed and destroyed.^[14]

After Algerian independence, it became the eponymous capital of Béjaïa Province, covering part of the eastern Berber region Kabylia.

With the spread of Christianity, Saldae became a bishopric. Its bishop Paschasius was one of the Catholic bishops whom the Arian Vandal king Huneric summoned to Carthage in 484 and then exiled.

Christianity survived the Islamic conquest, the disappearance of the old city of Saldae, and the founding of the new city of Béjaïa. A letter from Pope Gregory VII (1073–1085) exists, addressed to clero et populo Buzee (the clergy and people of Béjaïa), in which he writes of the consecration of a bishop named Servandus for Christian North Africa.^[11][12][15]

No longer a residential bishopric, Saldae (v.) is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.^[16] and still has incumbents by that title (mostly of the lowest (episcopal) rank, some of the intermediary archiepiscopal rank).

This titular see was for a long time, alternatively and concurrently with the city's authentic Roman Latin name Saldae (v.), called Bugia, the Italian language form (used in the Roman Curia) of Béjaïa.

The 'modern' form and title, Bugia, seems out of use, after having had the following incumbents, all of the lowest (episcopal) rank:

• Miguel Morro (1510 – ?), as Auxiliary BishopofMallorca (Balearic Spain) (1510 – ?)
• Fernando de Vera y Zuñiga, Augustinians (O.E.S.A.) (1614.02.17 – 1628.11.13), as Auxiliary Bishop of Badajoz (Spain) (1614.02.17 – 1628.11.13); later Metropolitan Archbishop of Santo Domingo, finally Archbishop-BishopofCusco (Peru) (1629.07.16 – death 1638.11.09)
• François Perez (1687.02.05 – death 1728.09.20), as Apostolic VicarofCochin (Vietnam) (1687.02.05 – 1728.09.20)
• Antonio Mauricio Ribeiro (1824.09.27 – death ?), as Auxiliary Bishop of Évora (Portugal) (1824.09.27 – ?)
• George Hilary Brown (5 June 1840 until 22 April 1842), as first and only Apostolic Vicar of Lancashire District (England) (1840.06.05 – 1850.09.29), later Titular Bishop of Tlous (1842.04.22 – 1850.09.29), promoted first bishop of successor see Liverpool (1850.09.29 – 1856.01.25)

The population of the city in 2008 in the latest census was 177,988.

The northern terminus of the Hassi Messaoud oil pipeline from the Sahara, Béjaïa is the principal oil port of the Western Mediterranean. Exports, aside from crude petroleum, include iron, phosphates, wines, dried figs, and plums. The city also has textile and cork industries.^{[citation needed]}

The Béni Mansour-Bejaïa line railroad terminates in Béjaïa. The airport of the city is Abane Ramdane Airport.

Cevital has its head office in the city.^[21]

The city is home to JSM Béjaïa and MO Béjaïa, two rival football clubs who won one Algerian Cup each and have represented the city in African club competitions. Both of them play at the Maghrebi Unity Stadium.

Béjaïa has an official friendly relationship with:

•   Glasgow, Scotland, since 1995
•   Brest
•   Bad Homburg

• Ilougane

• Zaki Hannache (born 1987), human rights activist
• Nihad Hihat (born 1994), volleyball player
• Rebiha Khebtani (1926–2006), politician
• Nassim Oussalah (born 1981), footballer

• European enclaves in North Africa before 1830
• List of lighthouses in Algeria
• Saldae, for Roman history and concurrent Catholic titular see
• Great Mosque of Béjaïa

Related people

• Abu al-Salt
• Fibonacci

• Atkinson, Rick (2013). An Army At Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942-1943. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-1-4055-2727-9.

• (in French) Bgayet.Net
  • (in French) History of Béjaïa
• GigaCatholic, with titular incumbent biography links
• Google map of Béjaïa