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Glossary of literary terms





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(Redirected from List of literary terms)
  

This glossary of literary terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in the discussion, classification, analysis, and criticism of all types of literature, such as poetry, novels, and picture books, as well as of grammar, syntax, and language techniques. For a more complete glossary of terms relating to poetry in particular, see Glossary of poetry terms.

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    abecedarius
    A special type of acrostic in which the first letter of every word, strophe or verse follows the order of the alphabet.[1]
    acatalexis
    An acatalectic line of verse is one having the metrically complete number of syllables in the final foot.[2]
    accent
    Any noun used to describe the stress put on a certain syllable while speaking a word. For example, there has been disagreement over the pronunciation of "Abora" in line 41 of "Kubla Khan" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. According to Herbert Tucker of the website "For Better For Verse", the accent is on the first and last syllable of the word, making its pronunciation: AborA.[3][4]
    accentual verse
    Accentual verse is common in children's poetry. Nursery rhymes and the less well-known skipping-rope rhymes are the most common form of accentual verse in the English language.[2]
    acrostic
    A poem or other form of writing in which the first letter, syllable, or word of each line, paragraph, or other recurring feature in the text spells out a word or a message. Example: An Acrostic (1829) by Edgar Allan Poe.[5]
    act
    An act is a major division of a theatre work, including a play, film, opera, or musical theatre, consisting of one or more scenes.[6][7]
    adage
    An adage expresses a well-known and simple truth in a few words.[8] (Similar to aphorism and proverb.)
    adjective
    Any word or phrase which modifies a nounorpronoun, grammatically added to describe, identify, or quantify the related noun or pronoun.[9][10]
    adverb
    A descriptive word used to modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Typically ending in -ly, adverbs answer the questions when, how, and how many times.[3][11]
    aisling
    A poetic genre based on dreams and visions that developed during the 17th and 18th centuries in Irish-language poetry.[12]
    allegory
    A type of writing in which the settings, characters, and events stand for other specific people, events, or ideas.[13]
    alliteration
    Repetition of the initial sounds of words, as in "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers".[14]
    allusion
    A figure of speech that makes a reference to or a representation of people, places, events, literary works, myths, or works of art, either directly or by implication.[14]
    anachronism
    The erroneous use of an object, event, idea, or word that does not belong to the same time period as its context.[15]
    anacrusis
    In poetry, a set of non-metrical syllables at the beginning of a verse used as a prelude to the metrical line.[16][17]
    anadiplosis
    The repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause to gain a special effect; e.g. "Labour and care are rewarded with success, success produces confidence, confidence relaxes industry, and negligence ruins the reputation which diligence had raised." (The Rambler No. 21, Samuel Johnson)[2]
    anagnorisis
    The point in a plot at which a character recognizes the true state of affairs.[18]
    analepsis
    An interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point the story has reached.[19]
    analogue
    analogy
    A comparison between two things that are otherwise unlike.[20][21]
    anapest
    A version of the foot in poetry in which the first two syllables of a line are unstressed, followed by a stressed syllable; e.g. intercept (the syllables in and ter are unstressed and followed by cept, which is stressed).[22]
    anaphora
    anastrophe
    anecdote
    A short account of a particular incident or event, especially of an interesting or amusing nature.[23]
    annals
    annotation
    A textual comment in a book or other piece of writing. Annotations often take the form of a reader's comments handwritten in the margin, hence the term marginalia, or of printed explanatory notes provided by an editor. See also adversaria.[2]
    antagonist
    The adversary of the hero or protagonist of a drama or other literary work; e.g. Iago is the antagonist[24]inWilliam Shakespeare's Othello.[24]
    antanaclasis
    antecedent
    A word or phrase referred to by any relative pronoun.[9]
    antepenult
    anthology
    anticlimax
    antihero
    antimasque
    anti-romance
    antimetabole
    antinovel
    antistrophe
    antithesis
    antithetical couplet
    antonym
    aphorism
    apocope
    Apollonian and Dionysian
    apologue
    apology
    apothegm

    Also apophthegm.

    A terse, pithy saying, akin to a proverb, maxim, or aphorism.[2]
    aposiopesis
    A rhetorical device in which speech is broken off abruptly and the sentence is left unfinished.[2]
    apostrophe
    A figure of speech in which a speaker breaks off from addressing the audience (e.g., in a play) and directs speech to a third party such as an opposing litigant or some other individual, sometimes absent from the scene.
    apron stage
    Arcadia
    archaism
    archetype
    Any story element (e.g. idea, symbol, pattern, or character-type) that appears repeatedly in stories across time and space.[25]
    aristeia
    argument
    arsis and thesis
    asemic writing
    aside
    assonance
    astrophic
    (of one or more stanzas) Having no particular pattern.[3][11]
    asyndeton
    The omission of conjunctions between successive clauses. An example is when John F. Kennedy said on January 20, 1961, "...that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty."[26]
    aubade
    (French: "dawn song") A monologue which dramatically expresses the regret of parting lovers at daybreak.[2]
    audience
    autobiography
    autoclesis
    A rhetorical device by which an idea is introduced in negative terms in order to call attention to it and arouse curiosity.[2]
    autotelic
    avant-garde
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    ballad
    ballade
    ballad stanza
    bard
    A distinguished poet, especially one serving in an official capacity whose task it was, in many cultures of Celtic origin, to celebrate national events, particularly heroic actions and military victories.[2]
    bathos
    Bathos refers to rhetorical anticlimax—an abrupt transition from a lofty style or grand topic to a common or vulgar one—occurring either accidentally (through artistic ineptitude) or intentionally (for comic effect).[27][28]
    beast fable
    An "animal tale" or "beast fable" generally consists of a short story or poem in which animals talk. It is a traditional form of allegorical writing.[29]
    beast poetry
    belles-lettres
    bestiary
    A medieval didactic genre in proseorverse in which the behavior of animals (used as symbolic types) points a moral.[2]
    beta reader
    bibliography
    Bildungsroman
    A story that follows the psychological and moral maturation of the protagonist or main character from childhood to adulthood. It is a type of coming-of-age story.[30]
    biography
    blank verse
    Verse written in iambic pentameter without rhyme.[11][31]
    boulevard theatre
    bourgeois tragedy
    bouts-rimés
    A versifying game originating in 17th-century France in which the idea was, given certain rhymes, to compose lines for them and make up a poem which sounded natural.[2]
    brachiology
    Terse and condensed expression, characteristic of the heroic couplet.[2] See also asyndeton.
    breviloquence
    burlesque
    burletta
    Burns stanza
    Byronic hero
    A type of character in a dramatic work whose defining features derive largely from characters in the writings of English Romantic poet Lord Byron as well as from Byron himself. It is a variant of the archetypal Romantic hero.[32]
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    cadence
    In poetry, the rise or fall in pitch of the intonation of the voice, and its modulated inflection with the rise and fall of its sound.[33]
    caesura
    A break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the language and/or enforced by punctuation. A line may have more than one caesura, or none at all. If near the beginning of the line, it is called the initial caesura; near the middle, medial; near the end, terminal. An accented or masculine caesura follows an accented syllable, an unaccented or feminine caesura an unaccented syllable. The caesura is used in two essentially contrary ways: to emphasize formality and to stylize; and to slacken the stiffness and tension of formal metrical patterns.[2]
    calligram
    canon
    A body of writings established as authentic. The term often refers to biblical writings which have been accepted as authorized, as opposed to the Apocrypha.[2]
    canso
    canticle
    canto
    A subdivision of an epic or narrative poem, comparable to a chapter in a novel.[2]
    canzone
    AnItalianorProvençal form of lyric, consisting of a series of versesinstanza form but without a refrain, and usually written in hendecasyllabic lines with end-rhyme; or more generally, any simple and song-like composition such as a ballad.[2] See also chanson and madrigal.
    captivity narrative
    caricature
    A portrait in literature (as in art) which ridicules a person by exaggerating and distorting their most prominent features and characteristics. Caricatures often evoke genial rather than derisive laughter.[2]
    carmen figuratum
    carpe diem
    catachresis
    The misapplication of a word, especially in a mixed metaphor.[2]
    catalect
    A literary work which is detached (or detachable) from the main body of a writer's work.[2] Compare analect.
    catalexis
    The omission of the last syllable or syllables in a regular metrical line; often done in trochaic and dactylic verse to avoid monotony.[2]
    catastrophe
    catharsis
    caudate sonnet
    cavalier poet
    Celtic art
    Celtic revival
    chain rhyme
    chanson de geste
    A type of Old French epic poem popular between the 11th and 14th centuries which relates the heroic deeds of Carolingian noblemen and other feudal lords. Such works exhibit a combination of history and legend, and also reflect a definite conception of religious chivalry.[2]
    chansonnier
    A collection of Provençal troubadour poems in manuscript form.[2]
    chant royal
    A metrical and rhyming scheme dating to the Middle Ages and related to ballade forms. It consists of five eleven-line stanzas rhyming in the pattern ababccddedE, followed by an envoi rhyming in the pattern ddedE. There is also a refrain (as indicated by the capital letters) at the end of each stanza and including the last line of the envoi. Typically, no rhyme word may be used twice except in the envoi.[2]
    chapbook
    A form of popular literature sold by pedlars or chapmen, mostly from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Chapbooks consisted of ballads, pamphlets, tracts, nursery rhymes, and fairy stories, and were often illustrated with wood-blocks.[2]
    character
    characterization
    charactonym
    Chaucerian stanza
    chiasmus
    A reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses; e.g. "His time a moment, and a point his space." (An Essay on Man, Epistle I, Alexander Pope) The device is related to antithesis.[2]
    chivalric romance
    choriamb
    chronicle
    chronicle play
    cinquain
    A five-line stanza with a variable meter and rhyme scheme, possibly of medieval origin.[2]
    classical unities
    classicism
    classification
    clerihew
    cliché
    An element of an artistic work, saying, or idea that has become overused to the point of losing its original meaning or effect, even to the point of being trite or irritating, especially when at some earlier time it was considered meaningful or novel.[34]
    climax
    cloak and dagger
    close reading
    A technique of literary analysis that relies upon detailed, balanced, and rigorous critical examination of a text in order to discover its meanings and to assess its effects.[2]
    closed couplet
    closet drama
    collaborative poetry
    colloquialism
    comédie larmoyante
    comedy
    comedy of humors
    comedy of intrigue
    comedy of manners
    comic relief
    commedia dell'arte
    commedia erudita
    common measure
    commonplace book
    A notebook or journal in which a writer records ideas, themes, quotations, words, and phrases as they occur to them.[2]
    conceit
    concordance
    confessional literature
    confidant/confidante
    conflict
    connotation
    consistency
    consonance
    The close repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowels, e.g. "slip, slop"; "creak, croak"; "black, block".[2] Compare assonance.
    contradiction
    context
    contrast
    convention
    coup de théâtre
    couplet
    Two lines with rhyming ends. Shakespeare often used a couplet to end a sonnet.[11]
    courtesy book
    courtly love
    Cowleyan ode
    cradle book
    See incunabulum.
    crisis
    That point in a story or play at which tension reaches a maximum and a resolution is imminent. There may be several crises, each preceding a climax.[2]
    cross acrostic
    crown of sonnets
    curtain raiser
    curtal sonnet
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    dactyl
    dandy
    Débat
    death poem
    decadence
    decasyllable
    decorum
    denotation
    The most literal and limited meaning of a word, regardless of what one may feel about it or the suggestions and ideas it connotes (which may be much more affecting than or very different from its literal meaning).[2]
    dénouement
    The resolution or unravelling of the complications of the plot in a play or story, often following the climax in a final scene or chapter in which mysteries, confusions, and doubtful destinies are clarified.[35] See also catastrophe.
    description
    deus ex machina
    Aplot device whereby a seemingly unsolvable problem in a story is suddenly resolved by an unexpected and seemingly unlikely occurrence, typically so much as to seem contrived.[36]
    deuteragonist
    dialect
    dialogic
    A work primarily featuring dialogue; a piece of, relating to, or written in dialogue.[15]
    dialogue
    dibrach
    diction

    Also called lexisorword choice.

    The words selected for use in any oral, written, or literary expression. Diction often centers on opening a great array of lexical possibilities with the connotation of words by maintaining first the denotation of words.[37]
    didactic
    Intended to teach, instruct, or have a moral lesson for the reader.[15]
    digest size
    digression
    dime novel
    diameter
    dimeter
    A line of verse made up of two feet (two stresses).[13]
    dipody
    A pair of metrical feet considered as a single unit. Dipodic verse, commonly found in ballads and nursery rhymes, is characterized by the pairing together of feet in which one usually has a stronger stress.[35]
    dirge
    discourse
    dissociation of sensibility
    dissonance
    distich
    distributed stress
    dithyramb
    diverbium
    The spoken dialogue in Roman drama, as distinguished from the canticum, the sung part.[2]
    divine afflatus
    doggerel
    dolce stil nuove
    domestic tragedy

    Also called bourgeois tragedy.

    A type of tragedy in which the leading characters belong to the middle class rather than to the royal or noble ranks usually represented in tragic drama, and in which the action largely concerns family affairs rather than public matters of state.[35]
    donnée
    A French word which signifies something "given" in the sense of an idea or notion implanted in the mind or imagination; i.e. the original idea or starting point from which a writer elaborates a complete creative work.[35] It may be a phrase, a conversation, the expression on a person's face, a tune, indeed almost any kind of experience which precipitates a series of thoughts and ideas in the writer's mind.[2]
    doppelgänger
    double rhyme
    drama
    dramatic character
    dramatic irony
    dramatic lyric
    dramatic monologue
    dramatic proverb
    dramatis personæ
    Collectively, the characters represented in a play or other dramatic work. This phrase is the conventional heading for a list of characters printed in a theatrical programme or at the beginning of the text.[35]
    dramaturgy
    dream allegory
    dream vision
    droll
    dumb show
    duodecimo
    duologue
    A conversation between two characters in a play, story, or poem.[2] See also dialogue.
    duple meter/duple rhythm
    Any poetic meter based on a foot of two syllables (i.e. a duple foot), as opposed to triple meter, in which the predominant foot has three syllables. Most English metrical verse is in duple meter, either iambicortrochaic, and thus displays an alternation of stressed syllables with single unstressed syllables. In the context of classical Greek and Latin poetry, however, the term often refers to verse composed of dipodies.[35]
    dystopia
    dynamic character
    A character who, during the course of a narrative, grows or changes in some significant way. Dynamic characters are therefore not only complex and three-dimensional but also develop as the plot develops. In the Bildungsroman, for example, the growth of the protagonist is coincident with the course of the plot.[38]
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    echo verse
    eclogue
    ekphrasis
    A vivid, graphic, or dramatic written commentary or description of another visual form of art.[3][11]
    electronic literature
    Literary works made for digital media, such as hypertext fiction, kinetic poetry or interactive fiction.
    elegy
    elision
    emblem
    emblem book
    emendation
    The correction or alteration of text or manuscript where it is, or appears to be, corrupt.[2]
    enallage
    A figurative device which involves the substitution of one grammatical form for another. It is commonly used in metaphor; e.g. "to palm someone off" or "to have a good laugh".[2] Compare hypallage.
    end rhyme
    end-stopped line
    A line in poetry that ends in a pause, indicated by a specific punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.[13]
    English sonnet
    enjambment
    The continuing of a syntactic unit over the end of a line. Enjambment occurs when the sense of the line overflows the meter and line break.[3]
    entr'acte
    envoi
    epanalepsis
    epic poetry
    A long poem that narrates the victories and adventures of a hero. Such a poem is often identifiable by its lofty or elegant diction.[11]
    epic simile
    epic theater
    epigraph
    1.  An inscription on a statue, stone, or building.
    2.  The legend on a coin.
    3.  A quotation on the title page of a book.
    4.  A motto heading a new section or paragraph.[2]
    epilogue
    epiphany
    episode
    episteme
    epistle
    epistolary novel
    epistrophe
    Repetition of a word or phrase at the end of clauses or sentences.[39]
    epitaph
    epithalamion
    epithet
    epizeuxis
    epode
    eponymous author
    erasure
    The placing of a concept under suspicion by marking the word for it as crossed or struck through (e.g. "philosophy"), in order to signal to readers that it is both unreliable and at the same time indispensable. The device of placing words sous rature ("under erasure") has been adopted in modern philosophy and literary criticism, notably in deconstruction.[35]
    Erziehungsroman
    essay
    ethos
    eulogy
    euphony
    euphuism
    exaggeration
    exegesis
    exemplum
    exordium
    experimental novel
    Explication de Texte
    exposition
    extended metaphor
    extrametrical verse
    eye rhyme
    A kind of rhyme in which the spellings of paired words appear to match but without true correspondence in pronunciation; e.g. "dive/give", "said/maid", "bear/dear". Some were originally true rhymes but have become eye rhymes through changes in pronunciation; these are sometimes called historical rhymes.[35]
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    fable
    fabliau
    fairy tale
    falling action
    falling rhythm
    fancy and imagination
    fantasy
    farce
    feminine ending
    feminine rhyme
    Arhyme with two syllables, with one stressed and one unstressed; e.g. "merry" rhymed with "tarry".[3][11] Contrast masculine rhyme.
    fiction
    figurative language
    figure of speech
    figure of twins
    See hendiadys.
    fin de siècle
    flashback
    An interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point the story has reached.[19]
    flashforward
    An interjected scene that takes the narrative forward in time from the current point of the story in literature, film, television, and other media.[19]
    flat character
    foil
    folio
    folk drama
    folklore
    foreshadowing
    form
    fourteener
    frame story
    A story which contains either another tale (i.e. a story within a story) or a series of stories. Well-known examples include the One Thousand and One Arabian Nights and Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.[2]
    free indirect discourse
    free verse
    A type of poetry that does not conform to any regular meter: both the length of its lines and its use of rhyme (if at all) are irregular. In lieu of a regular metrical pattern, free verse uses more flexible cadences or rhythmic groupings, sometimes supported by anaphora and other devices of repetition. Free verse should not be confused with blank verse, which does observe a regular meter in its unrhymed lines.[35]
    French forms
    fustian
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    gallows humor
    gathering
    genetic fallacy
    genre
    Georgian poetry
    gesta
    Accounts of deeds or tales of adventure, often with morals attached to each tale, which were especially popular in the Middle Ages.[2]
    ghazal
    gloss
    Anannotation that explains or translates a difficult word or phrase, usually added to a text by a later copyist or editor (as in many modern editions of Chaucer). When placed between the lines of a text, it is known as an interlinear gloss, but it may also appear in the margin, as a footnote, or in an appendix, and may form an extended commentary.[35]
    Gothic double
    gnomic verse
    golden line
    Goliardic verse
    Gongorism
    Gonzo journalism
    Gothic novel
    Grand Guignol
    Greek chorus
    Greek tragedy
    Grub Street
    Gushi
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    hagiography
    haibun
    A form of prose written in a terse, haikai style and accompanied by haiku.[40]
    haikai
    A broad genre comprising the related forms of haiku haikai-renga and haibun.[40]
    haiku
    A modern term for standalone hokku.[40]
    half rhyme
    hamartia
    The error or false step that leads a heroorprotagonist in a tragedy to his or her downfall, as discussed by Aristotle in his Poetics. The protagonist's misfortune may be caused by some moral shortcoming or defect of character, or by his or her own misjudgment, ignorance, or hubris.[35]
    headless line
    head rhyme
    hemistich
    hendecasyllable
    hendecasyllabic verse
    hendiadys

    Also hendiaduo and figure of twins.

    Afigure of speech, used for emphasis, in which a single idea is expressed by means of two substantives joined by the conjunction "and" (e.g. by two nouns, as with "house and home" or "law and order"), rather than by a noun qualified by an adjective; the substitution of a conjunction for a subordination. Examples may also combine two adjectives ("nice and juicy") or two verbs ("come and get it"). A combination of three substantives is a hendiatris.[2][35]
    hendiatris
    Afigure of speech, used for emphasis, in which a single idea is expressed by means of three substantives joined by the conjunction "and" (e.g. "wine, women and song" or "sex, drugs and rock and roll"). A combination of two substantives is a hendiadys.[2]
    heptameter
    heptastich
    heresy of paraphrase
    heroic couplets
    heroic drama
    heroic quatrain
    heroic stanza
    hexameter
    A line from a poem that has six feet in its meter. Another name for hexameter is "The Alexandrine".[11]
    hexastich
    hiatus
    high comedy
    higher criticism
    historical fiction
    historical linguistics
    historic present
    history play
    hokku
    InJapanese poetry, the opening stanza of a rengaorrenku (haikai no renga).[41]
    holograph
    Homeric epithet
    homily
    Horatian ode
    Horatian satire
    hovering accent
    hubris
    hudibrastic
    humor
    humours
    hymn
    hymnal stanza
    hypallage
    hyperbaton
    Afigure of speech that alters the syntactic order of the words in a sentence or separates words that are ordinarily associated with each other. The term may also be used more generally for all different figures of speech that transpose the natural word order in sentences.[42][43]
    hyperbole
    Afigure of speech which contains a blatant exaggeration for emphasis, e.g. "I haven't seen you for ages" or "as old as the hills".[2]
    hypercatalectic
    hypermetrical
    hypocorism
    hypotactic
    A term referring to the use of different subordinate clauses in a sentence to qualify a single verb or modify it.[11]
    hysteron proteron
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    iamb

    Also iambus.

    A metrical unit (i.e. a foot) of poetic verse, having one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable, as in the word "beyond" (or, in Greek or Latin quantitative verse, one short syllable followed by one long syllable). Lines of poetry made up predominantly of iambs are referred to as iambics or as iambic verse, which is by far the most commonly used metrical verse in English. Its most important form is the 10-syllable iambic pentameter, either rhymed (as in heroic couplets and sonnets) or unrhymed (inblank verse).[35]
    iambic pentameter
    idiom
    idyll
    imagery
    imagism
    incipit
    indeterminacy
    inference
    in medias res
    innuendo
    interjection
    A word that is tacked onto a sentence in order to add strong emotion and which is grammatically unrelated to the rest of the sentence. Interjections are usually followed by an exclamation point.[11]
    internal conflict
    internal rhyme
    interpretation
    intertextuality
    Refers to the way in which different works of literature interact with and relate to one another to construct meaning.[11]
    intuitive description
    irony
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    Jacobean era
    jeremiad
    ji-amari
    The use of one or more extra syllabic units (on) above the 5/7 standard in Japanese poetic forms such as waka and haiku.[44]
    jintishi
    jitarazu
    The use of fewer syllabic units (on) than the 5/7 standard in Japanese poetic forms such as waka and haiku.[45]
    jueju
    juncture
    Juvenalian satire
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    kabuki
    Kafkaesque
    kenning
    kigo
    In Japanese poetry, a seasonal word or phrase required in haiku and renku.[46]
    King's English
    kireji
    In Japanese poetry, a "cutting word" required in haiku and hokku.[47]
    Künstlerroman

    L

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    lacuna
    lai
    Lake Poets
    lament
    laureate
    lay
    legend
    legitimate theater
    Leonine rhyme
    level stress (even accent)
    light ending
    light poetry
    light rhyme
    light stress
    limerick
    linked rhyme
    literary ballad
    literary criticism
    literary movement
    literary epic
    literary fauvism
    literary realism
    literary theory
    literature
    litotes
    liturgical drama
    logaoedic
    logical fallacy
    logical stress
    logos
    long metre
    long poem
    loose sentence
    Lost Generation
    low comedy
    lullaby
    lune
    lushi
    lyric
    A short poem with a song-like quality, or designed to be set to music, often conveying feelings, emotions, or personal thoughts.[13]
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    • M

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    macaronic language
    madrigal
    magic realism
    malapropism
    maqama
    Märchen
    See fairy tale.
    marginalia
    Marinism
    marivauge
    masculine ending
    masculine rhyme
    masked comedy
    masque
    maxim
    meaning
    medieval drama
    meiosis
    Melic poetry
    melodrama
    A work that is characterized by extravagant theatricality and by the predominance of plot and physical action over characterization.[15]
    memoir
    Menippean satire
    mesostic
    metaphor
    Making a comparison between two unlike things without using the words like, as, or than.[13]
    metaphysical conceit
    metaphorical language
    meter
    metonymy
    metrical accent
    metrical foot
    metrical structure
    Microcosm Theatre
    Middle Comedy
    miles gloriosus
    Miltonic sonnet
    mimesis
    Minnesang
    mise en scène
    mock-heroic (mock epic)
    mode
    monodrama
    monody
    monogatari
    monograph
    monologue
    monometer (monopody)
    monostich
    mood
    mora
    moral
    morality play
    motif
    motivation
    mummers' play
    Muses
    musical comedy
    muwashshah
    A multi-lined strophic verse form which flourished in Islamic Spain in the 11th century, written in Arabic or Hebrew.[48]
    mystery play
    mythology
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    • N

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    narration
    narrative poem
    narrative point of view
    narratology
    narrator
    naturalism
    A theory or practice in literature emphasizing scientific observation of life without idealization and often including elements of determinism.[15]
    neo-Aristotelianis
    A view of literature and criticism propagated by the Chicago School – Ronald S. Crane, Elder Olson, Richard McKeon, Wayne Booth, and others – that means "A view of literature and criticism that takes a pluralistic attitude toward the history of literature and seeks to view literary works and critical theories intrinsically."
    neologism
    The creation of new words, often arising from acronyms, word combinations, direct translations, or the addition of prefixesorsuffixes to existing words.[9]
    non-fiction
    novel
    Agenreoffiction that relies on narrative and possesses a considerable length, an expected complexity, and a sequential organization of action into story and plot distinctively. Novels are flexible in form (although prose is the standard), generally focus around one or more characters, and are continuously reshaped and reformed by a speaker.[3]
    novella
    novelle
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    objective correlative
    objective criticism
    obligatory scene
    octameter
    octave
    octet
    An eight-line stanza of poetry.[11]
    ode
    A lyrical poem, sometimes sung, that focuses on the glorification of a single subject and its meaning. Often has an irregular stanza structure.[15]
    Oedipus complex
    onomatopoeia
    The formation of a word by imitation of a sound made by or associated with its referent, such as "cuckoo", "meow", "honk", or "boom".[49]
    open couplet
    oulipo
    ottava rima
    A verse form in which each stanza has eight iambic pentameter lines following the rhyme scheme ABABABCC. An ottava rima was often used for long narratives, especially epics and mock-heroic poems.[3]
    Oxford Movement
    oxymoron
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    • P

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    palinode
    A poem or song in which the poet recants or counter-balances a statement made in an earlier poem.[2]
    pantoum
    pantun
    parable
    paraclausithyron
    paradelle
    paradox
    paraphrase
    pararhyme
    paratactic
    The combining of various syntactic units, usually prepositions, without the use of conjunctions to form short and simple phrases.[13]
    partimen
    pastourelle
    pathetic fallacy
    Pathya Vat
    parallelism
    parody
    pastoral
    A work depicting an idealized vision of the rural life of shepherds.[11]
    pathos
    phrase
    A sequence of two or more words forming a unit. In the poem “Kubla Khan” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the words “pleasure-dome” are a phrase read not only in this poem, but also in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein when she uses also uses the phrase.[15]
    periodical literature
    peripetia
    persona
    personification
    phronesis
    picaresque novel
    plain style
    Platonic idealism
    plot
    poetic diction
    poetic transrealism
    point of view
    polysyndeton
    post-colonialism
    postmodernism
    present perfect
    A verb tense that describes actions just finished or continuing from the past into the present. This can also imply that past actions have present effects.[11]
    primal scene
    procatalepsis
    prolepsis

    Also called a flashforward.

    An interjected scene that takes the narrative forward in time from the current point of the story in literature, film, television, and other media.[19]
    prologue
    progymnasmata
    prose
    prosimetrum
    prosody
    protagonist
    protologism
    proverb
    pruning poem
    Psalm
    pun
    purple prose
    pyrrhic

    Also called a dibrach.

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    • Q

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    quatrain
    quintain

    R

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    recusatio
    redaction
    red herring
    refrain
    regency novel
    regionalism
    renga
    A genre of Japanese collaborative poetry.[50]
    renku
    InJapanese poetry, a form of popular collaborative linked verse formerly known as haikai no renga, or haikai.[51]
    renshi
    A form of collaborative poetry pioneered by Makoto Ooka in Japan in the 1980s.[52]
    repetition
    reverse chronology
    rhapsodes
    rhetoric
    rhetorical device
    rhetorical operations
    rhetorical question
    rhyme
    rhymed prose
    rhyme royal
    rhythm
    A measured pattern of words and phrases arranged by sound, time, or events. These patterns are [created] in verse or prose by use of stressed and unstressed syllables.[3][37]
    rising action
    robinsonade
    roman à clef
    romance
    Romantic hero
    romanzo d'appendice
    round-robin story
    Ruritanian romance
    Russian formalism
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    • S

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    Saj'
    satire
    scansion
    scene
    A subdivision of an act in a play, an opera, or any other form of theatrical entertainment,[2] distinguished from preceding and following scenes by a curtain, the dimming of stage lights, and/or a brief emptying of the stage;[35] or more generally, a particular part of a story depicting actions happening in one place at one time and between specific characters, often defined by its continuity.
    scènes à faire
    sea shanty
    sensibility
    sestet
    setting
    Shadorma
    Shakespearean sonnet
    Sicilian octave
    simile
    A comparison of two different things that utilizes “like” or “as”.[11]
    slant rhyme
    skaz
    sobriquet
    soliloquy
    sonnet
    A 14-line poem written in iambic pentameter. There are two types of sonnets: Shakespearean and Italian. The Shakespearean sonnet is written with three quatrain and a couplet in ABAB, CDCD, EFEF, GG rhythmic pattern. An Italian sonnet is written in two stanzas with an octave followed by a septet in ABBA, ABBA, CDECDE or CDCDCD rhythmic pattern.[11]
    sonneteer
    speaker
    spondee
    Afoot consisting of two syllables of approximately equal stress.[11]
    Spenserian stanza
    sprung rhythm
    stanza
    A group of lines in a poem offset by a space and then continuing with the next group of lines, with each group consisting of a set pattern or number of lines.[11]
    static character
    stereotype
    stichic
    Having lines of the same meter and length throughout, but not organized into regular stanzas. An example is the form of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem "Frost at Midnight".[3]
    strambotto
    stream of consciousness writing
    structuralism
    sublime
    Of a profound and immeasurable experience, unable to be rationalized.[3]
    subplot
    syllogism
    symbolism
    synecdoche
    Afigure of speech involving the expression of an entire idea by something smaller, such as a phrase or a single word, such that a term for one part of something is used to refer to the whole, or vice versa.[11]
    synesthesia

    Also synaesthesia.

    Arhetorical device that describes or associates one sense (i.e., touch, taste, see, hear, smell) in terms of another, typically in the form of a simile.[53]
    syntax
    The study of how words are arranged in a sentence.[3]
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    • T

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    tautology
    A tautology is when something is defined or explained by saying exactly the same thing again in different words.[54]
    tableau
    tail rhyme
    Tagelied
    tale
    tanka
    In Japanese poetry, a short poem in the form 5,7,5,7,7 syllabic units.[55]
    tan-renga
    In Japanese poetry, a tanka where the upper part is composed by one poet and the lower part by another.[56]
    techne
    telestich
    A poem or other form of writing in which the last letter, syllable or word of each line, paragraph or other recurring feature in the text spells out a word or a message.[57]
    tenor
    tercet
    terza rima
    tetrameter
    tetrastich
    text
    textual criticism
    textuality
    Theatre of Cruelty
    Theatre of the Absurd
    theme
    thesis
    thesis play
    third-person narrative
    threnody
    tirade
    tone
    tornada
    InOccitan lyric poetry, a final, shorter stanza (cobla) addressed to a patron, lady, or friend.[58]
    tract
    tragedy
    tragedy of blood
    tragic flaw
    See hamartia.
    tragic hero
    tragic irony
    tragic comedy
    transcendentalism
    transferred epithet
    transition
    translation
    tribrach
    trimeter
    triolet
    triple rhyme
    triple meter
    triple rhythm
    triplet
    tristich
    tritagonist
    trivium
    trobar clus
    trochee
    A two-syllable metrical foot with the accent syllable on the first foot.[3][11]
    trope
    troubadour
    trouvère
    tuckerization
    truncated line
    tumbling verse
    type character
    type scene
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    • U

    edit
    ubi sunt
    underground art
    underground press
    understatement
    unities
    See classical unities.
    universality
    University Wits
    uta monogatari
    unreliable narrator

    V

    edit
    variable syllable
    variorum
    Varronian satire

    Also Menippean satire.

    vates
    vaudeville
    verb displacement
    verisimilitude
    The quality of resembling reality.[59]
    verism
    vers de société
    vers libre
    verse
    verse paragraph
    versiprose
    verso
    Victorian literature
    vignette
    A short scene that captures a single moment or a defining detail about a character, idea, or other element of a story.[60]
    villain
    villanelle
    virelay
    virgule
    voice
    volta

    Also called a turn.

    A turn or switch that emphasizes a change in ideas or emotions, often marked by the words “but” or “yet”. In a sonnet, this change separates the octave from the sestet.[2]
    Vorticism
    vulgate
    The use of informal, common speech, particularly of uneducated people. Similar to the use of vernacular.[15]
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    • W

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    waka
    Wardour Street English
    A pseudo-archaic form of diction affected by some writers, particularly those of historical fiction.[61]
    weak ending
    weak foot
    well-made play
    Wellerism
    Weltschmerz
    Adepressive mood of disappointment with—and alienation from—the world, prevalent in Romantic and decadent literature.[62]
    Western fiction
    wit
    word accent
    wrenched accent

    Z

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    za
    The site of a renga session; also, the sense of dialogue and community present in such a session.[63]
    zappai
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    References

    edit
    1. ^ Wiktor Jarosław Darasz, Mały przewodnik po wierszu polskim, Kraków 2003, p. 44–45 (in Polish).
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  • ^ M. H. Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms (5th edition 1985), p. 6.
  • ^ "Bildungsroman: Definitions and Examples". 9 March 2019.
  • ^ Hirsch, E.D. Jr. et al., eds. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002. ISBN 9780618226474 p149
  • ^ Christiansen, Rupert, Romantic Affinities: Portraits From an Age, 1780–1830, 1989, Cardinal, ISBN 0-7474-0404-6
  • ^ The Chambers Dictionary. Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd London ISBN 978-0550102379
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  • ^ "deus ex machina". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 23 Apr 2018.
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  • ^ a b c Shirane, Haruo. Traces of Dreams: Landscape, Cultural Memory, and the Poetry of Bashō. Stanford University Press, 1998. ISBN 9780804730990 p294
  • ^ Blyth, Reginald Horace. Haiku. Volume 1, Eastern culture. The Hokuseido Press, 1981. ISBN 0-89346-158-X p123ff.
  • ^ Kevin Wilson; Jennifer Wauson (2010). The AMA Handbook of Business Writing: The Ultimate Guide to Style, Grammar, Usage, Punctuation, Construction, and Formatting. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-8144-1589-4.
  • ^ Stephen Cushman; Clare Cavanagh; Jahan Ramazani; Paul Rouzer (26 August 2012). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition. Princeton University Press. p. 647. ISBN 978-1-4008-4142-4.
  • ^ Mostow, Joshua S. Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image. University of Hawaii Press, 1996. ISBN 9780824817053 p12
  • ^ Crowley, Cheryl. Haikai Poet Yosa Buson and the Bashō Revival. Brill, 2006. ISBN 978-9004157095 p54
  • ^ Keene, Donald. World Within Walls: Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era, 1600-1867 Henry Holt, 1976. ISBN 9780030136269 p575
  • ^ Shirane, Haruo. Traces of Dreams: Landscape, Cultural Memory, and the Poetry of Bashō. Stanford University Press, 1998. ISBN 9780804730990 p100ff.
  • ^ Bleiberg, Germán et al. Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula: A-k. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1993. ISBN 9780313287312 p900
  • ^ "the definition of onomatopoeia". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  • ^ Carter, Steven D. Three Poets at Yuyama, University of California, 1983, ISBN 0-912966-61-0 p.3
  • ^ Shirane, Haruo. Traces of Dreams: Landscape, Cultural Memory, and the Poetry of Bashō. Stanford University Press, 1998. ISBN 9780804730990 p297
  • ^ Look Japan Volume 48, issues 553-564. 2002, p4
  • ^ "Synesthesia". 15 February 2019.
  • ^ "Tautology: Definition and Examples | LiteraryTerms.net". 16 July 2015.
  • ^ Vos, Jos. Eeuwige reizigers: Een bloemlezing uit de klassieke Japanese literatuur. De Arbeiderspers, 2008. ISBN 9789029566032 p45
  • ^ Shirane, Haruo. Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings To 1600. Columbia University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780231136976 p874
  • ^ TalkTalk Dictionary of Difficult Words - telestich "Dictionary of Difficult Words". TalkTalk. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  • ^ Chambers, Frank M. An Introduction to Old Provenc̦al Versification: Volume 167 of Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. American Philosophical Society, 1985. ISBN 9780871691675 p32ff.
  • ^ "Verisimilitude: Definition and Examples | LiteraryTerms.net". 9 March 2016.
  • ^ "Vignette: Definitions and Examples | LiteraryTerms.net". 3 January 2017.
  • ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 6th ed. (2007). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 3575
  • ^ "Weltschmerz | Romantic literary concept". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  • ^ Shirane, Haruo. Traces of Dreams: Landscape, Cultural Memory, and the Poetry of Bashō. Stanford University Press, 1998. ISBN 9780804730990 p299

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