This is a list of consuls known to have held office, from the beginning of the Roman Republic to the latest use of the title in Imperial times, together with those magistrates of the Republic who were appointed in place of consuls, or who superseded consular authority for a limited period.
From the establishment of the Republic to the time of Augustus, the consuls were the chief magistrates of the Roman state. Traditionally, two were simultaneously appointed for a year-long term, so that the executive power of the state was not vested in a single individual, as it had been under the kings.[1][2] As other ancient societies dated historical events according to the reigns of their kings, it became customary at Rome to date events by the names of the consuls in office when the events occurred, rather than (for instance) by counting the number of years since the foundation of the city, although that method could also be used.[2] If a consul died during his year of office, another was elected to replace him. Although his imperium was the same as his predecessor's, he was termed consul suffectus, in order to distinguish him from the consul ordinarius whom he replaced; but the eponymous magistrates for each year were normally the consules ordinarii.[1][2]
Because of this method of dating events, it was important to keep records of each year's eponymous magistrates. Many such lists have survived, either in the form of monumental inscriptions, conventionally referred to as fasti, or indirectly through the ancient historians, who had access to linen rolls recording the names of magistrates. Although these lists account for the entire period of the Republic, and most of Imperial times, there are discrepancies due to gaps and disagreements between different sources. Many of these no doubt arose as copying errors, especially those that involved the substitution of a familiar name for a less common one. Others may represent later attempts to edit the lists in order to explain deficiencies in the record, to reconcile conflicting traditions, or to ascribe particular actions or events to the time of a particular individual.[3]
Occasionally, the authority of the consuls was temporarily superseded by the appointment of a dictator, who held greater imperium than that of the consuls.[1] By tradition, these dictators laid down their office upon the completion of the task for which they were nominated, or after a maximum period of six months, and did not continue in office longer than the year for which the nominating consul had been elected.[4] However, in four years at the end of the fourth century BC, dictators are said to have continued in office in the year following their nomination, in place of consuls. Modern scholars are skeptical of these years, which might be due to later editing of the lists of magistrates in order to fill a gap.[5] All known dictators have been included in this table.
Two other types of magistrates are listed during the period of the Republic. In the year 451 BC, a board of ten men, known as decemviri, or decemvirs, was appointed in place of the consuls in order to draw up the tables of Roman law, in a sense establishing the Roman constitution. According to tradition, a second college of decemvirs was appointed for the next year, and these continued in office illegally into 449, until they were overthrown in a popular revolt, and the consulship was reinstated.[6][7]
Among the disputes which the decemvirs failed to resolve was the relationship between the patricians, Rome's hereditary aristocracy, and the plebeians, or common citizens. Although it has been argued that some of the consuls prior to the Decemvirate may have been plebeians, the office was definitely closed to them in the second half of the fifth century BC. To prevent open hostility between the two orders, the office of military tribune with consular power, or "consular tribune", was established. In place of patrician consuls, the people could elect a number of military tribunes, who might be either patrician or plebeian.[2][8]
According to Livy, this compromise held until 376 BC, when two of the tribunes of the plebs, Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus, blocked the election of any magistrates for the following year, unless the senate would agree to place a law before the people opening the consulship to the plebeians, and effecting other important reforms. The senate refused, and the tribunes continued to prevent the election of magistrates for several years until the senate capitulated, and the lex Licinia Sextia was passed, leading to the election of the first plebeian consul in 367.[2][8][9] Other accounts of this event are inconsistent, and current scholarly opinion is that the duration of the period without magistrates may have been exaggerated, or even invented to fill a gap in the record; nevertheless Roman tradition unanimously holds that Licinius and Sextius were able to open the consulship to the plebeians.[10]
In Imperial times the consulship became the senior administrative office under the emperors, who frequently assumed the title of consul themselves, and appointed other consuls at will.[1] The consulship was often bestowed as a political favour, or a reward for faithful service. Because there could only be two consuls at once, the emperors frequently appointed several sets of suffecti sequentially in the course of a year; holding the consulship for an entire year became a special honour.[1][2] As the office lost much of its executive authority, and the number of consuls appointed for short and often irregular periods increased, surviving lists from Imperial times are often incomplete, and have been reconstructed from many sources, not always with much certainty. In many cases it is stated that a particular person had been consul, but the exact time cannot be firmly established.
As an institution, the consulship survived the abdication of the last emperor of the West, and for a time consuls continued to be appointed, one representing the Eastern Roman Empire, and the other the Western, even as the Western Empire dissolved as a political entity. The last consuls appointed represented only the Eastern Empire, until finally the title became the sole province of the Emperor, who might or might not assume it upon taking office.[1][2]
For the early Republic, this article observes the Varronian chronology, established by the historian Marcus Terentius Varro, who calculated that Rome was founded in what is now called the year 753 BC (the founding of the city was traditionally observed on the Palilia, a festival occurring on April 21). This becomes the year 1 ab urbe condita, or AUC. The Republic was established in AUC 245, or 509 BC. Although other ancient historians gave different years and modern scholarship knows Varro to have been mistaken in his calculations by at least a few years,[11] Varro's chronology was the most widely accepted in antiquity, in official use for various purposes by at least the reign of Claudius.[12] Its use by Censorinus brought it to the attention of Joseph Scaliger, who helped popularize it in modern times.[13][14]
For Imperial times, the dates of the consules ordinarii are far more certain than those of the suffecti, who were not recorded with the same attention as the eponymous magistrates. Their identification and dating is far more controversial, and despite the efforts of generations of scholars, gaps in coverage remain. Known consules suffecti are shown with their known (or reconstructed) dates of tenure, which normally varied from two to six months — although one suffect consul, Rosius Regulus, is known to have held the fasces for a single day, October 31, AD 69.[15] Where neither consul is known or inferred for a portion of the year, their names are omitted for convenience; if one consul can be named, but his colleague is unknown, the unnamed colleague is listed as ignotus (unknown).
The consul named first in the lists was identified as consul prior, whereas the other was called consul posterior. The two consuls' authority was equal and their duties were shared on an alternating basis.[1] There is evidence that, during the late Republic, the consul elected with the most votes became the consul prior, and the consul elected first also may have been the first in the year to hold fasces (take precedence), but the evidence is not conclusive.[16][17] The surviving sources for the order of the consuls in the early Republic show some measure of conflict in just under half of the cases.[18] Lily Ross Taylor argues that the emperor Augustus falsified some of the records in order to give prominence to several families, and that the order of consuls as reported by the historian Livy is the most reliable.[19][20][21] Drummond disagrees: he argues that Livy himself switches the correct order at times for literary purposes, and that discrepant entries in the sources are most likely simply the result of negligence.[22] Although there is probably one 'correct' order for all the consuls of the republic, or at least one underlying tradition reporting it, no surviving source seems to be more reliable than another to a significant extent.[23][24]
When the emperor assumed the consulship, he was necessarily consul prior. This distinction continued until the fourth century AD, when the Empire was divided into a Western Roman Empire and an Eastern Roman Empire: the consuls who were appointed by the court in the Western Empire, which was sometimes at Rome, are commonly identified as the "Western consul", and those appointed by the court in the Eastern, usually Constantinople, the "Eastern consul". These designations were used until the end of the consulship in the sixth century.[25]
For a list of consuls whose year of office is uncertain or entirely unknown (usually suffecti, although some of the ordinarii in the breakaway Gallic Empire also lack dates[26]), see the List of undated Roman consuls. For those individuals who were elected consul but never assumed the office due to death, disgrace, or any other reason, see List of Roman consuls designate.
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Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of the consuls between 509 and 31 BC are taken from Thomas Broughton's Magistrates of the Roman Republic.[27][28]
Year | ||
---|---|---|
400 | Consular tribunes | |
P. Licinius Calvus Esquilinus | P. Manlius Vulso | |
L. Titinius Pansa Saccus | P. Maelius Capitolinus | |
Sp. Furius Medullinus | L. Publilius Philo Vulscus | |
399 | Consular tribunes | |
Cn. Genucius Augurinus | L. Atilius Priscus | |
M. Pomponius Rufus | C. Duillius Longus | |
M. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus | Volero Publilius Philo | |
398 | Consular tribunes | |
L. Valerius PotitusV | M. Valerius Lactucinus Maximus | |
M. Furius CamillusII | L. Furius Medullinus III | |
Q. Servilius FidenasII | Q. Sulpicius Camerinus CornutusII | |
397 | Consular tribunes | |
L. Julius IullusII | L. Furius MedullinusIV | |
L. Sergius Fidenas | A. Postumius Albinus Regillensis | |
P. Cornelius Maluginensis | A. Manlius Vulso Capitolinus III | |
396 | Consular tribunes | |
L. Titinius Pansa Saccus II | P. Licinius Calvus Esquilinus II | |
P. Maelius Capitolinus II | Q. Manlius Vulso Capitolinus | |
Cn. Genucius AugurinusII | L. Atilius Priscus II | |
395 | Consular tribunes | |
P. Cornelius Cossus | P. Cornelius Scipio | |
K. Fabius Ambustus III | L. Furius MedullinusV | |
Q. Servilius Fidenas III | M. Valerius Lactucinus Maximus II | |
394 | Consular tribunes | |
M. Furius Camillus III | L. Furius MedullinusVI | |
C. Aemilius Mamercinus | L. Valerius Poplicola | |
Sp. Postumius Albinus Regillensis | P. Cornelius (Maluginensis or Scipio or Cossus) II | |
393 | L. Valerius Potitus (invalidated) | Cornelius Maluginensis (invalidated) |
L. Lucretius Tricipitinus Flavus | Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus | |
392 | L. Valerius PotitusII | M. Manlius Capitolinus |
391 | Consular tribunes[61] | |
L. Lucretius Tricipitinus Flavus | Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus | |
L. Aemilius Mamercinus[62] | L. Furius Medullinus VII | |
Agrippa Furius Fusus | C. Aemilius Mamercinus II | |
390 | Consular tribunes[63] | |
Q. Sulpicius Longus | Q. Fabius Ambustus | |
K. Fabius AmbustusIV | N. (or Cn.) Fabius AmbustusII | |
Q. Servilius FidenasIV | P. Cornelius Maluginensis II | |
389 | Consular tribunes | |
L. Valerius Poplicola II | L. Verginius Tricostus (Esquilinus II?) | |
P. Cornelius | A. Manlius Capitolinus | |
L. Aemilius MamercinusII | L. Postumius Albinus Regillensis | |
(?) L. Papirius (Mugillanus?)[64] | (?) M. Furius | |
388 | Consular tribunes | |
T. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus | Q. Servilius Fidenas V | |
L. Julius Iullus | L. Aquillius Corvus | |
L. Lucretius Tricipitinus FlavusII | Ser. Sulpicius Rufus | |
387 | Consular tribunes[65] | |
L. Papirius Cursor | Cn. Sergius Fidenas Coxo | |
L. Aemilius Mamercinus III | Licinus Menenius Lanatus | |
L. Valerius Poplicola III | ||
386 | Consular tribunes | |
M. Furius CamillusIV | Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis | |
Q. Servilius Fidenas VI | L. Quinctius Cincinnatus | |
L. Horatius Pulvillus | P. Valerius Potitus Poplicola | |
385 | Consular tribunes | |
A. Manlius CapitolinusII | P. Cornelius | |
T. Quinctius (Cincinnatus?) Capitolinus II | L. Quinctius Capitolinus | |
L. Papirius Cursor II | Cn. Sergius Fidenas Coxo II | |
384 | Consular tribunes | |
Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis II | P. Valerius Potitus Poplicola II | |
M. Furius CamillusV | Ser. Sulpicius Rufus II | |
C. (or L.) Papirius Crassus[66] | T. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus (III?) | |
383 | Consular tribunes | |
L. Valerius Poplicola IV | A. Manlius CapitolinusIV | |
Ser. Sulpicius Rufus III | L. Lucretius Tricipitinus Flavus III | |
L. Aemilius MamercinusIV | M. Trebonius | |
382 | Consular tribunes | |
Sp. Papirius Crassus | L. Papirius (Mugillanus?) | |
Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis III | Q. Servilius Fidenas | |
C. Sulpicius Camerinus | L. Aemilius MamercinusV | |
381 | Consular tribunes | |
M. Furius CamillusVI | A. Postumius Albinus Regillensis II | |
L. Postumius Albinus Regillensis II | L. Furius Medullinus | |
L. Lucretius Tricipitinus FlavusIV | M. Fabius Ambustus | |
380 | Consular tribunes[67] | |
L. Valerius Potitus Poplicola V | P. Valerius Potitus Poplicola III | |
Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis IV | Licinus Menenius Lanatus II | |
C. Sulpicius Peticus | L. Aemilius MamercinusVI | |
Cn. Sergius Fidenas Coxo III | Ti. Papirius Crassus | |
L. Papirius Mugillanus II | ||
379 | Consular tribunes | |
P. Manlius Capitolinus | Cn. Manlius Vulso | |
L. Julius IullusII | C. Sextilius | |
M. Albinius | L. Antistius | |
P. Trebonius[68] | C. Erenucius[68] | |
378 | Consular tribunes | |
Sp. (or L.) Furius | Q. Servillius Fidenas II | |
Licinus Menenius Lanatus III | P. Cloelius Siculus | |
M. Horatius[69] | L. Geganius Macerinus[69] | |
377 | Consular tribunes | |
L. Aemilius Mamercinus | P. Valerius Potitus Poplicola IV | |
C. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus | Ser. Sulpicius (Rufus IV or Praetextatus) | |
L. Quinctius Cincinnatus III | C. Quinctius Cincinnatus | |
376 | Consular tribunes | |
L. Papirius (Mugillanus?) III | Licinus Menenius Lanatus IV | |
Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis V | Ser. Sulpicius PraetextatusII | |
375 – 371 |
solitudo magistratuum According to Livy (6.35), the tribunes Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius introduced new laws known as the Lex Licinia Sextia, which provoked strong resistance from the patricians. Licinius Stolo and Sextius resorted to using the tribunican veto to prevent either consuls or consular tribunes from being elected. The actual length of this period is controversial, with primary sources stating it was one (Diodorus Siculus), five (Fasti Capitolini), or ten (Livy) years.[70] | |
370 | Consular tribunes | |
L. Furius Medullinus II | A. Manlius CapitolinusV | |
Ser. Sulpicius Praetextatus III | Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis VI | |
P. Valerius Potitus Poplicola V | C. Valerius Potitus | |
369 | Consular tribunes | |
Q. Servilius Fidenas III | C. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus II | |
A. Cornelius Cossus | M. Cornelius Maluginensis | |
Q. Quinctius (Cincinnatus?) | M. Fabius Ambustus II | |
368 | Consular tribunes | |
T. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus | Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis VII | |
Ser. Sulpicius PraetextatusIV | Sp. Servilius Structus | |
L. Papirius Crassus | L. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus | |
367 | Consular tribunes | |
A. Cornelius Cossus II | M. Cornelius Maluginensis II | |
M. Geganius Macerinus | P. Manlius Capitolinus II | |
L. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus II | P. Valerius Potitus Poplicola VI | |
366 | L. Aemilius Mamercinus | L. Sextius Sextinus Lateranus |
365 | L. Genucius Aventinensis | Q. Servilius Ahala |
364 | C. Sulpicius Peticus | C. Licinius Calvus[71] |
363 | Cn. Genucius Aventinensis | L. Aemilius MamercinusII |
362 | Q. Servilius AhalaII | L. Genucius AventinensisII |
361 | C. Licinius Stolo[71] | C. Sulpicius PeticusII |
360 | M. Fabius Ambustus | C. Poetelius Libo Visolus |
359 | M. Popillius Laenas | Cn. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus |
358 | C. Fabius Ambustus | C. Plautius Proculus |
357 | C. Marcius Rutilus | Cn. Manlius Capitolinus (Imperiosus II?)[72] |
356 | M. Fabius AmbustusII | M. Popillius LaenasII |
355 | C. Sulpicius Peticus III | M. Valerius Poplicola |
354 | M. Fabius Ambustus III | T. Quinctius Poenus Capitolinus Crispinus[73] |
353 | C. Sulpicius PeticusIV | M. Valerius PoplicolaII |
352 | P. Valerius Poplicola | C. Marcius RutilusII |
351 | C. Sulpicius PeticusV | T. (or C. or K.) Quinctius Poenus (II?)[74] |
350 | M. Popillius Laenas III | L. Cornelius Scipio |
349 | L. Furius Camillus[75] | Ap. Claudius Crassus Inregillensis |
348 | M. Valerius Corvus | M. Popillius LaenasIV |
347 | C. Plautius Venno (or Venox) | T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus |
346 | M. Valerius CorvusII | C. Poetelius Libo VisolusII |
345 | M. Fabius Dorsuo | Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus Rufus |
344 | C. Marcius Rutilus III | T. Manlius Imperiosus TorquatusII |
343 | M. Valerius Corvus III | A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina |
342 | Q. Servilius Ahala III | C. Marcius RutilusIV |
341 | C. Plautius Venno (or Venox)II | L. Aemilius Mamercinus Privernas |
340 | T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus III | P. Decius Mus |
339 | Ti. Aemilius Mamercinus | Q. Publilius Philo |
338 | L. Furius Camillus | C. Maenius |
337 | C. Sulpicius Longus | P. Aelius Paetus |
336 | L. Papirius Crassus | K. Duilius |
335 | M. Atilius Regulus Calenus | M. Valerius CorvusIV |
334 | Sp. Postumius Albinus (Caudinus) | T. Veturius Calvinus |
333 | Dictator: P. Cornelius Rufinus (fictitious year)[76] | |
332 | Cn. Domitius Calvinus | A. Cornelius Cossus ArvinaII |
331 | C. Valerius Potitus | M. Claudius Marcellus |
330 | L. Papirius CrassusII | L. Plautius Venno (or Venox) |
329 | L. Aemilius Mamercinus PrivernasII | C. Plautius Decianus |
328 | Plautius[77] | P. Cornelius (Scapula or Scipio Barbatus) |
327 | L. Cornelius Lentulus | Q. Publilius PhiloII |
326 | C. Poetelius Libo Visolus III | L. Papirius Cursor |
325 | L. Furius CamillusII | D. Junius Brutus Scaeva |
324 | Dictator: L. Papirius Cursor (fictitious year)[76] | |
323 | C. Sulpicius LongusII | Q. Aulius Cerretanus |
322 | Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus | L. Fulvius Curvus |
321 | T. Veturius CalvinusII | Sp. Postumius Albinus CaudinusII |
320 | Q. Publilius Philo III[78] | L. Papirius CursorII |
319 | L. Papirius Cursor III | Q. Aulius CerretanusII |
318 | M. Folius Flaccinator | L. Plautius Venno (or Venox) |
317 | C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus | Q. Aemilius Barbula |
316 | Sp. Nautius Rutilus | M. Popillius Laenas |
315 | L. Papirius CursorIV | Q. Publilius PhiloIV |
314 | M. Poetelius Libo | C. Sulpicius Longus III |
313 | L. Papirius CursorV | C. Junius Bubulcus BrutusII |
312 | M. Valerius Maximus Corvus | P. Decius Mus |
311 | C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus III | Q. Aemilius BarbulaII |
310 | Q. Fabius Maximus RullianusII | C. Marcius Rutilus (Censorinus) |
309 | Dictator: L. Papirius Cursor (fictitious year)[76] | |
308 | P. Decius MusII | Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus III |
307 | Ap. Claudius Caecus[79] | L. Volumnius Flamma Violens |
306 | Q. Marcius Tremulus | P. Cornelius Arvina |
305 | L. Postumius Megellus | Ti. Minucius Augurinus |
suff. | M. Fulvius Curvus Paetinus | |
304 | P. Sempronius Sophus | P. Sulpicius Saverrius |
303 | Ser. Cornelius Lentulus | L. Genucius Aventinensis |
302 | M. Livius Denter | M. Aemilius Paullus |
301 | Dictator: M. Valerius Maximus Corvus (fictitious year)[76] |
Year | ||
---|---|---|
101[141] | Imp. Caesar Nerva Trajanus AugustusIV(January) | Q. Articuleius PaetusII(January–March) |
suff. | Sex. Attius Suburanus Aemilianus (February–March) | |
suff. | C. Sertorius Brocchus Q. Servaeus Innocens (April–May) | M. Maecius Celer |
suff. | [...]us Proculus (sometime between May and October) | ignotus |
suff.[142] | L. Arruntius Stella (attested October) | L. Julius Marinus Caecilius Simplex |
102 | L. Julius Ursus ServianusII(January–April) | L. Licinius SuraII(January–February) |
suff. | L. Fabius Justus (March–April) | |
suff.[143] | T. Didius Secundus (May–August) | L. Publilius Celsus |
suff. | L. Antonius Albus (September–December) | M. Junius Homullus |
103 | Imp. Caesar Nerva Trajanus AugustusV(January) | M'. Laberius MaximusII(January–March) |
suff. | Q. Glitius Atilius AgricolaII(January–March) | |
suff. | P. Metilius Nepos (April–June) | Q. Baebius Macer |
suff. | [? M. Flavius Ap]er[144] (July–September) | C. Trebonius Proculus Mettius Modestus |
suff. | (A?)nnius Mela (October–December) | P. Calpurnius Macer Caulius Rufus |
104 | Sex. Attius Suburanus AemilianusII | M. Asinius Marcellus |
suff.[145] | Sex. Subrius Dexter Cornelius Priscus | Cn. C[---]ius Paullus Caesonianus |
105 | Ti. Julius Candidus Marius CelsusII(January–March) | C. Antius A. Julius QuadratusII |
suff. | C. Julius Quadratus Bassus (May–August) | Cn. Afranius Dexter (May–15 July) |
suff. | Q. Caelius Honoratus (July–August) | |
suff. | M. Vitorius Marcellus (September–December) | C. Caecilius Strabo |
106 | L. Ceionius Commodus | Sex. Vettulenus Civica Cerialis |
suff. | L. Minicius Natalis | Q. Licinius Silvanus Granianus Quadronius Proculus |
107 | L. Licinius Sura III (January–February or April)[146] | Q. Sosius SenecioII |
suff. | Acilius Rufus[147] (March–April) | |
suff. | C. Minicius Fundanus (May–August) | C. Vettennius Severus |
suff. | C. Julius Longinus (September–December) | C. Valerius Paullinus |
108 | Ap. Annius Trebonius Gallus (January–?) | M. Appius Bradua |
suff. | P. Aelius Hadrianus (attested 22 June) | M. Trebatius Priscus |
suff.[148] | Q. Pompeius Falco (attested 27 July) | M. Titius Lustricus Bruttianus |
109 | A. Cornelius Palma FrontonianusII(January–February) | P. Calvisius Tullus Ruso (January–April) |
suff. | L. Annius Largus (March–April) | |
suff. | Cn. Antonius Fuscus (May–August) | C. Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappus |
suff. | C. Aburnius Valens (September–December) | C. Julius Proculus |
110 | M. Peducaeus Priscinus (January–March) | Ser. Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus |
suff. | C. Avidius Nigrinus (April–June) | Ti. Julius Aquila Polemaeanus |
suff. | L. Catilius Severus Julianus Claudius Reginus (July–September) | C. Erucianus Silo |
suff. | A. Larcius Priscus (October–December) | Sex. Marcius Honoratus |
111 | C. Calpurnius Piso (January–April) | M. Vettius Bolanus |
suff. | T. Avidius Quietus (May–August) | L. Eggius Marullus |
suff. | L. Octavius Crassus (September–December) | P. Coelius Apollinaris |
112 | Imp. Caesar Nerva Trajanus AugustusVI(January) | T. Sextius Cornelius Africanus (January–March) |
suff. | [M. ?] Licinius Ruso (January–March) | |
suff. | Cn. Pinarius Cornelius Severus (April–June) | L. Mummius Niger Q. Valerius Vegetus |
suff. | P. Stertinius Quartus (July–September) | T. Julius Maximus Manlianus Brocchus Servilianus |
suff. | C. Claudius Severus (October–December) | T. Settidius Firmus |
113 | L. Publilius CelsusII(January) | C. Clodius Crispinus (January–April) |
suff. | Ser. Cornelius Dolabella Metilianus Pompeius Marcellus (February–April) | |
suff. | L. Stertinius Noricus (May–August) | L. Fadius Rufinus |
suff. | Cn. Cornelius Urbicus (September–December) | T. Sempronius Rufus |
114 | Q. Ninnius Hasta (January–April) | P. Manilius Vopiscus Vicinillianus |
suff. | C. Clodius Nummus (May–August) | L. Caesennius Sospes[149] |
suff. | L. Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus (September–December) | M. Messius Rusticus[150] |
115 | L. Vipstanus Messalla (January–April) | M. Pedo Vergilianus (January) |
suff. | T. Statilius Maximus Severus Hadrianus (February–April) | |
suff. | L. Julius Frugi (May–August) | P. Juventius Celsus T. Aufidius Hoenius Severianus |
suff. | M. Pompeius Macrinus Neos Theophanes (September–December) | T. Vibius Varus |
116[151] | L. Fundanius Lamia Aelianus (January–March) | Sex. Carminius Vetus |
suff. | Ti. Julius Secundus (April–June) | M. Egnatius Marcellinus |
suff. | D. Terentius Gentianus[152] (July–September) | L. Co[...][153] |
suff. | L. Statius Aquila (October–December) | C. Julius Alexander Berenicianus |
117 | Q. Aquilius Niger (January–? March) | M. Rebilus Apronianus |
suff. | L. Cossonius Gallus (attested 16 August) | P. Afranius Flavianus |
118[154] | Imp. Caesar Trajanus Hadrianus AugustusII(January–June) | Cn. Pedanius Fuscus Salinator (January–February) |
suff. | Bellicius Tebanianus (March) | |
suff. | C. Ummidius Quadratus (attested May) | |
suff. | L. Pomponius Bassus (attested 9 July and 31 August) | T. Sabinius Barbarus |
119[155] | Imp. Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus III (January–April) | P. Dasumius Rusticus (January–February) |
suff. | A. Platorius Nepos (March–April) | |
suff. | M. Paccius Silvanus Q. Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus (May–June) | Q. Vibius Gallus |
suff. | C. Herennius Capella (November–December) | L. Coelius Rufus |
120[156] | L. Catilius Severus Julianus Claudius ReginusII | T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Antoninus |
suff. | C. Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus (May–June) | T. Rutilius Propinquus |
suff. | C. Arminius Gallus[157] (attested 19 October) | C. Atilius Serranus |
121 | M. Annius VerusII(January–February) | Cn. Arrius Augur |
suff. | M. Herennius Faustus (March–April) | Q. Pomponius Marcellus |
suff. | T. Pomponius Antistianus Funisulanus Vettonianus (May–June) | L. Pomponius Silvanus |
suff. | M. Statorius Secundus (July–August) | L. Sempronius Merula Auspicatus |
122[154] | M'. Acilius Aviola | L. Corellius Neratius Pansa |
suff. | Ti. Julius Candidus Capito (attested 17 July) | L. Vitrasius Flamininus |
suff. | C. Trebius Maximus (attested 18 November) | T. Calestrius Tiro Orbius Speratus |
123[158] | Q. Articuleius Paetinus | L. Venuleius Apronianus Octavius Priscus |
suff. | T. Prifernius Geminus (attested 16 June) | P. Metilius Secundus |
suff. | T. Salvius Rufinus Minicius Opimianus (attested 10 August) | Cn. Sentius Aburnianus |
124[159] | M'. Acilius Glabrio (January–April) | C. Bellicius Flaccus Torquatus Tebanianus |
suff. | A. Larcius Macedo (May–August) | P. Ducenius Verres |
suff. | C. Julius Gallus (September–December) | C. Valerius Severus |
125 | M. Lollius Paulinus D. Valerius Asiaticus SaturninusII | L. Titius Epidius Aquilinus |
suff. | Q. Vetina Verus[160] (attested 1 June) | P. Lucius Cosconianus |
126 | M. Annius Verus III (January–February) | C. Eggius Ambibulus |
suff. | L. Valerius Propinquus (From 1 March) | |
suff. | L. Cuspius Camerinus (attested 1 July) | C. Saenius Severus |
127 | T. Atilius Rufus Titianus (January–March) | M. Gavius Squilla Gallicanus |
suff. | P. Tullius Varro (April) | [D.?] Junius Paetus |
suff. | Q. Tineius Rufus (May–September) | M. Licinius Celer Nepos |
suff. | L. Aemilius Juncus (October–December) | Sex. Julius Severus |
128 | L. Nonius Calpurnius Torquatus AsprenasII(January) | M. Annius Libo (January–March) |
suff. | L. Caesennius Antoninus (February–March) | |
suff. | M. Junius Mettius Rufus (April–June) | Q. Pomponius Maternus |
suff. | L. Valerius Flaccus (July–September) | M. [Junius Homullus ?][161] |
suff. | A. Egrilius Plarianus (October–December) | Q. [Planius Sardus Varius Ambibulus ?][162] |
129 | P. Juventius Celsus T. Aufidius Hoenius SeverianusII(January – after 22 March) | L. Neratius MarcellusII(January–? February) |
suff. | Q. Julius Balbus (attested 22 March) | |
130 | Q. Fabius Catullinus (January–February) | M. Flavius Aper |
suff. | Cassius Agrippa (or Agrippinus) (attested 19 March) | Ti. Claudius Quartinus |
131[163] | Sergius Octavius Laenas Pontianus (January–April) | M. Antonius Rufinus |
suff. | L. Fabius Gallus (May–August) | Q. Fabius Julianus |
132 | C. Junius Serius Augurinus (January–April) | C. Trebius Sergianus |
suff. | C. Acilius Priscus (September–December) | A. Cassius Arrianus |
133 | M. Antonius Hiberus (January–April) | P. Mummius Sisenna |
suff. | Q. Flavius Tertullus (May–August) | Q. Junius Rusticus |
suff. | Ti. Claudius Atticus Herodes (September–December) | P. Sufenas Verus |
134 | L. Julius Ursus Servianus III (January–March) | T. Vibius Varus (January–April) |
suff. | T. Haterius Nepos (attested 2 April) | |
suff. | P. Licinius Pansa (attested September–December) | L. Attius Macro |
135 | L. Tutilius Lupercus Pontianus (January–April) | P. Calpurnius Atilianus (Atticus Rufus?) |
suff. | M. Cutius Priscus Messius Rusticus Aemilius Papus Arrius Proculus Julius Celsus (May–August) |
L. Burbuleius Optatus Ligarianus |
suff. | P. Rutilius Fabianus (September–December) | Cn. Papirius Aelianus Aemilius Tuscillus |
136[164] | L. Ceionius Commodus | Sex. Vettulenus Civica Pompeianus |
137 | L. Aelius CaesarII | P. Coelius Balbinus Vibullius Pius |
138[165] | Kanus Junius Niger | C. Pomponius Camerinus |
1 Apr. | M. Vindius Verus | P. Pactumeius Clemens |
1 Jul. | unidentified | unidentified |
1 Oct. | P. Cassius Secundus | M. Nonius Mucianus |
139 | T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius[166]II | C. Bruttius Praesens L. Fulvius RusticusII |
May? | unidentified | unidentified |
Jul.? | L. Minicius Natalis Quadronius Verus | L. Claudius Proculus |
Sep.? | unidentified | [C. Julius? S]capula |
1 Nov. | M. Ceccius Justinus | C. Julius Bassus |
140 | T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius III | M. Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar |
1 May | Q. Antonius Isauricus | L. Aurelius Flaccus |
suff. | Julius Crassipes (between June and October) | unidentified |
1 Nov. | M. Barbius Aemilianus | T. Flavius Julianus |
141 | T. Hoenius Severus | M. Peducaeus Stloga Priscinus |
1 Mar. | unidentified | unidentified |
1 May | C. Julius Pisibanus | [Larcius?] Lepidus |
1 Jul. | unidentified | unidentified |
1 Sep. | T. Caesernius Statianus | unidentified |
1 Nov. | L. Annius Fabianus | unidentified |
142 | L. Cuspius Pactumeius Rufinus | L. Statius Quadratus |
1 Apr. | L. Granius Castus | Ti. Junius Julianus |
1 Jul. | M. Cornelius Fronto | C. Laberius Priscus |
1 Sep. | L. Tusidius Campester | Q. Cornelius Senecio Annianus |
1 Nov. | [Sulpicius?] Julianus | [Ti. Julius? Castus] |
143 | C. Bellicus Flaccus Torquatus | L. Vibullius Hipparchus Ti. Claudius Atticus Herodes |
1 Apr. | unidentified | unidentified |
1 Jul. | Q. Junius Calamus | M. Valerius Junianus |
1 Oct. | unidentified | unidentified |
144 | L. Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus | T. Statilius Maximus |
1 Mar. | L. Aemilius Carus | Q. Egrilius Plarianus |
Jul.? | unidentified | Q. Laberius Licinianus |
1 Oct. | L. Marcius Celer M. Calpurnius Longus | D. Velius Fidus |
145 | T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus PiusIV | M. Aelius Aurelius Verus CaesarII |
Mar.? | L. Plautius Lamia Silvanus | L. Poblicola Priscus |
1 May | Cn. Arrius Cornelius Proculus | D. Junius [Paetus?] |
1 Jul. | Q. Mustius Priscus | M. Pontius Laelianus |
1 Sep. | L. Petronius Sabinus | C. Vicrius Rufus |
1 Nov. | C. Fadius Rufus | P. Vicrius |
146 | Sex. Erucius ClarusII | Cn. Claudius Severus Arabianus |
Mar. | Q. Licinius Modestinus (Sex.?) Attius Labeo | |
1 May | P. Mummius Sisenna Rutilianus | T. Prifernius Paetus Rosianus Nonius Agricola C. Labeo Tettius Geminus |
1 Jul. | Cn. Terentius Homullus Iunior | L. Aurelius Gallus |
1 Sep. | Q. Voconius Saxa Fidus | C. Annianus Verus |
1 Nov. | L. Aemilius Longus | Q. Cornelius Proculus |
147 | C. Ulpius Pacatus Prastina Messalinus | L. Annius Largus |
1 Apr. | A. Claudius Charax | Q. Fuficius Cornutus |
1 Jul. | Cupressenus Gallus | Q. Cornelius Quadratus |
1 Oct. | Sex. Cocceius Severianus Honorinus | Ti. Licinius Cassius Cassianus |
suff. | C. Popilius Carus Pedo | |
148 | L. Octavius Cornelius P. Salvius Julianus Aemilianus | C. Bellicus Calpurnius Torquatus |
1 Apr. | Satyrius Firmus | C. Salvius Capito |
1 Jul. | L. Coelius Festus | P. Orfidius Senecio |
Oct.? | C. Fabius Agrippinus | M. Antonius Zeno |
149 | L. Sergius Salvidienus Scipio Orfitus[167] | Q. Pompeius Sosius Priscus |
Jul.? | Q. Passienus Licinus | C. Julius Avitus |
150 | M. Gavius Squilla Gallicanus | Sex. Carminius Vetus |
Apr.? | […]mus | C. La[berius Priscus?] |
Jul.? | M. Cassius Apollinaris | M. Petronius Mamertinus |
Oct. | C. Curtius Justus | C. Julius Julianus[168] |
151 | Sex. Quintilius Condianus | Sex. Quintilius Valerius Maximus |
Jul.? | M. Cominius Secundus | L. Attidius Cornelianus |
152 | M'. Acilius Glabrio Cn. Cornelius Severus | M. Valerius Homullus |
1 Apr. | P. Sufenas [Verus?] | L. Dasumius Tullius Tuscus |
1 Jul. | C. Novius Priscus | L. Julius Romulus |
1 Oct. | P. Cluvius Maximus Paulinus | M. Servilius Silanus |
153 | L. Fulvius Rusticus C. Bruttius Praesens | A. Junius Rufinus |
1 Apr. | [? Sex. Caecilius / C. Julius Max]imus | M. Pontius Sabinus |
1 Jul. | P. Septimius Aper | M. Sedatius Severianus Julius Acer Metilius Nepos Rufinus Ti. Rutilianus Censor |
1 Oct. | C. Cattius Marcellus | Q. Petiedius Gallus |
154 | L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus | T. Sextius Lateranus |
1 Apr. | [Prifernius?] Paetus | M. Nonius Macrinus |
1 Jul. | [? M. Valerius Etrus]cus (?) | L. [Aemilius Iuncus?] |
1 Sep. | Ti. Claudius Julianus | Sex. Calpurnius Agricola |
1 Nov. | C. Julius Statius Severus | T. Junius Severus |
155 | C. Julius Severus | M. Junius Rufinus Sabinianus |
Apr.? | C. Aufidius Victorinus | M. Gavius [Appalius Maximus?] |
Nov. | Antius Pollio | Minicius Opimianus |
Dec. | [D. Rupilius?] Severus | L. Julius T. Statilius Severus |
156 | M. Ceionius Silvanus | C. Serius Augurinus |
Mar.? | A. Avillius Urinatius Quadratus | Strabo Aemilianus |
Nov.? | Q. Canusius Praenestinus | C. Lusius Sparsus |
157 | M. Vettulenus Civica Barbarus | M. Metilius Aquillius Regulus Nepos Volusius Torquatus Fronto |
1 Apr. | L. Roscius Aelianus | Cn. Papirius Aelianus |
Jul.? | C. Julius Commodus Orfitianus | C. Caelius Secundus |
Oct.? | Q. V[…]su[…]clus[169] | Q. […]inus |
158 | Sex. Sulpicius Tertullus | Q. Tineius Sacerdos Clemens |
Jul.? | M. Servilius Fabianus Maximus | Q. Iallius Bassus |
Sep.? | Q. Pomponius Musa | L. Cassius Juvenalis |
159 | Plautius Quintillus | M. Statius Priscus Licinius Italicus |
1 Apr. | M. Pisibanius Lepidus | L. Matuccius Fuscinus |
1 Jul. | P. Cornelius Dexter | unidentified |
1 Oct. | A. Curtius Crispinus | unidentified |
160 | Ap. Annius Atilius Bradua | T. Clodius Vibius Varus |
1 Mar. | A. Platorius Nepos Calpurnianus | M. Postumius Festus |
May? | [C. Septimius? S]everus | […] Flavus |
Jul.? | C. Prastina Pacatus | M. Censorius Paullus |
Oct.? | Ti. Oclatius Severus | [Q.?] Ninnius Hastianus |
suff. | [… N]ovius Sabinianus (attested 18 December) | |
161 | M. Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar III | L. Aelius Aurelius CommodusII |
suff. | M. Annius Libo (attested 8 Feb. – 26 Apr.) | Q. Camurius Numisius Junior |
Oct.? | (?) Julius Geminus Capellianus | T. Flavius Boethus |
162[170] | Q. Junius RusticusII | L. Titius Plautius Aquilinus |
suff.[171] | Ti. Claudius Paullinus (attested 23 August) | Ti. Claudius Pompeianus |
suff. | D. Fonteius Frontinianus L. Stertinius Rufus | ignotus |
suff. | M. Insteius Bithynicus | ignotus |
163 | M. Pontius Laelianus | A. Junius Pastor L. Caesennius Sospes |
164 | M. Pompeius Macrinus | P. Juventius Celsus |
suff. | Ti. Haterius Saturninus (attested 19 and 21 July) | Q. Caecilius Avitus |
165 | M. Gavius Orfitus | L. Arrius Pudens |
166 | Q. Servilius Pudens | L. Fufidius Pollio |
suff. | M. Vibius Liberalis (attested 23 March) | P. Martius Verus |
167 | L. Aurelius Verus Augustus III | M. Ummidius Quadratus |
suff. | Q. Caecilius Dentilianus (attested 5 May) | M. Antonius Pallas |
168 | L. Venuleius Apronianus Octavius PriscusII | L. Sergius PaullusII |
suff. | Q. Tullius Maximus[172] | ignotus |
169 | Q. Pompeius Senecio Sosius Priscus | P. Coelius Apollinaris |
170 | C. Erucius Clarus | M. Gavius Cornelius Cethegus |
suff. | T. Hoenius Severus | ignotus |
171 | T. Statilius Severus | L. Alfidius Herennianus |
172 | Ser. Calpurnius Scipio Orfitus | Sex. Quintilius Maximus |
suff. | C. Modius Justus | ignotus |
173 | Cn. Claudius SeverusII | Ti. Claudius PompeianusII |
174 | L. Aurelius Gallus | Q. Volusius Flaccus Cornelianus |
suff. | M. Aemilius Macer Saturninus | ignotus |
175 | L. Calpurnius Piso | P. Salvius Julianus |
suff. | P. Helvius Pertinax | M. Didius Severus Julianus |
176 | T. Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius PollioII | M. Flavius Aper II |
177 | L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus Caesar | M. Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus |
178 | Ser. Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus | D. Velius Rufus (Julianus?) |
179 | L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus AugustusII | P. Martius VerusII |
suff.[173] | T. Flavius Claudianus (attested 21 March) | L. Aemilius Iuncus |
suff.[174] | M'. Acilius Faustinus (attested 1 April) | L. Julius Proculianus |
180 | L. Fulvius Rusticus C. Bruttius PraesensII | Sex. Quintilius Condianus |
181[175] | L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus Augustus III | L. Antistius Burrus |
182 | M. Petronius Sura Mamertinus | Q. Tineius Rufus |
suff. | (?) Aurelianus (attested 15 May) | (L. Attidius?) Cornelianus |
183 | M. Aurelius Commodus Antoninus AugustusIV | C. Aufidius VictorinusII |
suff. | L. Tutilius Pontianus Gentianus (attested 8 February) | ignotus |
suff. | M. Herennius Secundus (attested 13 and 20 May) | M. Egnatius Postumus |
suff. | T. Pactumeius Magnus (after 20 May) | L. Septimius Flaccus |
184 | L. Cossonius Eggius Marullus | Cn. Papirius Aelianus |
suff. | C. Octavius Vindex (attested 18 May) | Cassius Apronianus[176] |
185 | Triarius Maternus Lascivius | Ti. Claudius M. Ap. Atilius Bradua Regillus Atticus |
186 | M. Aurelius Commodus Antoninus AugustusV | M'. Acilius GlabrioII |
suff. | L. Novius Rufus (attested 25 May) | L. Annius Ravus[177] |
suff. | C. Sabucius Maior Caecilianus (attested 24 and 27 Nov.) | Valerius Senecio |
187 | L. Bruttius Quintius Crispinus | L. Roscius Aelianus Paculus |
188 | P. Seius FuscianusII | M. Servilius Silanus II |
189 | Dulius Silanus | Q. Servilius Silanus |
suff. | Severus (attested 27 May) | Vitellius |
190 | M. Aurelius Commodus Antoninus AugustusVI | M. Petronius Sura Septimianus |
suff. | L. Septimius Severus (May–?) | Apuleius Rufinus[178] |
191 | Popilius Pedo Apronianus | M. Valerius Bradua Mauricus |
192 | L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus Augustus VII | P. Helvius PertinaxII |
193[179] | Q. Pompeius Sosius Falco | C. Julius Erucius Clarus Vibianus |
suff. | Q. Tineius Sacerdos (March) | P. Julius Scapula Priscus |
suff. | M. Silius Messala (May) | ignotus |
suff. | L. Julius Messala Rutilianus (July) | C. Aemilius Severus Cantabrinus |
suff. | L. Fabius Cilo Septiminus Catinius Acilianus Lepidus Fulcinianus[180] | |
194 | L. Septimius Severus Pertinax AugustusII | D. Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus (Gaul) |
suff. | C. Gabinius Barbarus Pompeianus | ignotus |
195 | P. Julius Scapula Tertullus Priscus | Q. Tineius Clemens |
196 | C. Domitius DexterII | L. Valerius Messalla Thrasea Priscus |
197 | T. Sextius Magius Lateranus | Cuspius Rufinus[181] |
198 | P. Martius Sergius Saturninus | L. Aurelius Gallus |
suff. | Q. Anicius Faustus[182] | ignotus |
199 | P. Cornelius AnullinusII | M. Aufidius Fronto |
200 | Ti. Claudius Severus Proculus | C. Aufidius Victorinus |
Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of the consuls after 284 are taken from Roger S. Bagnall's Consuls of the Later Roman Empire. See also the list of consuls in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire.
In 395, the Roman Empire was permanently divided into a Western Roman Empire and an Eastern Roman Empire. The separate courts often appointed a consul each, which sometimes led to one consul not being recognized by the other. The order of the names also varied at times depending on the sources, with the western consul appearing as the consul prior in western sources while being listed as the consul posterior in eastern sources, and viceversa. Western consuls continued to be appointed after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476.
During the reign of Justinian I (527–565), the position of consul altered in two significant ways. From 535, there was no longer a Roman consul chosen in the West. In 541, the separate office of Roman consul was abolished. When used thereafter, the office was used as part of the imperial title.[210] The office was finally abolished as part of the Basilika reforms of Leo VI the Wise in 887.[211] The late antique practice of granting honorary consulships eventually evolved into the Byzantine court dignity of hypatos (the Greek translation of the Latin consul), which survived until the 12th century.[212]