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List of chemical elements





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(Redirected from List of elements by atomic number)
  

118 chemical elements have been identified and named officially by IUPAC. A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z).[1]

The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements, whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding developments of modern chemistry. It is a tabular arrangement of the elements by their chemical properties that usually uses abbreviated chemical symbols in place of full element names, but the linear list format presented here is also useful. Like the periodic table, the list below organizes the elements by the number of protons in their atoms; it can also be organized by other properties, such as atomic weight, density, and electronegativity. For more detailed information about the origins of element names, see List of chemical element name etymologies.

List

edit
  • t
  • e
    • List of chemical elements
    Element Origin of name[2][3] Group Period Block Standard
    atomic
    weight     Ar°(E)[a]     		Density[b][c] Melting point[d] Boiling point[e] Specific
    heat
    capacity    [f]     		Electro­negativity[g] Abundance
    in Earth's
    crust    [h]     		Origin[i] Phase at r.t.[j]
    Atomic number
    Z     		Symbol Name (Da) (g/cm3) (K) (K) (J/g ·K) (mg/kg)
     
    1 H Hydrogen Greek roots hydro- + -gen, 'water-forming' 1 1 s-block 1.0080 0.00008988 14.01 20.28 14.304 2.20 1400 primordial gas
    2 He Helium Greek hḗlios 'sun' 18 1 s-block 4.0026 0.0001785 –[k] 4.22 5.193 – 0.008 primordial gas
    3 Li Lithium Greek líthos 'stone' 1 2 s-block 6.94 0.534 453.69 1560 3.582 0.98 20 primordial solid
    4 Be Beryllium Beryl, mineral (ultimately after Belur, Karnataka, India?)[4] 2 2 s-block 9.0122 1.85 1560 2742 1.825 1.57 2.8 primordial solid
    5 B Boron Borax, mineral (from Arabic bawraq, Middle Persian *bōrag) 13 2 p-block 10.81 2.34 2349 4200 1.026 2.04 10 primordial solid
    6 C Carbon Latin carbo 'coal' 14 2 p-block 12.011 2.267 >4000 4300 0.709 2.55 200 primordial solid
    7 N Nitrogen Greek nítron + -gen, 'niter-forming' 15 2 p-block 14.007 0.0012506 63.15 77.36 1.04 3.04 19 primordial gas
    8 O Oxygen Greek oxy- + -gen, 'acid-forming' 16 2 p-block 15.999 0.001429 54.36 90.20 0.918 3.44 461000 primordial gas
    9 F Fluorine Latin fluo 'to flow' 17 2 p-block 18.998 0.001696 53.53 85.03 0.824 3.98 585 primordial gas
    10 Ne Neon Greek néon 'new' 18 2 p-block 20.180 0.0009002 24.56 27.07 1.03 – 0.005 primordial gas
    11 Na Sodium Coined by Humphry Davy who first isolated it, from English soda (specifically caustic soda), via Italian from Arabic ṣudāʕ 'headache'
     ·  Symbol Na, from Neo-Latin natrium, coined from German Natron 'natron'     		1 3 s-block 22.990 0.968 370.87 1156 1.228 0.93 23600 primordial solid
    12 Mg Magnesium Magnesia region, eastern Thessaly, Greece 2 3 s-block 24.305 1.738 923 1363 1.023 1.31 23300 primordial solid
    13 Al Aluminium Alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis) 'bitter salt, alum' 13 3 p-block 26.982 2.70 933.47 2792 0.897 1.61 82300 primordial solid
    14 Si Silicon Latin silex 'flint' (originally silicium) 14 3 p-block 28.085 2.3290 1687 3538 0.705 1.9 282000 primordial solid
    15 P Phosphorus Greek phōsphóros 'light-bearing' 15 3 p-block 30.974 1.823 317.30 550 0.769 2.19 1050 primordial solid
    16 S Sulfur Latin 16 3 p-block 32.06 2.07 388.36 717.87 0.71 2.58 350 primordial solid
    17 Cl Chlorine Greek chlōrós 'greenish yellow' 17 3 p-block 35.45 0.0032 171.6 239.11 0.479 3.16 145 primordial gas
    18 Ar Argon Greek argós 'idle' (it is inert) 18 3 p-block 39.95 0.001784 83.80 87.30 0.52 – 3.5 primordial gas
    19 K Potassium Neo-Latin potassa 'potash', from pot + ash
     ·  Symbol K, from Neo-Latin kalium, from German     		1 4 s-block 39.098 0.89 336.53 1032 0.757 0.82 20900 primordial solid
    20 Ca Calcium Latin calx 'lime' 2 4 s-block 40.078 1.55 1115 1757 0.647 1.00 41500 primordial solid
    21 Sc Scandium Latin Scandia 'Scandinavia' 3 4 d-block 44.956 2.985 1814 3109 0.568 1.36 22 primordial solid
    22 Ti Titanium Titans, children of Gaia and Ouranos 4 4 d-block 47.867 4.506 1941 3560 0.523 1.54 5650 primordial solid
    23 V Vanadium Vanadis, a name for Norse goddess Freyja 5 4 d-block 50.942 6.11 2183 3680 0.489 1.63 120 primordial solid
    24 Cr Chromium Greek chróma 'color' 6 4 d-block 51.996 7.15 2180 2944 0.449 1.66 102 primordial solid
    25 Mn Manganese Corrupted from magnesia negra; see magnesium 7 4 d-block 54.938 7.21 1519 2334 0.479 1.55 950 primordial solid
    26 Fe Iron English, from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom 'iron', from a root meaning 'blood'
     ·  Symbol Fe, from Latin ferrum     		8 4 d-block 55.845 7.874 1811 3134 0.449 1.83 56300 primordial solid
    27 Co Cobalt German Kobold, 'goblin' 9 4 d-block 58.933 8.90 1768 3200 0.421 1.88 25 primordial solid
    28 Ni Nickel Nickel, a mischievous sprite in German miner mythology 10 4 d-block 58.693 8.908 1728 3186 0.444 1.91 84 primordial solid
    29 Cu Copper English, from Latin cuprum, after Cyprus 11 4 d-block 63.546 8.96 1357.77 2835 0.385 1.90 60 primordial solid
    30 Zn Zinc Most likely German Zinke, 'prong, tooth', but some suggest Persian sang 'stone' 12 4 d-block 65.38 7.14 692.88 1180 0.388 1.65 70 primordial solid
    31 Ga Gallium Latin Gallia 'France' 13 4 p-block 69.723 5.91 302.9146 2673 0.371 1.81 19 primordial solid
    32 Ge Germanium Latin Germania 'Germany' 14 4 p-block 72.630 5.323 1211.40 3106 0.32 2.01 1.5 primordial solid
    33 As Arsenic Middle English, from Middle French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós 'masculine, virile'), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Iranian *zarniya-ka 'golden' 15 4 p-block 74.922 5.727 1090[l] 887 0.329 2.18 1.8 primordial solid
    34 Se Selenium Greek selḗnē 'moon' 16 4 p-block 78.971 4.81 453 958 0.321 2.55 0.05 primordial solid
    35 Br Bromine Greek brômos 'stench' 17 4 p-block 79.904 3.1028 265.8 332.0 0.474 2.96 2.4 primordial liquid
    36 Kr Krypton Greek kryptós 'hidden' 18 4 p-block 83.798 0.003749 115.79 119.93 0.248 3.00 1×10−4 primordial gas
    37 Rb Rubidium Latin rubidus 'deep red' 1 5 s-block 85.468 1.532 312.46 961 0.363 0.82 90 primordial solid
    38 Sr Strontium Strontian, a village in Scotland, where it was found 2 5 s-block 87.62 2.64 1050 1655 0.301 0.95 370 primordial solid
    39 Y Yttrium Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see terbium, erbium, ytterbium 3 5 d-block 88.906 4.472 1799 3609 0.298 1.22 33 primordial solid
    40 Zr Zirconium Zircon, mineral, from Persian zargun 'gold-hued' 4 5 d-block 91.224 6.52 2128 4682 0.278 1.33 165 primordial solid
    41 Nb Niobium Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus in Greek myth; see tantalum 5 5 d-block 92.906 8.57 2750 5017 0.265 1.6 20 primordial solid
    42 Mo Molybdenum Greek molýbdaina 'piece of lead', from mólybdos 'lead', due to confusion with lead ore galena (PbS) 6 5 d-block 95.95 10.28 2896 4912 0.251 2.16 1.2 primordial solid
    43 Tc Technetium Greek tekhnētós 'artificial' 7 5 d-block [97][a] 11 2430 4538 – 1.9 ~ 3×10−9 from decay solid
    44 Ru Ruthenium Neo-Latin Ruthenia 'Russia' 8 5 d-block 101.07 12.45 2607 4423 0.238 2.2 0.001 primordial solid
    45 Rh Rhodium Greek rhodóeis 'rose-colored', from rhódon 'rose' 9 5 d-block 102.91 12.41 2237 3968 0.243 2.28 0.001 primordial solid
    46 Pd Palladium Pallas, asteroid, then considered a planet 10 5 d-block 106.42 12.023 1828.05 3236 0.244 2.20 0.015 primordial solid
    47 Ag Silver English, from Proto-Germanic
     ·  Symbol Ag, from Latin argentum     		11 5 d-block 107.87 10.49 1234.93 2435 0.235 1.93 0.075 primordial solid
    48 Cd Cadmium Neo-Latin cadmia 'calamine', from King Cadmus, mythic founder of Thebes 12 5 d-block 112.41 8.65 594.22 1040 0.232 1.69 0.159 primordial solid
    49 In Indium Latin indicum 'indigo', the blue color found in its spectrum 13 5 p-block 114.82 7.31 429.75 2345 0.233 1.78 0.25 primordial solid
    50 Sn Tin English, from Proto-Germanic
     ·  Symbol Sn, from Latin stannum     		14 5 p-block 118.71 7.265 505.08 2875 0.228 1.96 2.3 primordial solid
    51 Sb Antimony Latin antimonium, of unclear origin: folk etymologies suggest Greek antí 'against' + mónos 'alone', or Old French anti-moine 'monk's bane', but could be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid 'antimony'
     ·  Symbol Sb, from Latin stibium 'stibnite'     		15 5 p-block 121.76 6.697 903.78 1860 0.207 2.05 0.2 primordial solid
    52 Te Tellurium Latin tellus 'ground, earth' 16 5 p-block 127.60 6.24 722.66 1261 0.202 2.1 0.001 primordial solid
    53 I Iodine French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs 'violet' 17 5 p-block 126.90 4.933 386.85 457.4 0.214 2.66 0.45 primordial solid
    54 Xe Xenon Greek xénon, neuter of xénos 'strange, foreign' 18 5 p-block 131.29 0.005894 161.4 165.03 0.158 2.60 3×10−5 primordial gas
    55 Cs Caesium Latin caesius 'sky-blue' 1 6 s-block 132.91 1.93 301.59 944 0.242 0.79 3 primordial solid
    56 Ba Barium Greek barýs 'heavy' 2 6 s-block 137.33 3.51 1000 2170 0.204 0.89 425 primordial solid
    57 La Lanthanum Greek lanthánein 'to lie hidden' f-block groups 6 f-block 138.91 6.162 1193 3737 0.195 1.1 39 primordial solid
    58 Ce Cerium Ceres (dwarf planet), then considered a planet f-block groups 6 f-block 140.12 6.770 1068 3716 0.192 1.12 66.5 primordial solid
    59 Pr Praseodymium Greek prásios dídymos 'green twin' f-block groups 6 f-block 140.91 6.77 1208 3793 0.193 1.13 9.2 primordial solid
    60 Nd Neodymium Greek néos dídymos 'new twin' f-block groups 6 f-block 144.24 7.01 1297 3347 0.19 1.14 41.5 primordial solid
    61 Pm Promethium Prometheus, a Titan f-block groups 6 f-block [145] 7.26 1315 3273 – 1.13 2×10−19 from decay solid
    62 Sm Samarium Samarskite, a mineral named after V. Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official f-block groups 6 f-block 150.36 7.52 1345 2067 0.197 1.17 7.05 primordial solid
    63 Eu Europium Europe f-block groups 6 f-block 151.96 5.244 1099 1802 0.182 1.2 2 primordial solid
    64 Gd Gadolinium Gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist f-block groups 6 f-block 157.25 7.90 1585 3546 0.236 1.2 6.2 primordial solid
    65 Tb Terbium Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see yttrium, erbium, ytterbium f-block groups 6 f-block 158.93 8.23 1629 3503 0.182 1.2 1.2 primordial solid
    66 Dy Dysprosium Greek dysprósitos 'hard to get' f-block groups 6 f-block 162.50 8.540 1680 2840 0.17 1.22 5.2 primordial solid
    67 Ho Holmium Neo-Latin Holmia 'Stockholm' f-block groups 6 f-block 164.93 8.79 1734 2993 0.165 1.23 1.3 primordial solid
    68 Er Erbium Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, ytterbium f-block groups 6 f-block 167.26 9.066 1802 3141 0.168 1.24 3.5 primordial solid
    69 Tm Thulium Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location f-block groups 6 f-block 168.93 9.32 1818 2223 0.16 1.25 0.52 primordial solid
    70 Yb Ytterbium Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, erbium f-block groups 6 f-block 173.05 6.90 1097 1469 0.155 1.1 3.2 primordial solid
    71 Lu Lutetium Latin Lutetia 'Paris' 3 6 d-block 174.97 9.841 1925 3675 0.154 1.27 0.8 primordial solid
    72 Hf Hafnium Neo-Latin Hafnia 'Copenhagen' (from Danish havn, harbor) 4 6 d-block 178.49 13.31 2506 4876 0.144 1.3 3 primordial solid
    73 Ta Tantalum King Tantalus, father of Niobe in Greek myth; see niobium 5 6 d-block 180.95 16.69 3290 5731 0.14 1.5 2 primordial solid
    74 W Tungsten Swedish tung sten 'heavy stone'
     ·  Symbol W, from Wolfram, from Middle High German wolf-rahm 'wolf's foam' describing the mineral wolframite[5]     		6 6 d-block 183.84 19.25 3695 5828 0.132 2.36 1.3 primordial solid
    75 Re Rhenium Latin Rhenus 'Rhine' 7 6 d-block 186.21 21.02 3459 5869 0.137 1.9 7×10−4 primordial solid
    76 Os Osmium Greek osmḗ 'smell' 8 6 d-block 190.23 22.59 3306 5285 0.13 2.2 0.002 primordial solid
    77 Ir Iridium Iris, Greek goddess of rainbow 9 6 d-block 192.22 22.56 2719 4701 0.131 2.20 0.001 primordial solid
    78 Pt Platinum Spanish platina 'little silver', from plata 'silver' 10 6 d-block 195.08 21.45 2041.4 4098 0.133 2.28 0.005 primordial solid
    79 Au Gold English, from same Proto-Indo-European root as 'yellow'
     ·  Symbol Au, from Latin aurum     		11 6 d-block 196.97 19.3 1337.33 3129 0.129 2.54 0.004 primordial solid
    80 Hg Mercury Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility
     ·  Symbol Hg, from Latin hydrargyrum, from Greek hydrárgyros 'water-silver'     		12 6 d-block 200.59 13.534 234.43 629.88 0.14 2.00 0.085 primordial liquid
    81 Tl Thallium Greek thallós 'green shoot / twig' 13 6 p-block 204.38 11.85 577 1746 0.129 1.62 0.85 primordial solid
    82 Pb Lead English, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom, from a root meaning 'flow'
     ·  Symbol Pb, from Latin plumbum     		14 6 p-block 207.2 11.34 600.61 2022 0.129 1.87 (2+)
    2.33 (4+)     		14 primordial solid
    83 Bi Bismuth German Wismut, via Latin and Arabic from Greek psimúthion 'white lead' 15 6 p-block 208.98 9.78 544.7 1837 0.122 2.02 0.009 primordial solid
    84 Po Polonium Latin Polonia 'Poland', home country of discoverer Marie Curie 16 6 p-block [209][a] 9.196 527 1235 – 2.0 2×10−10 from decay solid
    85 At Astatine Greek ástatos 'unstable'; it has no stable isotopes 17 6 p-block [210] (8.91–8.95) 575 610 – 2.2 3×10−20 from decay unknown phase
    86 Rn Radon Radium emanation, originally the name of 222Rn 18 6 p-block [222] 0.00973 202 211.3 0.094 2.2 4×10−13 from decay gas
    87 Fr Francium France, home country of discoverer Marguerite Perey 1 7 s-block [223] (2.48) 281 890 – >0.79[6] ~ 1×10−18 from decay unknown phase
    88 Ra Radium Coined in French by discoverer Marie Curie, from Latin radius 'ray' 2 7 s-block [226] 5.5 973 2010 0.094 0.9 9×10−7 from decay solid
    89 Ac Actinium Greek aktís 'ray' f-block groups 7 f-block [227] 10 1323 3471 0.12 1.1 5.5×10−10 from decay solid
    90 Th Thorium Thor, the Norse god of thunder f-block groups 7 f-block 232.04 11.7 2115 5061 0.113 1.3 9.6 primordial solid
    91 Pa Protactinium English prefix proto- (from Greek prôtos 'first, before') + actinium; protactinium decays into actinium. f-block groups 7 f-block 231.04 15.37 1841 4300 – 1.5 1.4×10−6 from decay solid
    92 U Uranium Uranus, the seventh planet f-block groups 7 f-block 238.03 19.1 1405.3 4404 0.116 1.38 2.7 primordial solid
    93 Np Neptunium Neptune, the eighth planet f-block groups 7 f-block [237] 20.45 917 4273 – 1.36 ≤ 3×10−12 from decay solid
    94 Pu Plutonium Pluto, dwarf planet, then considered a planet f-block groups 7 f-block [244] 19.85 912.5 3501 – 1.28 ≤ 3×10−11 from decay solid
    95 Am Americium Americas, where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with its homolog europium f-block groups 7 f-block [243] 12 1449 2880 – 1.13 – synthetic solid
    96 Cm Curium Pierre and Marie Curie, physicists and chemists f-block groups 7 f-block [247] 13.51 1613 3383 – 1.28 – synthetic solid
    97 Bk Berkelium Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesized f-block groups 7 f-block [247] 14.78 1259 2900 – 1.3 – synthetic solid
    98 Cf Californium California, where it was first synthesized in LBNL f-block groups 7 f-block [251] 15.1 1173 (1743)[b] – 1.3 – synthetic solid
    99 Es Einsteinium Albert Einstein, German physicist f-block groups 7 f-block [252] 8.84 1133 (1269) – 1.3 – synthetic solid
    100 Fm Fermium Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist f-block groups 7 f-block [257] (9.7)[b] (1125)[7]
    (1800)[8]     		– – 1.3 – synthetic unknown phase
    101 Md Mendelevium Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist who proposed the periodic table f-block groups 7 f-block [258] (10.3) (1100) – – 1.3 – synthetic unknown phase
    102 No Nobelium Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer f-block groups 7 f-block [259] (9.9) (1100) – – 1.3 – synthetic unknown phase
    103 Lr Lawrencium Ernest Lawrence, American physicist 3 7 d-block [266] (14.4) (1900) – – 1.3 – synthetic unknown phase
    104 Rf Rutherfordium Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist from New Zealand 4 7 d-block [267] (17) (2400) (5800) – – – synthetic unknown phase
    105 Db Dubnium Dubna, Russia, where it was discovered in JINR 5 7 d-block [268] (21.6) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase
    106 Sg Seaborgium Glenn Seaborg, American chemist 6 7 d-block [267] (23–24) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase
    107 Bh Bohrium Niels Bohr, Danish physicist 7 7 d-block [270] (26–27) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase
    108 Hs Hassium Neo-Latin Hassia 'Hesse', a state in Germany 8 7 d-block [271] (27–29) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase
    109 Mt Meitnerium Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist 9 7 d-block [278] (27–28) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase
    110 Ds Darmstadtium Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesized in the GSI labs 10 7 d-block [281] (26–27) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase
    111 Rg Roentgenium Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist 11 7 d-block [282] (22–24) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase
    112 Cn Copernicium Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer 12 7 d-block [285] (14.0) (283±11) (340±10)[b] – – – synthetic unknown phase
    113 Nh Nihonium Japanese Nihon 'Japan', where it was first synthesized in Riken 13 7 p-block [286] (16) (700) (1400) – – – synthetic unknown phase
    114 Fl Flerovium Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where it was synthesized; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist 14 7 p-block [289] (11.4±0.3) (284±50)[b] – – – – synthetic unknown phase
    115 Mc Moscovium Moscow, Russia, where it was first synthesized in JINR 15 7 p-block [290] (13.5) (700) (1400) – – – synthetic unknown phase
    116 Lv Livermorium Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryinLivermore, California 16 7 p-block [293] (12.9) (700) (1100) – – – synthetic unknown phase
    117 Ts Tennessine Tennessee, US, home to ORNL 17 7 p-block [294] (7.1–7.3) (700) (883) – – – synthetic unknown phase
    118 Og Oganesson Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist 18 7 p-block [294] (7) (325±15) (450±10) – – – synthetic unknown phase
    1. ^ a b c Standard atomic weight

      • '1.0080': abridged value, uncertainty ignored here
  • '[97]', [ ] notation: mass number of most stable isotope

  • ^ a b c d e Values in ( ) brackets are predictions
  • ^ Density (sources)
  • ^ Melting point in kelvin (K) (sources)
  • ^ Boiling point in kelvin (K) (sources)
  • ^ Heat capacity (sources)
  • ^ Electronegativity by Pauling (source)
  • ^ Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
  • ^ Primordial (=Earth's origin), from decay, or synthetic
  • ^ Phase at Standard state (25°C [77°F], 100 kPa)
  • ^ Melting point: helium does not solidify at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atm.
  • ^ Arsenic sublimes at 1 atmosphere pressure.

    • See also

    edit

    References

    edit
    1. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "chemical element". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01022
  • ^ "Periodic Table – Royal Society of Chemistry". www.rsc.org.
  • ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
  • ^ "beryl". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  • ^ van der Krogt, Peter. "Wolframium Wolfram Tungsten". Elementymology & Elements Multidict. Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
  • ^ Originally assessed as 0.7 by Pauling but never revised after other elements' electronegativities were updated for precision. Predicted to be higher than that of caesium.
  • ^ Konings, Rudy J. M.; Beneš, Ondrej. "The Thermodynamic Properties of the 𝑓-Elements and Their Compounds. I. The Lanthanide and Actinide Metals". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. doi:10.1063/1.3474238.
  • ^ "Fermium". RSC.
    • edit

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