Anational poetornational bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture.[1] The national poet as culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished from successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointed poet-laureate office. The idea and honoring of national poets emerged primarily during Romanticism, as a figure that helped consolidation of the nation states, as it provided validation of their ethno-linguistic groups.[1]
Most national poets are historic figures, though a few contemporary writers working in relatively new or revived national literatures are also considered "national poets". Though not formally elected, national poets play a role in shaping a country's understanding of itself.[2] Some nations may have more than one national poet; the idea of a single one is always a simplification. It has been argued that a national poet "must write poetry that closely identifies with the nation's cause – or is thought to do so",[3] with an additional assumption being that "a national poet must write in a national language".[4]
The following is a list of nations, with their associated national poets. It is not a list of sovereignstatesorcountries, though many of the nations listed may also be such. The terms "nation" (as cultural concept), "country" (as geographical concept) and "state" (as political concept) are not synonyms.
^Morgenstierne, G. (1960). "Khushhal Khan—the national poet of the Afghans". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 47: 49–57. doi:10.1080/03068376008731684.
^Mahfouz, Safi; Al Hweitat, Dr. Mufleh (2022). "'Arār, "Jordan's Wandering Poet among the Gypsies," and Maxwell Bodenheim, "The Village Rogue": A Comparative Study of the Two Bohemians' Lives and Poetic Styles". The International Journal of Literary Humanities. 20 (2): 121–137. doi:10.18848/2327-7912/CGP/v20i02/121-137. ProQuest2730090789.
^Toledo Lezeta, Ana María (2008). "Linguae Vasconum Primitiae, bi partetan banaturik". Jean Haritschelhar-i omenaldia. pp. 625–644.
^Martin, T. D. (2001:436). The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. United Kingdom: Cornell University Press.
^Tourist Mosaic of Belarus. (2017:480). Russia: ЛитРес.
^Ioannides, C. P. (2018:12). Cyprus Under British Colonial Rule: Culture, Politics, and the Movement Toward Union with Greece, 1878–1954. United States: Lexington Books.
^ abDović, Marijan; Helgason, Jón Karl (2017). National Poets, Cultural Saints: Canonization and Commemorative Cults of Writers in Europe. p. 63. doi:10.1163/9789004335400. ISBN978-90-04-33539-4.
^Salcman, M. (2016:90). A Prague Spring, Before & After. United States: Evening Street Press.
^Michael Dobson (17 November 1994), The Making of the National Poet - Shakespeare, Adaptation and Authorship, 1660-1769, Clarendon Press, ISBN978-0-19-818323-5
^Lachman, G. (2013). The Caretakers of the Cosmos: Living Responsibly in an Unfinished World. United Kingdom: Floris Books.
^Linguist. (1962). United Kingdom: Linguists' Club..
^Simpson, Harold L. (1967). "The Poetic Image of the Soldier from Baudelaire to the First World War". The South Central Bulletin. 27 (4): 23–33. doi:10.2307/3188918. JSTOR3188918.
^Elliott, Mark (2003). "Beyond Left and Right: The Poetic Reception of Stefan George and Rainer Maria Rilke, 1933-1945". The Modern Language Review. 98 (4): 908–928. doi:10.2307/3737933. JSTOR3737933. S2CID161795959.
^Karamercan, Axel Onur (29 December 2022). "Heidegger on Hölderlin's Hymn Der Ister. The Dwelling of the Poet and the Place-Making of the River". Synthesis Philosophica. 37 (2): 395–414. doi:10.21464/sp37207.
^Decker, G. (2018:157). Hesse: The Wanderer and His Shadow. United States: Harvard University Press.
^Dović, Marijan; Helgason, Jón Karl (2017). "Commemorative Cults of Poets and Writers: A Historical Perspective". National Poets, Cultural Saints: Canonization and Commemorative Cults of Writers in Europe. pp. 35–70. doi:10.1163/9789004335400_004. ISBN978-90-04-33539-4.
^KučInskienė, Aistė (2021). "The Making of the Lithuanian National Poet: Maironis". Literary Canon Formation as Nation-Building in Central Europe and the Baltics. pp. 256–272. doi:10.1163/9789004457713_016. ISBN978-90-04-45771-3.
^Zilys, Arunas (12 March 1989). "1941-1952" – via Victoria & Albert Museum.
^Ippolito, Marguerite-Marie (11 January 2003). Troubadour Limousin du XIIème siècle, prince de l'amour et de la poésie romane. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN9782747500173.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^Giergielewicz, Mieczysław (1960). "KRASIŃSKI IN THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD (A Bibliographical Review)". The Polish Review. 5 (4): 68–102. JSTOR25776332.
^Neghina, Raul; Neghina, Adriana M (March 2011). "Medical Controversies and Dilemmas in Discussions about the Illness and Death of Mihai Eminescu (1850–1889), Romania's National Poet". Medical Problems of Performing Artists. 26 (1): 44–50. doi:10.21091/mppa.2011.1007. PMID21442137.
^McVay, Gordon (1972). "Yesenin's Posthumous Fame, and the Fate of His Friends". The Modern Language Review. 67 (3): 590–602. doi:10.2307/3726127. JSTOR3726127.
^Porter, Richard N. (1969). "The Criteria of Turgenev's Literary Criticism". The Russian Review. 28 (4): 441–452. doi:10.2307/127163. JSTOR127163.
^MacDiarmid, H., MacGill-Eain, S. (2010:44). The Correspondence Between Hugh MacDiarmid and Sorley MacLean: An Annotated Edition. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press.
^Foundation, Poetry (11 March 2024). "Robert Burns". Poetry Foundation.
^Trencsenyi, Balazs; Kopecek, Michal (1 November 2006). National Romanticism: The Formation of National Movements. Central European University Press. p. 431. ISBN978-963-7326-60-8. Characteristically, although Njegoš saw himself as a definitely Serbian poet, his epic came to be later canonized as the most important work of 'Yugoslav' literature [...]
^James Woodall, Borges: A Life, Basic Books (1996). ISBN0-465-04361-5. Relevant excerpt available on the New York Times web site, accessed 9 March 2007.