The National Liberation Day of Korea is a public holiday celebrated annually on 15 August in both South and North Korea. It commemorates the day when Korea was liberated from 35 years of Japanese colonial rule, and also commemorates the day in 1948 (1948-08-15) when South Korea was born.[1]
| National Liberation Day of Korea | |
|---|---|
Korean people celebrating their liberation in 1945
| |
| Official name | 조국해방의 날 (chogukhaebangŭi nal) (North Korea) 광복절 (gwangbokjeol) (South Korea) |
| Observed by |
|
| Type | National |
| Significance | Commemorates Victory over Japan Day, when Korea was liberated from Japanese colonial rule and the establishment of South Korea |
| Celebrations | Civilian and military parades, political rallies |
| Date | 15 August |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Liberation Day of Korea | |
| North Korean name | |
|---|---|
| Hangul | |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Jogukhaebangui nal |
| McCune–Reischauer | Chogukhaebang'ŭi nal |
| South Korean name | |
| Hangul | |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Gwangbokjeol |
| McCune–Reischauer | Kwangbokchŏl |
In South Korea, it is known as Gwangbokjeol (Korean: 광복절; lit. The Day the Light Returned).[2]InNorth Korea it is known as Chogukhaebangŭi nal (조국해방의 날; lit. Liberation of the Fatherland Day).[3]
The name Gwangbokjeol uses the term “restoration” (복; bog) instead of “independence” (독립; dongnip) to emphasize that Korea had been independent for centuries prior to Japanese rule.[4]
The day marks the annual anniversary of the announcement that Japan would unconditionally surrender on August 15, 1945. All forces of the Imperial Japanese Army were ordered to surrender to the Allies.[2] Independent Korean governments were created three years later, on 15 August 1948.
Korea has been an independent nation for centuries, but it had been invaded many times, with the last invasion being the period of Japanese rule. It took three years after Korea became independent in 1945 for the nation to actually establish the Republic of Korea on August 15, when National Liberation Day is celebrated.[4]
August 15 is celebrated by many countries as Victory Over Japan Day, the day Japan's emperor announced the country's surrender. The United States, however, commemorates this day in September when the Japanese formally signed a declaration of surrender.[4]
Liberation Day is the only Korean holiday that is celebrated by both North Korea and South Korea.[5][6][7]
In North Korea, it is typical to schedule weddings on the holiday.[8][9]
The holiday is often celebrated with a military paradeonKim Il-sung Square on jubilee years (ex: 25th, 40th, 50th, 60th, 70th anniversaries) with the attendance of the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of North Korea. The first parade was held in 1949 at Pyongyang Station. It was held again in 1953, and then conducted every year until 1960, when it took a pause until the early 2000s.[10]
On 5 August 2015, the North Korean government decided to change its timezone back to UTC+08:30 effective 15 August 2015, and said the official name would be Pyongyang Time (PYT).[11][12] The government of North Korea made this decision as a break from 'imperialism'; the time zone change went into effect on the 70th anniversary of the liberation of Korea.[13] North Korea reversed the change in May 2018.[14]
In South Korea, many activities and events take place on the holiday, including an official ceremony attended by the President of the Republic either at the Independence Hall of KoreainCheonan or at the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts.[2][15] During the celebration, the flags of different countries around the world hung in the middle of the road around the Jamsil area of Seoul between the Olympic Stadium and Olympic Park are taken down and replaced with South Korean national flags.[4]
All buildings and homes are encouraged to display the South Korean national flag Taegukgi. Not only are most public museums and places open free of charge to the descendants of independence activists on the holiday, but they can also travel on both public transport and intercity trains for free.[2]
The official "Gwangbokjeol song" (광복절 노래) is sung at official ceremonies. The song's lyrics were written by Jeong Inbo (정인보) and the melody by Yoon Yongha (윤용하).[2] The lyrics speak of "to touch the earth again" and how "the sea dances", how "this day is the remaining trace of 40 years of passionate blood solidified" and to "guard this forever and ever".[16]
The government traditionally issues special pardons on Gwangbokjeol.[17][18]
At 10:23 a.m., 15 August 1974, Mun Se-gwang, a Zainichi Korean and North Korean sympathizer, attempted to assassinate President Park Chung Hee at the National Theater of Korea in Seoul during a Gwangbokjeol ceremony; Park was unharmed but his wife Yuk Young-soo, the First Lady of South Korea, was killed.[19][20]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Media related to National Liberation Day of Korea at Wikimedia Commons
Works related to Proclamation of Korean Independence at Wikisource