●
H
o
m
e
●
R
a
n
d
o
m
●
N
e
a
r
b
y
●
L
o
g
i
n
●
S
e
t
t
i
n
g
s
●
D
o
n
a
t
e
●
A
b
o
u
t
W
i
k
i
p
e
d
i
a
●
D
i
s
c
l
a
i
m
e
r
s
Search
C
o
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
a
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
●
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
●
T
a
l
k
●
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
●
W
a
t
c
h
●
E
d
i
t
(
R
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
C
o
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
a
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
(
d
i
s
a
m
b
i
g
u
a
t
i
o
n
)
)
Look up
covariance
or
contravariance
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Covariance and contravariance
may refer to:
Covariance and contravariance of vectors
, in mathematics and theoretical physics
Covariance and contravariance of functors
, in category theory
Covariance and contravariance (computer science)
, whether a type system preserves the ordering ≤ of types
See also
edit
Covariance
, in probability theory and statistics, the measure of how much two random variables vary together
Covariance (disambiguation)
This
disambiguation
page lists mathematics articles associated with the same title.
If an
internal link
led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
R
e
t
r
i
e
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
"
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Covariance_and_contravariance&oldid=744049972
"
L
a
s
t
e
d
i
t
e
d
o
n
1
2
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
,
a
t
2
0
:
1
6
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
●
ف
ا
ر
س
ی
●
한
국
어
●
P
o
l
s
k
i
●
Р
у
с
с
к
и
й
●
У
к
р
а
ї
н
с
ь
к
а
●
中
文
●
T
h
i
s
p
a
g
e
w
a
s
l
a
s
t
e
d
i
t
e
d
o
n
1
2
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
,
a
t
2
0
:
1
6
(
U
T
C
)
.
●
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
i
s
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
C
C
B
Y
-
S
A
4
.
0
u
n
l
e
s
s
o
t
h
e
r
w
i
s
e
n
o
t
e
d
.
●
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
p
o
l
i
c
y
●
A
b
o
u
t
W
i
k
i
p
e
d
i
a
●
D
i
s
c
l
a
i
m
e
r
s
●
C
o
n
t
a
c
t
W
i
k
i
p
e
d
i
a
●
C
o
d
e
o
f
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
●
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
r
s
●
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
●
C
o
o
k
i
e
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
●
T
e
r
m
s
o
f
U
s
e
●
D
e
s
k
t
o
p