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Kuki-Chin languages

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The Kuki-Chin-Mizo languages (also called Kuki-Chin-Mizo,^[2] KukishorSouth-Central Tibeto-Burman languages) are a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family spoken in northeastern India, western Myanmar and southeastern Bangladesh. Most notable Kuki-Chin-speaking ethnic groups are referred to collectively as the Zo people which includes: the MizoofMizoram, the KukiofManipur, Assam, Nagaland, Tripura and Bangladesh and the ChinofChin State, Myanmar.

Kuki-Chin
Kuki-Chin-Mizo, Kukish
Ethnicity	Zo Kuki-Zomi Chin Mizo Zomi (Sometimes)
Geographic distribution	India, Myanmar, Bangladesh
Linguistic classification	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Central Tibeto-Burman Kuki-Chin–Naga Kuki-Chin
Early form	Proto-Kuki-Chin^[1]
Subdivisions	Northwestern Northern Central Maraic Southern Khomic
Glottolog	`kuki1246` (Kuki-Chin)

Kuki-Chin is alternatively called South-Central Trans-Himalayan (orSouth Central Tibeto-Burman) by Konnerth (2018), because of negative connotations of the term "Kuki-Chin" for many speakers of languages in this group.^[3]

Kuki-Chin is sometimes placed under Kuki-Chin–Naga, a geographical rather than linguistic grouping.

Geographical Distribution

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Northwestern: Chandel district of Manipur, India; Tamu Township of Sagaing Region, Myanmar.
Northern: Chandel district, Churachandpur district, Kangpokpi district, Noney district, Tamenglong district, and Tengnoupal districts of Manipur, India; Tedim Township of Chin State, Myanmar; Tamu Township of Sagaing Region, Myanmar.
Central: whole state of Mizoram, India; Pherzawl district of Manipur, India; parts of Cachar district and parts of Karbi Anglong district of Assam, India; parts of East Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya, India; Falam Township, Hakha Township, and Thantlang Townships of Chin State, Myanmar; Kalay Township and Khampat Townships of Sagaing Region, Myanmar, parts of Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.
Maraic: majority of Siaha districtofMizoram, India; parts of Matupi Township of Chin State, Myanmar.
Southern: Kanpetlet Township, Matupi Township, Mindat Township, Paletwa Townships of Chin State, Myanmar; parts of the Arakan Range of Rakhine State, Myanmar; parts of Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.
Khomic: Paletwa Township of Chin State, Myanmar; parts of Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.

Internal classification

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The Karbi languages may be closely related to Kuki-Chin, but Thurgood (2003) and van Driem (2011) leave Karbi unclassified within Sino-Tibetan.^[4]^[5]

The Kuki-Chin branches listed below are from VanBik (2009), with the Northwestern branch added from Scott DeLancey, et al. (2015),^[6] and the Khomic branch (which has been split off from the Southern branch) from Peterson (2017).^[7]

Kuki-Chin
- Central: Mizo (Duhlian), Bawm (Sunthla and Panghawi), Falam (Hallam, Ranglong, Darlong, Hauhulh, Simpi, Hualngo, Chorei), Thor (Tawr), Hmar, Hrangkhol, Biate (Biete), Hakha (Lai/Pawi, Mi-E, Zokhua), Pangkhua, Saihriem, Laizo/Tlaisun, Khualsim, Zanniat, Zahau, Sim

Maraic: Mara (Tlosai {Siaha and Saikao}, Hawthai {Lyvaw, Sizo, and Lochei}, Hlaipao {Zyhno, Heima, and Lialai}), Zophei, Senthang, Zotung (Lungngo, Calthawn, Innmai), Lautu

Northern: Suantak-Vaiphei, Zo (Zou), Paite, Tedim, Thado (Kuki), Gangte, Simte, Vaiphei, Sizang, Ralte, Ngawn

Southern: Shö (Asho/Khyang, Chinbon), Thaiphum, Daai (Nitu), Mün, Yindu, Matu, Welaung (Rawngtu), Kaang, Laitu, Rungtu, Songlai, Sumtu

Khomic: Khumi (Khumi proper and Khumi Awa), Mro, Rengmitca, etc.

Northwestern: Monsang, Moyon, Lamkang, Aimol, Anal, Tarao, Koireng (Kolhreng), Chiru, Kom, Chothe, Purum,^[7] Kharam,^[7]

Darlong and Ranglong are unclassified Kuki-Chin language.

The recently discovered Sorbung language may be mixed language that could classify as either a Kuki-Chin or Tangkhul language (Mortenson & Keogh 2011).^[8]

Anu-Hkongso speakers self-identify as ethnic Chin people, although their language is closely related to Mru rather than to Kuki-Chin languages. The Mruic languages constitute a separate Tibeto-Burman branch, and are not part of Kuki-Chin.^[7]

VanBik (2009)

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Kenneth VanBik's (2009:23) classified the Kuki-Chin languages based on shared sound changes (phonological innovations) from Proto-Kuki-Chin as follows.

Kuki-Chin
- Central: *k(ʰ)r-, *p(ʰ)r- > *t(ʰ)r-; *k(ʰ)l-, *p(ʰ)l- > *t(ʰ)l-; *y- > *z-
  - Pangkhua?

Lamtuk Thet: Lamtuk, Ruavan

Lai

Hakha: Hakha, Thantlang, Zokhua
Falam: Bawm, Bualkhaw, Laizo, Lente, Khualsim, Khuangli, Sim, Tlaisun, Zanniat

Mizo

Mizo: Fanai, Hualngo, Lushai, Khiangte
Hmar: Khosak, Thiek, Lawitlang, Khawbung, Darngawn, Lungtau, Leiri

Maraic: *kr- > *ts-; *-ʔ, *-r, *-l > -Ø; *-p, *-t, *-k > *-ʔ; *θ- > *s-

Mara
- Tlosai
  - Saikao
  - Siaha
- Hlaipao
  - Heima
  - Lialai
  - Vahapi/Zyhno
- HawThai
  - Sizo
    - Ngaphepi
    - Sabyu
    - Chapi
  - Lyvaw
    - Lochei
    - Tisih
    - Phybyu
Lautu
- Hnaro
- Chawngthia
Zophei
- Vytu
- Sate/Awsa
Senthang
- Khuapi
- Surkhua
Zotung *h- > *f-; *kr- > *r-; *khl- > *kh-, *l-; *c(^h)- > *t(^h)-/*s-; *y- > *z-/*z(^h)-; *w- > *v-
- Calthawng
- Innmai
- Lungngo/Tinpa

Peripheral: *r- > *g-

Northern: *θ- > *ts-; *kl- > *tl-; *-r > *-k
- Thado/Kuki, Tedim, Khuangsai, Paite Vuite, Chiru
- Sizang, Guite, Vaiphei, Ralte,
Southern (Southern Plains): *-r > *-y
- Khumi: Khomi, Wakung
- Cho-Asho
  - Asho
  - Cho: Matu; Chinpon; Daai, Nghmoye, Ngmuun, Mkaang

Peterson (2017)

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David A. Peterson's (2017:206)^[7] internal classification of the Kuki-Chin languages is as follows.

Kuki-Chin
- Northwestern: Purum (Naga), Koireng, Monsang (Naga), etc.

Central

Peripheral

Northeastern
Khomic: Khami/Khumi, Mro-Khimi, Lemi, Rengmitca, etc.
Southern
- Cho
- Daai
- Hyow/Asho

Peterson's Northeastern branch corresponds to VanBik's Northern branch, while Peterson's Northwestern corresponds to the Old Kuki branch of earlier classifications.

References

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^ https://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph8_Proto-Kuki-Chin.pdf

^ Burling, Robbins (2003). "The Tibeto-Burman languages of Northeastern India". In Graham Thurgood; Randy J. LaPolla (eds.). The Sino-Tibetan Languages. pp. 169–191.

^ Konnerth, Linda. 2018. The historical phonology of Monsang (Northwestern South-Central/“Kuki-Chin”): A case of reduction in phonological complexity. Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 17(1): 19-49, note [2]: "...many language activists among the speakers of languages of the South-Central branch has made it clear to me that using the “Kuki-Chin” label is very insensitive."

^ Thurgood, Graham (2003) "A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages: The interaction between language contact, change, and inheritance." In G. Thurgood and R. LaPolla, eds., The Sino-Tibetan languages, pp. 13–14. London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.

^ van Driem, George L. (2011a), "Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar", Himalayan Linguistics Journal, 10 (1): 31–39, archived from the original on 12 January 2012.

^ DeLancey, Scott; Krishna Boro; Linda Konnerth1; Amos Teo. 2015. Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Indo-Myanmar borderland. 31st South Asian Languages Analysis Roundtable, 14 May 2015.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Peterson, David. 2017. "On Kuki-Chin subgrouping." In Picus Sizhi Ding and Jamin Pelkey, eds. Sociohistorical linguistics in Southeast Asia: New horizons for Tibeto-Burman studies in honor of David Bradley, 189-209. Leiden: Brill.

^ David Mortenson and Jennifer Keogh. 2011. "Sorbung, an Undocumented Language of Manipur: its Phonology and Place in Tibeto-Burman", in JEALS 4, vol 1.

Bibliography

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George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4.

VanBik, Kenneth. 2009. Proto-Kuki-Chin: A Reconstructed Ancestor of the Kuki-Chin Languages. STEDT Monograph 8. ISBN 0-944613-47-0.

External links

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuki-Chin_languages&oldid=1236278772" Last edited on 23 July 2024, at 21:01

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Kuki-Chin languages

Contents

Geographical Distribution

Internal classification

VanBik (2009)

Peterson (2017)

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Languages