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1st millennium BC





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(Redirected from First millennium BC)
  

The 1st millennium BC, also known as the last millennium BC, was the period of time lasting from the years 1000 BCto1 BC (10thto1st centuries BC; in astronomy: JD 1356182.5 – 1721425.5[1]). It encompasses the Iron Age in the Old World and sees the transition from the Ancient Near Easttoclassical antiquity.

Millennia:
  • 1st millennium BC
  • 1st millennium AD
    • Centuries:
  • 9th century BC
  • 8th century BC
  • 7th century BC
  • 6th century BC
  • 5th century BC
  • 4th century BC
  • 3rd century BC
  • 2nd century BC
  • 1st century BC
    • ParthenonAristotleGautama BuddhaAssassination of Julius CaesarGreek alphabetWars of Alexander the GreatIron AgeAssyrian Empire
    From top left clockwise: The Parthenon, a former temple in Athens, Greece; Aristotle, Greek philosopher; Gautama Buddha, a spiritual teacher and the founder of Buddhism; Wars of Alexander the Great last from 336 BC to 323 BC; Letters of the Greek alphabet; People working during the Iron Age; Roman dictator, Julius Caesar is assassinated by the Roman Senate in 44 BC. (Background: A mural from the Assyrian Empire which dissolved in the 7th century BC)

    World population roughly doubled over the course of the millennium, from about 100 million to about 200–250 million.[2]

    Overview

    edit
    Further information: Ancient history and Human history

    The Neo-Assyrian Empire dominates the Near East in the early centuries of the millennium, supplanted by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century. Ancient Egypt is in decline, and falls to the Achaemenids in 525 BC.

    In Greece, Classical Antiquity begins with the colonization of Magna Graecia and peaks with the conquest of the Achaemenids and the subsequent flourishing of Hellenistic civilization (4th to 2nd centuries).

    The Roman Republic supplants the Etruscans and then the Carthaginians (5th to 3rd centuries). The close of the millennium sees the rise of the Roman Empire. The early Celtic culture dominate Central Europe while Northern Europe is in the Pre-Roman Iron Age. In East Africa, the Nubian Empire and Aksum arise.

    In South Asia, the Vedic civilization gives rise to the Maurya Empire. The Scythians dominate Central Asia. In China, the Zhou dynasty rules the Chinese heartland at the beginning of the millennium. The decline of the Zhou dynasty during Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period sees the rise of such philosophical and spiritual traditions as Confucianism and Taoism. Towards the close of the millennium, the Han dynasty extends Chinese power towards Central Asia, where it borders on Indo-Greek and Iranian states. Japan is in the Yayoi period.

    The Olmec civilization declines, and the Maya and Zapotec civilizations emerge in Mesoamerica. The Chavín culture flourishes in Peru.

    The first millennium BC is the formative period of the classical world religions, with the development of early Judaism and Zoroastrianism in the Near East, and Vedic religion and Vedanta, Jainism and Buddhism in India. Early literature develops in Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Tamil and Chinese. The term Axial Age, coined by Karl Jaspers, is intended to express the crucial importance of the period of c. the 8th to 2nd centuries BC in world history.

    World population more than doubled over the course of the millennium, from about an estimated 50–100 million to an estimated 170–300 million. Close to 90% of world population at the end of the first millennium BC lived in the Iron Age civilizations of the Old World (Roman Empire, Parthian Empire, Graeco-Indo-Scythian and Hindu kingdoms, Han China). The population of the Americas was below 20 million, concentrated in Mesoamerica (Epi-Olmec culture); that of Sub-Saharan Africa was likely below 10 million. The population of Oceania was likely less than one million people.[2]

    Ancient history

    edit
    Main article: Ancient history
    Further information: Iron Age, Classical Antiquity, and Axial Age
     
    Map of the Eastern Hemisphere in 1000 BC.

    Timeline

    edit
     
    Map of the world in 1 AD, just after the end of the 1st millennium BC.

    Inventions, discoveries, introductions

    edit
    Further information: Ancient technology
     
    Scythian gold plaque with panther (late 7th century BC)
     
    The Parthenon, Athens (5th century BC)
     
    The Victorious Youth (c. 310 BC), a preserved bronze statue of a Greek athlete in Contrapposto pose
     
    "The Wrestler", an Olmec era statuette, dated roughly 1400–400 BC
     
    Lamassu facing forward. Bas-relief from the king Sargon II's palace at Dur Sharrukin in Assyria (now Khorsabad in Iraq), c. 713–716 BC. From Paul-Émile Botta's excavations in 1843–1844.

    Literature

    edit
    Main article: Ancient literature
    Further information: List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts § First_millennium_BC
    Greco-Roman literature
    Main articles: Greek literature and Latin literature

    Archaic period

    Classical period

    Hellenistic to Roman period

    Chinese literature
    Main article: Chinese literature
    Sanskrit literature
    Main article: Sanskrit literature
    Hebrew
    Main articles: Ancient Hebrew writings and Hebrew Bible
    Avestan
    Other (2nd to 1st century BC)

    Archaeology

    edit
    Further information: Iron Age and Pre-Columbian Americas
    Culture Region Period Notes
    Urnfield culture Europe, Central 1300–750 BC Bronze Age Europe
    Atlantic Bronze Age Europe, Western 1300–700 BC Bronze Age Europe
    Painted Grey Ware culture South Asia 1200–600 BC Bronze Age India, Indo-Aryan migration
    Late Nordic Bronze Age Europe, North 1100–550 BC Bronze Age Europe
    Villanovan culture Europe, Italy 1100–700 BC Iron Age Europe
    Greek Dark Ages Greece 1100–800 BC Dorian invasion
    Iron Age II Near East 1000–586 BC Ancient Near East, List of archaeological periods (Levant)
    Sa Huỳnh culture Southeast Asia, Vietnam 1000 BC–AD 200
    Woodland period North America 1000 BC – AD 1000 List of archaeological periods (North America)
    Bantu expansion Sub-Saharan Africa 1000 BC–AD 500
    Middle Nok Period Sub-Saharan Africa, West 900–300 BC Iron metallurgy in Africa
    Novocherkassk culture Europe, Eastern 900–650 BC
    Chavín de Huántar South America, Peru[7] 1200–500 BC
    Poverty Point earthworks North America, Louisiana 1650–700 BC[7]
    Olmecs Mesoamerica 1500–400 BC
    Adena culture North America, Ohio 1000–200 BC[7]
    Liaoning bronze dagger culture East Asia 800–600 BC
    Middle Mumun East Asia, Korea 800–300 BC
    Etruscan civilization Europe, Italy 800–264 BC
    Paracas culture South America, Peru 800–100 BC[7]
    Hallstatt culture Europe, Central 800 BC–500 BC Iron Age Europe, Thraco-Cimmerian, Celts
    British Iron Age Europe, Britain 700–50 BC Insular Celts
    Zapotec civilization Mesoamerica 700 BC – AD 700
    Pazyryk culture Central Asia 600–300 BC Scythians, Saka, Pazyryk burials
    Aldy-Bel culture Central Asia 600–300 BC Scythians, Saka
    La Tène culture Europe, Central/Western 500–50 BC Gauls
    Pre-Roman Iron Age Europe, North 500–50 BC Proto-Germanic
    Northern Black Polished Ware South Asia 500–300 BC Vedic period
    Late Mumun East Asia, Korea 550–300 BC
    Urewe Sub-Saharan Africa 400 BC–AD 500 Iron metallurgy in Africa
    Late Nok Period Sub-Saharan Africa, West 300–1 BC Iron metallurgy in Africa
    Nasca culture South America, Peru 100 BC–800 AD[7]
    Calima culture South America, Colombia 200 BC–400 AD
    Hopewell tradition North America 100 BC–AD 400[8]
    Teotihuacan Mesoamerica 100 BC –AD 550[8]
    Ipiutak site North America, Alaska 100 BC –AD 800[8]

    Astronomy

    edit
    Further information: List of solar eclipses in antiquity
    Historical solar eclipses
    Year

    (BC)

    		Date Eclipse

    Type

    		Saros

    Series

    		Eclipse

    Magnitude

    		Gamma Ecliptic

    Conjunction

    (UT)

    		Geatest

    Eclipse

    (UT)

    		Duration

    (Min & Sec)

    		Description
    899 21 Apr Annular 53 0.9591 0.8964 22:32:15 22:21:56 00:03:04 China's 'Double-Dawn' Eclipse [2] [3]
    763 15 Jun Total 44 1.0596 0.2715 08:11:13 08:14:01 00:05:00 Assyrian Eclipse [4] [5]
    648 6 Apr Total 38 1.0689 0.6898 08:24:05 08:31:03 00:05:02 Archilochus' Eclipse [6] [7]
    585 28 May Total 57 1.0798 0.3201 14:25:41 14:22:26 00:06:04 Thales Eclipse (Medes vs. Lydians), firstly recorded in Herodotus History. [8] [9] [10]
    557 19 May Total 48 1.0258 0.3145 12:49:02 12:52:26 00:02:22 The Siege of Larisa, firstly recorded by Xenophon. [11]
    480 2 Oct Annular 65 0.9324 0.4951 11:56:54 11:51:01 00:07:57 Xerxes' Eclipse. recorded by Herodotus History. [12]
    431 3 Aug Annular 48 0.9843 0.8388 14:45:34 14:54:52 00:01:05 Peloponnesian War. [13] [14]
    424 21 Mar Annular 42 0.9430 0.9433 07:43:30 07:54:29 00:04:39 8th Year of Peloponnesian War. [15]

    Centuries and decades

    edit
    10th century BC 990s BC 980s BC 970s BC 960s BC 950s BC 940s BC 930s BC 920s BC 910s BC 900s BC
    9th century BC 890s BC 880s BC 870s BC 860s BC 850s BC 840s BC 830s BC 820s BC 810s BC 800s BC
    8th century BC 790s BC 780s BC 770s BC 760s BC 750s BC 740s BC 730s BC 720s BC 710s BC 700s BC
    7th century BC 690s BC 680s BC 670s BC 660s BC 650s BC 640s BC 630s BC 620s BC 610s BC 600s BC
    6th century BC 590s BC 580s BC 570s BC 560s BC 550s BC 540s BC 530s BC 520s BC 510s BC 500s BC
    5th century BC 490s BC 480s BC 470s BC 460s BC 450s BC 440s BC 430s BC 420s BC 410s BC 400s BC
    4th century BC 390s BC 380s BC 370s BC 360s BC 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC
    3rd century BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC
    2nd century BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC
    1st century BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC

    References

    edit
     
    Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1st millennium BC.
    1. ^ "Julian Day Number from Date Calculator". keisan.casio.com.
  • ^ a b Klein Goldewijk, K. , A. Beusen, M. de Vos and G. van Drecht (2011). The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human induced land use change over the past 12,000 years, Global Ecology and Biogeography20(1): 73–86. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x (pbl.nl). Goldewijk et al. (2011) estimate 188 million as of AD 1, citing a literature range of 170 million (low) to 300 million (high). Out of the estimated 188M, 116M are estimated for Asia (East, South/Southeast and Central Asia, excluding Western Asia), 44M for Europe and the Near East, 15M for Africa (including Egypt and Roman North Africa), 12M for Mesoamerica and South America. North America and Oceania were at or below one million. Jean-Noël Biraben, "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes", Population 34-1 (1979), 13–25 (p. 22) estimats c. 100 million at 1200 BC and c. 250 million at AD 1.[1]
  • ^ a b c d e f g "Who Built it First". Ancient Discoveries. A&E Television Networks. 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
  • ^ Although disputed, some scholars see the emergence of monotheism proper in the context of the Babylonian exile, during which the Israelites adopted aspects of Babylonian religion, resulting in Second Temple Judaism by 515 BC. No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel Also credited with early monotheism is Zoroastrianism, founded at roughly the same time. Zoroastrianism
  • ^ Temple 1986
  • ^ Temple 1986, pp. 15
  • ^ a b c d e "World Timeline of the Americas 1000 BC – AD 200". The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
  • ^ a b c "World Timeline of the Americas 200 BC – AD 600". The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-07-25.

    • Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_millennium_BC&oldid=1224434794"
      



    Last edited on 18 May 2024, at 11:47  





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