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Bisayan languages





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(Redirected from Bisaya language)
  

Not to be confused with Brunei Bisaya language.

The Bisayan languagesorVisayan languages[1] are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in the Philippines. They are most closely related to Tagalog and the Bikol languages, all of which are part of the Central Philippine languages. Most Bisayan languages are spoken in the whole Visayas section of the country, but they are also spoken in the southern part of the Bicol Region (particularly in Masbate and Sorsogon where several dialects of Waray are spoken), islands south of Luzon, such as those that make up Romblon, most of the areas of Mindanao and the province of Sulu located southwest of Mindanao. Some residents of Metro Manila also speak one of the Bisayan languages.

Bisayan
Bisayâ
Binisayâ
Visayan
EthnicityVisayans
Geographic
distribution		Visayas, most parts of Mindanao, Mimaropa in the Philippines, SabahinMalaysia, North KalimantaninIndonesia and immigrant communities
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Proto-languageProto-Bisayan
Subdivisions
  • Asi
    Cebuano
    Central Bisayan
    West Bisayan
    South Bisayan
Glottologbisa1268
Geographic extent of Bisayan languages based on Ethnologue and the National Statistics Office 2000 Census of Population and Housing

Cebuan

  Cebuano

Central Bisayan

  Waray
  Baybayanon
  Kabalian
  Hiligaynon
  Capiznon
  Romblomanon
  Bantayanon
  Porohanon
  Ati
  Masbateño
  Southern Sorsogon
  Northern Sorsogon

West Bisayan

  Cuyonon
  Caluyanon
  Aklanon
  Karay-a
  Inonhan
  Ratagnon

Asi

  Asi

South Bisayan

  Surigaonon
  Butuanon
  Tausug

Other legend

  Widespread/L2 use of Cebuano
  Widespread/L2 use of Hiligaynon

Over 30 languages constitute the Bisayan language family. The Bisayan language with the most speakers is Cebuano, spoken by 20 million people as a native language in Central Visayas, parts of Eastern Visayas, and most of Mindanao. Two other well-known and widespread Bisayan languages are Hiligaynon (Ilonggo), spoken by 9 million in most of Western Visayas and Soccsksargen; and Waray-Waray, spoken by 6 million in Eastern Visayas region. Prior to colonization, the script and calligraphy of most of the Visayan peoples was the badlit, closely related to the Tagalog baybayin.

Nomenclature

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Native speakers of most Bisayan languages, especially Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Waray, not only refer to their language by their local name, but also by BisayaorBinisaya, meaning Bisayan language. This is misleading or may lead to confusion as different languages may be called Bisaya by their respective speakers despite their languages being mutually unintelligible.

However, languages that are classified within the Bisayan language family but spoken natively in places outside of the Visayas do not use the self-reference BisayaorBinisaya. To speakers of Cuyonon, Surigaonon, Butuanon and Tausug, the term Visayan usually refers to either Cebuano or Hiligaynon.

There have been no proven accounts to verify the origins of Bisaya. However, there is an ethnic group in Malaysia and Brunei who call themselves with the same name. However, these ethnic groups in the Philippines must not be confused with those in Borneo.

Evidence

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David Zorc lists the following innovations as features defining the Bisayan languages as a group (Zorc 1977:241).[2] Tausug is noted to have diverged early from the group and may have avoided some sound changes that affected the others.

  1. *lC, *Cl > *Cl (where C is any consonant not *h, *q, or *l)
  2. *qC, *Cq > *Cq (MOST) *qC, *Cq > *qC (Tausug, and most Bikol languages)
Reflexes of PCPh and PPh
*qaldaw *qalsəm *qitlug *baqguh
Tagalic *qaːdaw

(Tag: ˈʔaː.raw)

*qaːsəm

(Tag: ˈʔaː.sim)

*qitlug

(Tag: ʔit.ˈlog)

*baːguh

(Tag: ˈbaː.go)

Bikol *qaldaw

(Naga: ˈʔal.daw)

*qalsəm

(Naga: ˈʔal.som)

*qitlug

(Iriga: ʔit.ˈlog)

*baqguh (Naga: ˈbaʔ.go)
Bisayan *qadlaw

(ALL: ˈʔad.law)

*qasləm

(Kin: ˈʔas.ləm, Ceb: ˈʔas.lum)

*qitlug

(MOST: ˈʔit.log)

*bagquh (Ceb: ˈbag.ʔo)

Internal classification

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David Zorc gives the following internal classification for the Bisayan languages (Zorc 1977:32).[2] The five primary branches are South, Cebuan, Central, Banton, and West. However, Zorc notes that the Bisayan language family is more like a dialect continuum rather than a set of readily distinguishable languages.

The South Bisayan languages are considered to have diverged first, followed by Cebuan and then the rest of the three branches. Also, in the Visayas section, the province of Romblon has the most linguistic diversity, as languages from three primary Bisayan branches are spoken there: Romblomanon from Central Bisayan, Inunhan from Western Bisayan and Banton (which has an independent Bisayan branch).

Notably, Baybayanon and Porohanon have Warayan substrata, indicating a more widespread distribution of Waray before Cebuano speakers started to expand considerably starting from the mid-1800s.[3]

A total of 36 varieties are listed below. Individual languages are marked by italics.

 
Bisayan Languages Tree Chart
  • Butuanon
  • Surigao
  • 2. Cebuan (spoken in Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, Eastern Negros, western Leyte and northern, southeastern and northwestern parts of Mindanao)
  • 3. Central (spoken across most of the Visayan region)
  • 4. Asi (spoken in northwestern Romblon Province)
  • 5. West

    • The auxiliary language of Eskayan is grammatically Bisayan, but has essentially no Bisayan (or Philippine) vocabulary.

    Magahat and Karolanos, both spoken in Negros, are unclassified within Bisayan.[4]

    Ethnologue classification

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    Ethnologue classifies the 25 Bisayan languages into five subgroups:

    Language family No. of Languages Languages
    Banton 1 Bantoanon
    Cebuan 1 Cebuano
    Central Bisayan 1 Bantayanon
    Peripheral 5 Ati, Capiznon, Hiligaynon, Masbateño, Porohanon
    Romblon 1 Romblomanon
    Warayan 3 Baybayanon, Kabalian, Northern Sorsoganon
    Gubat 1 Southern Sorsoganon
    Samar-Waray 1 Waray
    South Bisayan 2 Surigaonon, Tandaganon
    Butuan-Tausug 2 Butuanon, Tausug
    West Bisayan 1 Caluyanon
    Aklan 2 Aklanon, Malaynon
    Karay-an 1 Karay-a
    Cuyan 2 Cuyonon, Ratagnon
    North-Central 1 Inonhan
    Total 25

    Names and locations

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    Zorc (1977: 14–15) lists the following names and locations of Bisayan languages. The recently documented languages Karolanos, Magahat, and Kabalian are not listed in Zorc (1977).

    Subgroup Language Other names Location(s)
    Banton Banton Banton Island, Romblon
    Banton Sibale Banton Sibale (Maestre de Campo) Island, Romblon
    Banton Odionganon Corcuera Island dialect Odiongan area, Tablas Island, Romblon
    Western Alcantaranon Alcantara, Tablas Island, Romblon
    Western Dispoholnon San Andres (Despujols), Tablas Island
    Western Looknon Inunhan Look and Santa Fe, Tablas Island
    Western Datagnon Ratagnun, Latagnun Ilin Island and Magsaysay, Occidental Mindoro
    Western Santa Teresa Barrio Santa Teresa of Magsaysay, Occidental Mindoro
    Western Bulalakawnon Bulalacao (San Pedro), southern Oriental Mindoro
    Western Semirara Semirara Island Group
    Western Cuyonon Cuyuno Cuyo Island, except Agutaya; coastal area around Puerto Princesa, Palawan; Culion and Busuanga Islands
    Western Aklanon Akeanon, Aklano, Aklan Aklan and northern Capiz, Panay Island
    Western Pandan Pandan area, Antique, including the Buruanga, Aklan area of Panay
    Western Kinaray-a Antiqueño, Hinaray-a, Sulud, Panayano most of Antique, Panay Island; most inland areas of Iloilo and Capiz; southern Guimaras Island off of Iloilo
    Western Gimaras Guimaras Island, Iloilo
    Central Romblomanon Niromblon, Sibuyanon Romblon and Sibuyan Island; San Agustin area, Tablas Island
    Central Bantayan Bantayan Island
    Central Capiznon Capiz and northeastern Iloilo, Panay Island
    Central Hiligaynon Ilonggo most of Iloilo, Panay Island; western Guimaras and Negros Occidental
    Central Kawayan Cauayan, Negros Occidental
    Central Masbate Masbate Masbate and Ticao Island
    Central Camotes Camotes Island, between Cebu and Leyte
    Central Northern Samar Samareño, Waray-Waray northern Samar
    Central Samar-Leyte Samareño, Waray-Waray, Sinamar central Samar; northern half of Leyte
    Central Waray Samareño, Waray-Waray, Binisayâ southern Samar Island, Eastern Samar
    Central Sorsogon Sorsogonon, Bikol northern Sorsogon, Bikol
    Central Gubat Sorsogonon southern Sorsogon, Bikol (including Gubat)
    Cebuan Cebuano Sugbuanon, Sugbuhanon, Cebuan, Sebuano Cebu Island; Negros Oriental; eastern Visayas and the coastal areas of northern and eastern Mindanao
    Cebuan Boholano Bol-anon Bohol Island
    Cebuan Leyte Kanâ, Leyteño central western Leyte; immigrants to Dinagat Island
    Southern Butuanon Butuan, Agusan del Norte area
    Southern Surigaonon Jaun Bisayâ Surigao del Norte
    Southern Jaun-Jaun Siargaonon Siargao Island, Surigao del Norte
    Southern Kantilan Cantilan and Madrid, Surigao del Sur
    Southern Naturalis Tandag and Tago, Surigao del Sur
    Southern Tausug Moro, Taw Sug Jolo Island; southern and western Palawan

    Comparisons

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    The following comparisons are from data gathered by Zorc (1997).

    Personal-noun case markers

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    Subgroup Variety Singular Plural
    NOM ERG OBL NOM ERG OBL
    Banton Banton si ni kang sa na kaná
    Banton Sibale si ni kang sína nína kína
    Banton Odionganon si ni kang sa na kaná
    Western, Inonhan Alcantaranon
    Western, Inonhan Dispoholnon si ni kay sánday nánday kánday
    Western, Inonhan Looknon si ni kay sánday nánday kánday
    Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon Datagnon si ni ki sánda nánda kanánda
    Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon Santa Teresa si ni kay sánday nánday kánday
    Western, Inonhan Bulalakawnon si ni kay sánday nánday kánday
    Western, Kuyan, Caluyanon Semirara si ni kay sánday nánday kánday
    Western, Kuyan Cuyonon si ni ki sanda nanda kanda
    Western Aklanon si ni kay sánda(y) nánda(y) kánda(y)
    Western, Kinaray-a Pandan si ni kay sánday nánday kánday
    Western, Kinaray-a Kinaray-a si ni kay sánday nánday kánday
    Western, Kinaray-a Gimaras
    Central Romblomanon si ni kay siná niná kiná
    Central, Peripheral Bantayan
    Central, Peripheral Capiznon si ni kay sánday nánday kánday
    Central, Peripheral Hiligaynon si ni kay silá ni níla ni sa íla ni
    Central, Peripheral Kawayan
    Central, Peripheral Masbate si ni kan sinda ninda kanda
    Central, Peripheral Camotes
    Central, Warayan, Waray Northern Samar si ni kan sirá nirá kánda
    Central, Warayan, Waray Samar-Leyte si ni kan sirá níra kánda
    Central, Warayan, Waray Waray hi ni kan hirá níra kánda
    Central, Peripheral Sorsogon (Central Sorsoganon) si ni kan sirá nirá kánda
    Central, Warayan Gubat (South Sorsoganon) si ni kan sirá nirá kánda
    Cebuan Cebuano si ni kang silá si

    siláng

    		níla ni

    níang

    		sa íla ni,

    sa ílang

    Cebuan Boholano si ni kang síla níla kaníla
    Cebuan Leyte silang nilang sa ilang
    Southern, Butuan-Tausug Butuanon si ni kang síla níla kánda
    Southern, Surigaonon Surigaonon si ni kay síla níla kaníla
    Southern, Surigaonon Jaun-Jaun si ni kan síla si níla ni díla ni
    Southern, Surigaonon Kantilan
    Southern, Tandaganon Naturalis
    Southern, Butuan-Tausug Tausug hi hi kan hinda hinda kanda

    Common-name case markers

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    Subgroup Variety NOM ERG OBL
    Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
    Past Nonpast Past Nonpast Future
    Banton Banton -y kag it ittong sa
    Banton Sibale -y kag it itkag sa
    Banton Odionganon -y kag it ittong sa
    Western, Inonhan Alcantaranon ang it tang sa
    Western, Inonhan Dispoholnon ang it kang sa
    Western, Inonhan Looknon ang it tang sa
    Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon Datagnon ang # ang sa
    Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon Santa Teresa ang kang sa
    Western, Inonhan Bulalakawnon ang it tang sa
    Western, Kuyan, Caluyanon Semirara ang kang sa
    Western, Kuyan Cuyonon ang i i-ang sa
    Western Aklanon -y ro~do it ku sa
    Western, Kinaray-a Pandan ang it kang sa
    Western, Kinaray-a Kinaray-a ang ti kang sa
    Western, Kinaray-a Gimaras ang ti kang sa
    Central Romblomanon ang ning nang sa
    Central, Peripheral Bantayan ang sing sang sa
    Central, Peripheral Capiznon ang sing sang sa
    Central, Peripheral Hiligaynon ang sing sang sa
    Central, Peripheral Kawayan ang sing sang sa
    Central, Peripheral Masbate an sin san sa
    Central, Peripheral Camotes in an sin san sa
    Central, Warayan, Waray Northern Samar in an si(n) sa(n) sa
    Central, Warayan, Waray Samar-Leyte in an it sin san sit sa
    Central, Warayan, Waray Waray in an it hin han hit ha
    Central, Peripheral Sorsogon (Central Sorsoganon) an sin san sa
    Central, Warayan Gubat (South Sorsoganon) an sin san sa
    Cebuan Cebuano -y ang ug sa sa
    Cebuan Boholano ang ug sa sa
    Cebuan Leyte ang ug sa sa
    Southern, Butuan-Tausug Butuanon ang hung sa
    Southern, Surigaonon Surigaonon ang nang sa
    Southern, Surigaonon Jaun-Jaun an nan sa
    Southern, Surigaonon Kantilan ang nang sa
    Southern, Tandaganon Naturalis ang nang sa
    Southern, Butuan-Tausug Tausug in sin ha

    Reconstruction

    edit
    Proto-Bisayan
    Reconstruction ofBisayan languages

    Reconstructed
    ancestors

    Proto-Austronesian

    David Zorc's reconstruction of Proto-Bisayan had 15 consonants and 4 vowels (Zorc 1977:201).[2] Vowel length, primary stress (penultimate and ultimate), and secondary stress (pre-penultimate) are also reconstructed by Zorc.

    Proto-Bisayan Consonants
    Bilabial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
    Plosive Voiceless p t k ʔ
    Voiced b d ɡ
    Nasal m n ŋ
    Fricative s h
    Lateral l
    Approximant w j
    Proto-Bisayan Vowels
    Height Front Central Back
    Close i /i/ u /u/
    Mid ə /ə/
    Open a /a/

    See also

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    References

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    1. ^ Adelaar, Alexander (2005). "The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective". In Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge. pp. 1–42., page 16.
  • ^ a b c Zorc, David Paul (1977). The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Canberra, Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-C44. ISBN 0858831570.
  • ^ Lobel, Jason (2009). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 914–917.
  • ^ Lobel, Jason William. 2013. Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction. Ph.D. dissertation. Manoa: University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
    • edit
     
    Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bisaya phrasebook.

    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bisayan_languages&oldid=1230678686"
      



    Last edited on 24 June 2024, at 02:32  





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