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Languages of Calabria





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(Redirected from Calabrian language)
 


The primary languages of Calabria are the Italian language as well as regional varieties of Extreme Southern Italian and Neapolitan languages, all collectively known as Calabrian (Italian: calabrese). In addition, there are speakers of the Arbëresh variety of Albanian, as well as Calabrian Greek speakers and pockets of Occitan.

Calabrian (calabrese)

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Calabrian (Italian: calabrese) refers to the Romance varieties spoken in Calabria, Italy. The varieties of Calabria are part of a strong dialect continuum that are generally recognizable as Calabrian, but that are usually divided into two different language groups:

The Amantea-Cirò line is generally considered an approximate demarcation between the Neapolitan and Extreme Southern Italian groups.[citation needed]

The linguistic division roughly corresponds with the historic administrative division already in place since medieval times: Calabria Citeriore (or Latin Calabria) and Calabria Ulteriore (or Greek Calabria). This is a broad generalization and many communities in the more central parts of the region exhibit features of both language groups.

The dialects of Calabria have been extensively studied, catalogued and commented upon by German philologist Gerhard Rohlfs. From the mid-1920s to the mid-1970s, he traveled the region extensively and assembled a very extensive, multi-volume dictionary.

English Southern Calabrian Northern Calabrian Italian
tomorrow rumàni crai / dumàni domani
in the meantime asciatàntu / shramènti interimme frattanto
the day before last avantèri nustierzu ieri l'altro
to yawn sbadigghjàri alare/galà sbadigliare

Central–Southern Calabrian

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The areas where Central–Southern Calabrian (calabbrìsiorcalavrìsi, in Sicilian) is spoken corresponds generally to the provinces of Reggio Calabria, Vibo Valentia, Catanzaro, the southern part of Crotone (Crotone, Isola di Capo Rizzuto, Cutro and vicinity) and southern Cilento. The term Sicilian-Calabrian is also used to distinguish the group from the Northern Calabrian group. It comprises Central Calabrian and Southern Calabrian.

The primary roots of the dialects is Latin.[3] Southern and Central Calabrian dialects are strongly influenced by a Greek substratum and ensuing levels of Latin influence and other external Southern Italian superstrata, in part hindered by geography, resulted in the many local variations found between the idioms of Calabria.[4] Nonetheless, the dialects have some influence from other languages, thanks to the periodic rule and influx of other cultures. As a result, French, Occitan and Spanish have left an imprint.

Central-Southern Calabrian Greek Albanian Italian French English
batràci βάτραχος bretkosë ranocchio grenouille frog
zinnapòtamu κυνοπόταμος vidër lontra loutre otter
bampurìddha / lampurìdda / vampurìddha λαμπυρίδα xixëllonjë lucciola luciole firefly
purtuàllu πορτοκάλι portokall arancia orange orange
'nnàca νάκη djep culla berceau cradle
tuppitiàri τύπτω godit battere battre to hit

French and Norman vocabulary entered the region via the kingdoms of the Normans and the Angevins in Calabria.

Central-Southern Calabrian Norman or French Italian English
'ccattàri accater (cf. accapitāre) comprare to buy
'nduja andouille salsicciotto type of sausage
buccirìa boucherie macelleria butcher's
arrocculàri reculer rotolare to recoil
ràggia rage rabbia anger
sciarabàllu carriole (char à bancs) veicolo sbatacchiato charabanc
travagghiàri travailler lavorare to work

Other words derived from Spanish, Catalan, and Occitan:

Conjugations

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Êssiri (to be)

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Present Imperfect Past simple Subjunctive present Subjunctive imperfect
(J)èu sugnu êra fùja chi fùssi fùssi
Tu(ni) êri fùsti chi fùssi fùssi
Iddhu, Iddha êsti êra fu' chi fùssi fùssi
Nu(i) símu êrumu fùmmu chi fùssimu fùssimu
Vu(i) síti êru fùstu chi fùstu fùssivu
Iddhi sunnu êrunu fúru chi fùssiru fùssiru

Aìri (to have)

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Present Imperfect Past simple Subjunctive present Subjunctive imperfect
(J)èu haju aìva èppi chi aìssi aìssi
Tu(ni) hai aívi aìsti chi aìssi aìssi
Iddhu, Iddha havi aìva èppi chi aìssi aìssi
Nui aìmu aìvumu èppimu chi aìssimu aìssimu
Vui aíti aìvu aistu chi aìssivu aìssivu
Iddhi hannu aìvunu èppiru chi aìssiru aìssiru

Dialects

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Comparison of the Central-Southern Calabrian Dialects

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.

Reggino Piana di Gioia Tauro Locride Catanzaro Alto Jonica
"Tutti i cristiàni "Tutti l'omani "Tutti i perzùni "Tutti l'omini "Tutti l'uamini
nàsciunu libberi nascinu libbèri nèsciunu lìbberi nescianu libberi nascianu libberi
e ntâ stessa manèra e â stessa manera e ntâ stessa manèra e sunnu e su
ill'authri dil'atri dill'atti i stessi i stessi
pi dignità e diritti. pe dignità e diritti. pe dignità e diritti. pe' dignità e diritti. pe' dignità e diritti.
Iddhi ndànnu Tutti ndànnu Iji ndànnu Ognunu ava u cerveddhu Ognunu tena u cerivìaddru
ognunu u so ciriveddhu ognunu u so cervèllu ognunu u cervèju soi e a raggiuna sue e a raggiune sua
mi 'rraggiùnunu pemmu reggiùnanu soi pemmu raggiùnanu e a cuscenza sua e a cuscìanza sua
e 'ndannu mi càmpunu e ndànnu pemmu càmpanu e ndànnu u càmpanu e ava ma si cumporta e s'ha de comportare
unu cull'authru unu cu l'atru unu cull'attu cull'atri propriu cull'atri propriu
comu mi sùnnu fràti comu frati figgji comu frati figgji comu si fhussèranu cùamu si fòranu
râ stessa matri." dâ stessa mamma." dâ stessa matri." i frati soi." frati sui."

Northern Calabrian (Cosentian)

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The Northern Calabrian dialects are largely found in the Province of Cosenza and are similar to the Neapolitan language. The northern fringes are an area of transitional dialects which give way to Campanian and Lucanian dialects.[6]

The map shows the Cosentian dialects (Ve) and transitional dialects (Vd) occurring in Cosenza province.

Conjugations

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Êsse (to be)

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Present Imperfect Past simple Subjunctive present Subjunctive imperfect
Iu signu êra signu statu fossa
Tu(ni) êri sì statu fossi
Iddru, Iddra è êra è statu fossa
Nua símu êramu simu stati fossimu
Vua síti êrati siti stati fossati
Iddri(o Loro) êranu sù stati fòssaru

Avì (to have)

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Present Imperfect Past simple Subjunctive present Subjunctive imperfect
Iu haju avìa he (haju) avutu avissa
Tu(ni) ha' avii ha' avutu avissi
Iddru, Iddra avìa hà avutu avissa
Nua avìmu avìamu hamu avutu avìssamu
Vua avíti avìati hat'avutu or avít' avutu avvissati
Iddri hannu avìanu hannu avutu avissaru

Comparison of Central-Southern and Northern Calabrian

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.

Reggino Cosentian
"Tutti i cristiàni "Tutti i ggìenti
nàsciunu libberi nascianu libberi
e ntâ stessa manèra e 'gguali
ill'authri all'àtri
pi dignità e diritti. ppì ddignità e diritti.
Iddhi ndànnu Ognunu
ognunu u so ciriveddhu tena cirbìeddru
mi 'rraggiùnunu raggiune e cuscìenza
e 'ndannu mi càmpunu e s'ha de cumbortà
unu cull'authru cull'atri
comu mi sùnnu fràti cumu si li fòssaru
râ stessa matri." frati."

Bibliography

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Other languages in Calabria

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Bibliography

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Italian bibliography:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Sicilian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-03-28.
  • ^ "Napoletano-Calabrese". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-03-28.
  • ^ Gerhard Rohlfs, Nuovo dizionario dialettale della Calabria – Le fonti del lessico calabrese, 1977 (945 pages)
  • ^ The Languages of Italy, Giacomo Devoto ISBN 0-226-14368-6
  • ^ Cesare Morisani, Vocabolario del dialetto di reggio Calabria colle corrispondenti parole italiane, 1991, Sala Bolognese : Forni (228 pages).
  • ^ "Sicilian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-03-28.
  • ^ Ethnologue report for Greek.
  • ^ Ethnologue report for Franco-Provençal.
  • ^ Ethnologue report for Albanian, Arbëreshë.
  • edit

    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&oldid=1227946337"
     



    Last edited on 8 June 2024, at 17:03  





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    This page was last edited on 8 June 2024, at 17:03 (UTC).

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